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![PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE
SCREENING CRITERIA
• Repair Locations Checked by GIS
• Discount Landslides/Rockfall Areas
• Assume Poisson Distribution for Repairs
( ) (1p RR x p
Poisson distribution: μ = (RR)x, and σ = [(RR)x]½
Sampled repairs follow normal distr. (central limit theorem)
1
1 2 2
c
c
p
x RR
](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/orourkemexicanacademyofengineering-180202210341/85/Ground-deformation-effects-on-subsurface-pipelines-and-infrastructure-73-320.jpg)
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Ground deformation effects on subsurface pipelines and infrastructure
This document discusses pipeline infrastructure and soil-pipeline interaction. It covers several topics: underground assets and the large inventory of pipelines in the US and worldwide; the interface between soil and pipes; 2D and 3D modeling of soil-pipeline interaction; next generation hazard-resistant pipelines; and the impact of ground deformation on pipeline performance. The document provides examples of full-scale testing and numerical modeling to understand complex soil-pipeline behavior during different loading conditions.
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Ground deformation effects on subsurface pipelines and infrastructure
- 1. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE Tom O’Rourke ThomasR. Briggs Professor of Engineering Cornell University GROUND DEFORMATION EFFECTS ON SUBSURFACE PIPELINES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
- 2. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Harry Stewart Chalermpat Pariya-Ekkasut JaiJungChristina ArgyrouJoe Chipalowsky Brad Wham Dimitra Bouziou Tim Bond
- 3. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE TOPICS • UndergroundAssets • Soil/Pipe Interface • Soil/Pipeline Interaction • 2D and 3D Behavior • (Tunneling Effects on Pipelines) • Next Generation Pipelines • Pipeline System Performance • Impact on Communities
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- 5. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE U.S. PIPELINEINVENTORY •489,000 km Gas & Liquid Fuel Transmission Lines •2,035,000 km Gas Distribution Lines •67 Million Gas Service Lines •1,900,000 km Water Distribution Lines •$2.4 Trillion Water Pipeline Replace Value •1 km Pipeline Every 9 Minutes in US •1 km Pipeline Every 1-2 Minutes Worldwide
- 6. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE DEP (NYC) USPIPELINE INVENTORY 90-95% ≤ 600 mm 99% of Gas Distribution Pipelines ≤ 600 mm (PHMSA, 2015) (Water)
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- 9. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE EXTREME SOIL-PIPELINEINTERACTION •Earthquakes •Hurricanes and Floods •Landslides: Aerial and Submarine •Tunneling and Deep Excavations •Subsidence
- 10. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE EXTREME SOIL-PIPELINEINTERACTION Soil Material & Geometric Nonlinearities Pipeline Material & Geometric Nonlinearities
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- 15. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE TACTILE PRESSURE SENSORS 50X 40 cm plan dimensions ~ 2000 sensels
- 16. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE PLANE STRAINEXPERIMENTS
- 17. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE θ θ θ p(θ) p(θ)tanδsinθ p(θ)cosθ b) NormalStress Distribution c) Expanded View N O R Expanded View O FH a) Shear Stress Orientation ds = Rd
- 18. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE pmax b) NormalStress Distribution τ a) Shear Stress Orientation θ Expanded View O θ O R=D/2 p(θ) τ(θ) dS=Rd c) Expanded View Note:Not in scale dθ pH
- 19. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE 0 100200 Normal Stress, kPa = 10 mm 0 100 200 Normal Stress, kPa = 30 mm 0 100 200 Normal Stress, kPa = 120 mm 0 100 200 Normal Stress, kPa = 10 mm 0 100 200 Normal Stress, kPa = 30 mm 0 100 200 Normal Stress, kPa = 120 mm b) Centerline Sensor a) Side Sensor
- 20. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SOIL PRESSUREDISTRIBTION
- 21. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE θ θ θ p(θ) p(θ)tanδsinθ p(θ)cosθ fT =pNtanδ and fA = pHtanδ Plot fT/fA vs tanδ
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- 24. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE COUPLED TRANSVERSE& LONGITUDINAL SOIL FORCES Gap Element: Links Forces Normal with Forces Parallel to Pipe By Coulomb Friction Law tanT Nf p
- 25. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS: SOIL-PIPEINTERFACE •Relationship Between Soil Force Normal to Pipe Surface vs Force Normal to Pipe Longitudinal Axis Is Key for Modeling Coupled Soil-Pipe Interaction •Evaluation of Friction Along Pipe from Soil Force Normal to Longitudinal Axis.
