2. PP-591 MASTER SEMINAR
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF SEED OR BUD hardening INDUCING
BY MAGNETIC, ELECTRIC AND CHEMICAL approaches
Course instructor, Presented by,
Dr. S.G Bhave Yogita .M Yadav
Professor, Regn no.2284
Department of Agril. botany
3. INTRODUCTION
A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering
called the seed coat, usually with some stored food.
It is the product of ripened ovule of gymnosperms and
angiosperms plants which occur.
Quality of seeds plays pivotal role in increasing the
agriculture production.
“care with seed joy with harvest.”
Vigour and viability of seed plays an important role in crop
productivity.
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4. Contd…..
The ageing of seed lot reduce the germination rate of seed.
National economy progress depends on growth of its
agriculture.
Quality of seed germinate uniformly, rapidly and
establishes vigoursly.
Pre-sowing treatments are conductive for improving the
growth and seedling establishment of different crops.
3/30
5. TYPES OF SEED TREATMENT
Seed quality can be improved by different seed invigoration
techniques such as
Seed hardening
Seed priming
Seed pelleting
Seed coating with film.
Chemical treatment.
Physical methods for seed treatment such as
Electric and magnetic field
Low ionizing radiation
Laser irradiation
Ultraviolet
Microwave
Ultrasound treatments
6. MAGNETIC TREATMENT
Magnetic field pre-sowing seed treatment is secure and
inexpensive physical method to enhance the seed
germination and seedling growth.
Magnetic field are widely distributed in the environment.
Their effect are increasing due to various instruments that
are used in industry and medicine.
Pre-sowing magnetic treatment improve seed performance.
It influence the physiological and biochemical in seeds.
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7. EFFECT OF MAGNETIC TREATMENT
Seed germination and seedling growth :-
Conc. of ions, free radicals and electrical charges :-
Permeability and ion transport in the ion channels :-
Enzyme activities:-
Cation uptake capacity:-
Structure of cell membranes :-
6/30
9. Effect of magnetic treatment on plant height
CONTROL
http://qsine.ca/?page=InBioMagExpProc8/30
10. EFFECT OF MAGNETIC TREATMENT ON GERMINATION
a = control
b = treated seed
http://qsine.ca/?page=InBioMagExpProc9/30
11. CASE STUDY
Nawroz Abdul et al. I(2010) studied on Impact of Magnetic
Application on the Parameters Related to Growth of Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.) varieties used at the University of Sulaimanyah, College
of Agriculture in 2010. seeds of different varieties of chickpea were
exposed in batches to magnetic fields (1500 gauss) for 30,50 and 70
min. then magnetic seeds were placed between two layers of moist
germination paper in petridish at 20°C in an upright position. After 8
days, different plant growth parameters were tested such as
germination percentage, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight,
shoot fresh weight, root dry weight and shoot dry weight.
10/30 Nawroz Abdul et al. I(2010)
13. ELECTRIC TREATMENT
Plants have important role in earth and studying about the
environmental factors which affect plant growth is essential.
Electric fields are a part of environmental factors which
affect plant.
The term "electric fields" covers all the fields emitted by
natural and man-made sources.
In the latter case there is essentially a differentiation between
extremely low frequency (ELF) fields.
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14. Contd….
Electrical fields are produced by a voltage gradient.
they also significantly improve the yield without adversely
affecting the environment.
They influence the physiological and biochemical process
in the seeds.
It contribute to greater vigor and improved crop stand.
Physical pre-sowing seed treatment for enhancing the seed
performance.
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15. EFFECT OF ELECTRIC TREATMENT
Ion transport across the plasma membrane:-
Permeability of the plasma membrane:-
Effect on osmotic pressure:-
Environmental stresses:-
Reactive oxygen species:-
Effect on free radicals:-
14/30
17. EFFECT OF ELECTRIC TREATMENT ON GERMINATION
http://qsine.ca/?page=InBioMagExpProc
CONTROL TREATED
16/30
18. CASE STUDY
Rukui Huang et al. (2006) studied on Changes in
Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, Lipid Peroxidation and Seedling
Growth of Cucumber Seed Induced by Electric Field
Treatments.
Two cucumber seed lots ‘Bingo I’ (high germination) and
‘Bingo II’ (low germination) were subjected to electric field
treatments., which was conducted by incubating seeds
(moisture content adjusted to 25-30%) for 3 days under 25°C
and saturated humidity, then the speed of germination in both
seed lots, the germination percentage ,Furthermore, the
activities of superoxide dismuts, catalase and ascorbate
peroxidase , malondialdehyde accumulation were observed.
