Autor: Sharon L. Wood Fecha: 2014-03-24

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2. Understand the behavior of infrastructure
systems
-Provide feedback into the design process
Early detection of damage
-Maximize service life and minimize maintenance costs
Wide range of technologies are available
-lmplementation will depend on quality of information
generated and the cost of insta Ilation, interrogation,
and maintenance of monitoring system

3. Each infrastructure system is unique
Length vanes from tens of feet to miles
Critical components are often not accessible for
visual after completion of construction
Initiation of damage is usually difficult to detect,,
but early correction of damage could greatly
reduce long-term maintenance costs
Budgets for infrastructure management are
extremely limited

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CISN Rapid Instrumental lntensity Map Epicenter 11 km NE of San Simeon, CA
Mc.n De: 22 203 11:15 56 At.1 PT M N 3,1 71 W121. 10 Depfli 7Fkm ID 4:1 4755
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11. The cost of continuous monitoring cannot be justified
for most infrastructure systems.
-Triggering mechanisms can be difficult to determine.
--Significant amount of data analysis is required.
- Fluctuations due to daily and seasonal thermal cycles can
dominate response.
Focus on passive sensors that are interrogated
¡ ntermittently.
- Initial cost must be very Iow.
-Sensors must be durable and not require maintenance.
-Sensors must not rely on batteries for power.
- Interrogation of sensors must be fast.
- Data must be easily interpreted.

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Electronic Article
Surveillance (EAS) Tágs
Used to control shoplifting
in retail stores throughout
the world
Cost: <$010
Wireless, unpowered,
binary output

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14. rM"Each year, more than $1 billion is spent repairing concrete

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16. Threshold Corrosion
Sensor
Risk is Iow
Penetration of Contaminants
Risk is high

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18. PASSIVE SENSOR PLATFORM
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- .. ..--• ,-.-
No batteries
.a-l• --- .
R.I
i'i o w r e-
El No on-board processing
-i T --r*•

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20. lmpedance External
Ana lyzer reader Steel
reinforcement
sensors

21. Jk
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22. Resonant Ci rcuit
Sacrificial Element

23. • 1
Rader Coil
Í
lí
•
Gain/Phase Analyzer
-•& T 1
Concrete SIab

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11k-;7

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Resonant Circuit
70
65
2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6
Frequency, MHz

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a)
a)Lma
to
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ci 80
75
a)
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2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8
Frequency, MHz

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3.15 1 2 9 1
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0 20 40 60 ¡ ru': 120
Time, Days

29. Mávj
[SI.]
a)
a)
a)
a)84
u)
.=
a.
11 wet/dry cycles
WK
me
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.4
Frequency, MHz

30. 3 wet/dry cyclesa)
a)
U)
CD
.=
0
me
1101
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Frequency, MHz

31. ME
[.1.
to
84
(1)
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80
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
Frequency, MHz

32. 4

33. Used to evaluate long-term reliability of
se nso rs.
Specimens representative of a bridge deck.
-Flexural cracks present in specimens.
-Exposed to controlled moisture fluctuations.
-Source of chioride ions provided.
-Exposed to uncontrolled temperature fluctuations
(<0°C to>40°C).
-Exposed to uncontrolled humidity fluctuations.
-Uncoated reinforcement.

35. -- -
• Region of constant negative
moment.
• Cracks induced in top surface
before start of exposure tests.

36. Water dripped onto top surface of
slab in constant moment region
during wet periods.

37. Splash zone
Slabs were exposed to alternating wet and dry
cycles for 19 months.
-Slabs Si and S2 were exposed to salt water
-Slabs Ti and T2 were exposed to tap water
Each slab canta ined eight sensors, whích were
interrogated at the end of each wet or dry penad.

38. íi
Percent of Frequency Shift (%)
0 00 NJ
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39. Percent of Frequency Shift (%)
o 00
o o o o o
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40. Percent of Frequency Shift (%)
O CO
o o o o o o
p
Ni
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—I
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(D wCD
DO
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41. Percent of Frequency Shift (%)
O 00 NJ
O O O O O O
O
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--1
3
(Dw
CD
DO
(1,
immm
O
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m~
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- -
- -.