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- 27. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SOIL-PIPELINE INTERACTION P y •Nonlinear Interaction Relationships Calibrated by Full- Scale Experiments • Can Replicate Complex Interactions in Pipe & Soil • 3-D Continuum Modeling Evolving; Still Challenges
- 28. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SOIL-PIPELINE INTERACTIONMODELS Continuum (Robert et al 2016) Continuum (Vazouras et al, 2012) Shell & Discrete Soil Reactions (Xie et al 2013) Continuum (Xie et al 2013)
- 29. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE Pole for planes (’yy,’yx) (’xx, ’xy) ’ds ’ps ’ ’ (0, dxy/2) (dyy, dyx/2) Pole for directions d d/2 CO Mohr’s circle for incremental strain (’ff, ’ff) Mohr’s circle for stress (After Lings and Dietz, 2004) Pole for planes (’yy, ’yx) (’xx, ’xy) ’ds ’ps ’ ’ (0, dxy/2) (dyy, dyx/2) Pole for directions d d/2 CO Mohr’s circle for incremental strain (’ff, ’ff) Mohr’s circle for stress (After Lings and Dietz, 2004) ψψ ψψ Pole for planes (’yy, ’yx) (’xx, ’xy) ’ds ’ps ’ ’ (0, dxy/2) (dyy, dyx/2) Pole for directions d d/2 CO Mohr’s circle for incremental strain (’ff, ’ff) Mohr’s circle for stress (After Lings and Dietz, 2004) Pole for planes (’yy, ’yx) (’xx, ’xy) ’ds ’ps ’ ’ (0, dxy/2) (dyy, dyx/2) Pole for directions d d/2 CO Mohr’s circle for incremental strain (’ff, ’ff) Mohr’s circle for stress (After Lings and Dietz, 2004) ψψ ψψψψ ψψ Direct Shear Plane Strain PLANE STRAIN & DIRECT SHEAR STRENGTH
- 30. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE GLACIAL FLUVIALSAND Density d (kN/m3) ds-p (degrees) ps-p (degrees) ψp (degrees) Medium 15.5 ~ 16.5 35 ~ 37 41 ~ 44 3 ~ 6 Dense 16.5 ~ 17.5 38 ~ 40 45 ~ 47 7 ~ 10 Very Dense 17.5 ~ 18.0 41 ~ 43 48 ~ 49 11 ~ 17 300 mm
- 31. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LARGE-SCALE 2-DTESTS 2.4 m 2.4 m 1.8 m Direction of pipe movement North Buried pipe
- 32. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE Analytical Model: MC Yield Surface Strain Compatible Modulus Strain Softening from Peak Shear
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- 34. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SIMULATION VSFULL-SCALE TEST RESULTS
- 35. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE MAXIMUM DIMENSIONLESSSOIL REACTION FORCE Lateral Force Uplift Force
- 36. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SOIL-PIPE INTERACTIONFOR DIFFERENT MOVEMENT DIRECTIONS Vertical Downward Oblique
- 37. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE MAX VERTICALBEARING FORCE Bearing Force is ½ to 1/3 Conventional Bearing Capacity
- 38. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE OBLIQUE SOIL-PIPEINTERACTION 45° Downward 45° Upward
- 39. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE MULTI-DIRECTIONAL SOIL-PIPEINTERACTION qVUUqOU NiN qVDDqOD NiN 1 75.090 25.0 1 qVU qH up up U N N i 1 75.090 25.0 1 qVD qH down down D N N i qim qim cF N H DL Fqim
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- 41. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SOIL-PIPE FORCEVS DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIPS
- 42. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SUCTION INPARTIALLY SATURATED SOILS Transpiration Precipitation Evaporation Unsaturated Flow Infiltration Pipeline Water table Pores filled with water Meniscus formed between particles (After Robert et al, 2016)
- 43. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SUCTION EFFECTSIN PARTIALLY SATURATED SOILS (After Robert et al, 2016)
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- 46. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE HDPE SIMULATIONVS MEASURED RESPONSE Strike Slip Fault Displacement: 250-mm Pipe