17/30 Rukui Huang et. al (2006)
19. TABLE 1.CHANGES IN ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND MDA
ACCUMULATION IN RESPONSE TO ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENTS ON
CUCUMBER ‘BINGO I’ .
Treatment SOD
(unit g-1
FW)
CAT
activity
(activity
(mmol
H2O2g-1
FWmin-
1)
APX
activity
mmol
ascorbate
g -1
FWmin-
1)
MDA
content
(mmol g
FW-1)
Souble
content
protein
(mg g-1
FW)
Control 215.6 320.3 190.3 3.5 393.2
Electric
field
303.6 355.5 298.7 2.1 491.4
Rukui Huang et. al (2006)18/30
20. TABLE.2 CHANGES IN ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND MDA
ACCUMULATION IN RESPONSE TO ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENTS ON
CUCUMBER ‘BINGO II’.
Treatment SOD
(unit g-1
FW)
CAT
activity
(activity
(mmol
H2O2g-
1
FWmin-
1)
APX
activity
mmol
ascorbate
g -1
FWmin-1)
MDA
content
(mmol g
FW-1)
Souble
content
protein
(mg g-
1 FW)
Control 247.9 400.8 308.2 5.6 468.7
Electric
field
396.2 458.4 331.5 2.9 494
Rukui Huang et. al (2006)19/30
21. TABLE. 3 CUCUMBER SEED GERMINATION AT 25 °DEGREE
FOLLOWING ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENTS.
Treatment germination (%) Mean germination time(day)
Bingo 1 Bingo 2 Bingo 1 Bingo 2
Control 91 45 2.2 3.3
Electric
field
93 67 2.1 3.3
Rukui Huang et. al (2006)20/30
22. TABLE 4 . CUCUMBER SEEDLING EMERGENCE UNDER AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE IN NET- HOUSE FOLLOWING ELECTRIC FIELD
TREATMENTS.
Treatment emergence (%) Mean emergence
time(day)
Bingo 1 Bingo 2 Bingo 1 Bingo 2
Control 88.5 45.4 5.2 6.3
Electric field 89.6 50.4 5.1 6.3
Rukui Huang et. al (2006)21/30
23. CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Seed hardening is a process or treatment by which plants
growing from the hardened seeds are capable of withstanding
soil moisture stress.
Different chemicals are used for seed hardening such as zinc
sulphate , Mgso4 ,sodium chloride ,calcium chloride and
potassium dihydrogen phosphate etc.
Instead of chemicals, botanicals like Prosopis juliflora leaf
extract (1%) can also be used for hardening purpose.
Hardened seeds will have the ability to withstand drought
during germination and plant growth.
24. EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENT
It increases the speed of germination and germination
percentage
It increases the seeding vigour.
The uniformity of seedling emergence.
Increases the root growth.
Flowering occurs 2-3 days earlier.
Uniform seed set and maturity.
Increases the yield.
Seed hardening with Cacl2 increase height and grain yield.
Cacl2 responsible for cell enlargement and cell division
alternatively cycocel decrease cell thickness.
25. Contd……
seed hardening with chemicals modifies the physiological
and biochemical nature of seeds so as to get the characters that
are favorable for drought tolerance.
It maintain cell turgidity, denser cytoplasm and inhibition
of chlorophyll breakdown.
higher Chlorophyll stability index, higher relative water
content, proline content.
24/30 M. M Dhanoji et al.(2011)
26. CASE STUDY
M. M Dhanoji (2011) studied on Effect of Seed
Hardening with Chemicals on Drought Tolerance Traits and
Yield in Chickpea. (Cicer arietinum. L),under rain fed
conditions. seed yield was recorded in seed hardening with
CaCl2 -2% ( 26.32q per ha.) followed by Cycocel -1000ppm
(23.54 q per ha.) and succinic acid 20ppm (23.44 q per ha.)
as compare to control (19.04q per ha.). total chlorophyll,
chl-a. and chl-b chlorophyll stability index, proline content
,relative water content also recorded.
25/30 M. M Dhanoji .(2011)
30. CONCLUSION
seed treatment, both magnetic , chemical and electric treatment can
improve seed germination but the Alternatively, the application of
magnetic treatment and chemical treatment are time consuming and
labor costing than that of the electric field.
electric field treatment should be considered for a commercial
application in improving seed quality.
Electric field and magnetic treatments elevated enzyme activities.
Magnetic and electric treatment are ecofriendly techniques.
The pre sowing chemicals, magnetic and electric treatments are
improved yield of crop.
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