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44. No Corrosion Corrosion
No Corrosion 23 1
Corrosion 0 9
One sensor indicated a false negative reading.
Time to detection of corrosion varied
considera bly.

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46. Four series of long-term exposure tests were
conducted using various configurations of
passive sensors.
-a-No false positive readings were ever recorded. If a
sensor indicated the presence of corrosion, corrosion of
the adjacent reinforcement was always observed.
-False negative readings were observed in each series of
tests. The corroding element was very sensitive to the
location of cracks in the concrete.

47. Uniform
Corrosion
1'
Simulated
Crack
7
-- -
oír
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•'
•.
•
- 4
•
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• 1.; -

48. NJ
CD
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00
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Percentageof Frequency shift (%)
u u u u u u u u u u u
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1-
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0
(-)
0.)

49. o 4;)
Diffusion Iayer
Prote
mortar F
Sacrificial
element
etically sea led
)nantcircuit

51. Bare Washer Diffusion Layer
Edge of Sensor
r~I=.

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(D
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r
100
0 150 300 450 600 750
Time (Days)

54. Shift in Resonant
o (Ji
o (Ji O
Frequency (%)
NJ
(Ji o
u,
o
o
(D
V) U,
0
u,
o

55. Additon of a diffusion ¡ayer eliminates the
sensitivity of the sensor response to crack
location.
-Variability of sensor readings is dramatically red uced.
-Likelihood of false negative readings is also reduced.

56. Lr 1
RrI
Reader (r)
Llillil ['fr]
Lw
Washer (w)
r --------1
Ls
...LcsI
LL Rs
J
Resona nt
sensor (s)
[lft[

57. a)
b.O
a)
a
75
a)60
to
a)
(
-c45
-
. . . ....... ......... -------
—0.18 Ohm
--0.250hm
u : 0.5Ohm
1.00hm
Jj 2.5 Ohm
/ —l000hm
/-1,000,000 Ohm
------ --------
frc (C0T0C1)
30 1 •a a • • U U U U U U U
1 U NENE 12 i U U U U U
1 U U U U U U U
¡
3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
Frequency (MHz)

58. Resonant circuit
External rea
circuit
il
Rw
0- 17oh
¿ Voltage_Source
Cr
1 OO.3pF
• u
Rr
O.O8ohrn
I»(S
lohm __1__ Cs
82OpF
Sacrificial MaxwelV FEM
washer ctrcuit (inductance model)

59. ~10-
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61. (Dwashpr) vjDr .. = 0.54 (D%A, c h r), d/Dy... = 1.05
1.15
Washerwidth = 0.5 in.
a
1.10 a
4-
w
4- u
1.05
u
1.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
(Dwasher) avg / Drc

62. Interrogated through concrete
Close proximity to reinforcement does not
interfere with signal
Sensor readings are not sensitive to
temperature or moisture content of concrete
Corrosion of sacrificial element was irreversible
Threshold leveis of corrosion can be detected
before structural damage occurs
Cost to fabricate sensor is modest (< $5.00)

63. Addition of diffusion ¡ayer greatly reduces the
probability of false negative readings and
reduces the sensitivity to the relative location of
cracks in the concrete.
Coupled finite element modeis can be used to
optimize the size and configuration of the
sensors.

64. The research discussed in this presentation was
conducted by Al¡Abu Yosef during his PhD at the
Ferguson Structural Engineering Laboratory.
Dean Neikirk and Praveen Pasupathy in the Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering were key
members of the research team.
Funding was provided by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology through the Technology
Innovation Program. The National Science Foundation
funded an earlier phase of the work to develop a
passive sensor platform for infrastructure monitoring.

65. n
MÉXICO ACADEMIA DE INGENIERIA
IW
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