- 47. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE STRIKE SLIP:AXIAL/BENDING STRAINS 250-mm Pipe 400-mm Pipe
- 48. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS: SOIL-PIPELINEINTERACTION • Integrated Methodology for Soil-Pipe Interaction for All Pipe Movement Directions and Depths: Hc/D ≥ 2 • Simulations Show Vertical Downward Soil/Pipe Reaction Force ~ ½ to 1/3 Conventional Bearing Capacity Force • Suction-Enhanced Soil-Pipe Force
- 49. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE TOPIC • 2DAND 3D BEHAVIOR
- 50. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE 3D SOIL-PIPELINEINTERACTION • Steel, HDPE and Cast Iron • Frequently Used D/t s • D/L = 10 L D Apply Max Lateral Soil-Pipe Pressure to Simply Supported 3D Pipe (Shell) as Proxy to Detect Transverse Distortion D/t = 96 D = 900 mm
- 51. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE 3D SOIL-PIPELINEINTERACTION 600mm 600mm HDPE 400mm Steel & HDPE Cast Iron
- 52. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE 3D SOIL-PIPELINEINTERACTION • 1.7-m-diameter Pipeline • X-36 Steel • 25 mm Wall Thickness to Resist Ovaling • Polyethylene Wrapped Around Fusion Bonded Epoxy SFPUC Alameda Siphon No. 4 Calaveras Fault Crossing Nisar et al. (2015)
- 53. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE TOPIC • NextGeneration Hazard Resilient Pipelines
- 54. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE NEXT GENERATIONHAZARD-RESILIENT PIPELINES Wall Street Journal Photo
- 55. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE NEXT GENERATIONHAZARD-RESILIENT PIPELINES 8.6º 6 in.
- 56. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LARGE-SCALE TESTING:NEXT GENERATION INFASTRUCTURE
- 57. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE 57 ORIENTEDPOLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVCO) JOINTS Spigot Compressed into Bell
- 58. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE ORIENTED POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVCO) JOINTS
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- 61. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS: NEXTGENERATION (HAZARD- RESILIENT) PIPELINES •Paradigm Shift in Pipeline Technology •Market-Driven Research Funded by Industry •Can’t Have Resilience Unless You Have a Market •Next Generation Hazard-Resilient Pipeline Simulation Models
- 62. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE ADVANCED SENSORS •Collaboration Among University of Cambridge, Cornell, and UC Berkeley • Demonstrate Proof of Concept • Distributed Fiber Optics • Joint Movement • Pipeline Bending Strains & Displacement • Time Domain Reflectometry • Leakage • Underground Wireless • Data Transmission Without Wires
- 63. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS: NEXTGENERATION (HAZARD- RESILIENT) PIPELINES •Paradigm Shift in Pipeline Technology •Market-Driven Research Funded by Industry •Can’t Have Resilience Unless You Have a Intelligence •Next Generation Hazard-Resilient Pipeline Simulation Models
- 64. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE TOPIC • PipelineSystem Performance
- 65. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKESEQUENCE • ~ 185 Deaths • CBD Destroyed – ~ 1800 CBD Bldgs. Demolished – ~ 55,000 Residences Damaged • > $30(US) B Direct Losses ≈ 20 % GDP • Massive Liquefaction& Infrastructure Damage Christchurch Christchurch
- 66. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE CANTERBURY EARTHQUAKESEQUENCE MW = 7.1 4 Sept 10 MW = 6.0 13 June 11 MW = 6.2 22 Feb 11 MW = 5.9 23 Dec 11 MW = 5.7 14 Feb 16
- 67. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE CHRISTCHURCH LIQUEFACTION 52km2 96 km2 91 km2
- 68. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE San Franciscoborderline Liquefied Area CHRISTCHURCH LIQUEFACTION IN SAN FRANCISCO
- 69. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LIGHT DETECTION& RANGING (LiDAR) • High Resolution LiDAR Measurements • Settlement on 5-m • Lateral Movement on 4 & 56-m
- 70. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE GROUND DEFORMATIONMETRICS • From Boscardin & Cording (1989) for Building Damage:
- 71. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE EARTHQUAKE PIPELINEDAMAGE Cast Iron (CI) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Asbestos Cement (AC) Concrete (CONC)
- 72. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE720 12 3 40.5
- 73. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SCREENING CRITERIA •Repair Locations Checked by GIS • Discount Landslides/Rockfall Areas • Assume Poisson Distribution for Repairs ( ) (1p RR x p Poisson distribution: μ = (RR)x, and σ = [(RR)x]½ Sampled repairs follow normal distr. (central limit theorem) 1 1 2 2 c c p x RR
- 74. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE MAXIMUM PRINCIPALLATERAL STRAIN • Create Bilinear Quadrilateral Finite Element from Lateral Displacements at Grid Corners to Determine Principal Strain y, v x, u 1 2 34 u1 u2 u4 u3 v2v1 v4 v3
- 75. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE REPAIR RATEVS ANGULAR DISTORTION AND LATERAL STRAIN r2 = 0.86 r2 = 0.79 r2 = 0.88 Angular Distortion on 5-m Spacing Lateral Strain From 4 m x 4m Cells
- 76. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE REPAIR RATEFOR COMBINED ANGULAR DISTORTION AND LATERAL STRAINAsbestos Cement (AC) Pipelines Cast Iron (CI) Pipelines
- 77. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTIONOF TENSILE LATERAL GROUND STRAINS Exceedance Levels Ground Strain Accommodation 6 in. 8.6º
- 78. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE THERMALLY WELDEDPE VS CONVENTIONAL JOINTED PIPELINE SYSTEMS Water Distribution System
- 79. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS FROMCHRISTCHURCH • Extraordinary dataset: multiple EQs, dense ground motion array, massive liquefaction, high density LiDAR, geocoded repairs for thousands of km of different pipelines • First time comprehensive assessment of underground lifeline response to liquefaction- induced differential vertical movement and lateral strain • Unified methodology for building & lifeline damage vs differential vertical & lateral ground movements
- 80. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE TOPIC • Impacton Communities
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- 82. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE EARTHQUAKE SAFETYAND EMERGENCY RESPONSE BOND
- 83. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SAN FRANCISCOAUXILLIARY WATER SUPPLY PERFORMANCE CRITERIA •7.8 Mw Deterministic EQ •Water Demands in Fire Response Areas •Monte Carlo AWSS Network Simulations
- 84. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SUMMARY • CoupledSoil-Pipe Forces for Soil-Pipeline Analysis • Link Between Lateral Soil-Pipe Force and Pipe Surface Frictional Resistance • Methodology for Soil-Pipe Interaction in Granular Soil for Any Pipe Movement Direction and Depth • Vertical Downward Pipe Force Significantly Less Than Conventional Bearing Capacity • Soil Suction Effects
- 85. PIPELINE INFRASTRUCTURE SUMMARY • Guidanceon Beam vs Shell Analysis for Soil-Pipe Interaction. Transverse Distortion Important for Diameters > 600 mm (Steel and Cast Iron) • Next Generation Hazard Resilient Pipelines • Canterbury EQ Sequence As Large-Scale Lab for Characterizing Liquefaction Ground Deformation • Unified Methodology for Pipeline and Building Response to Soil Settlement and Lat’l. Displacement • Impact on Communities