ADVANCED MATERIALS BASICS.pdf

National Institute of Technology Patna
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Advanced Materials
and Tools (ME6805)
B.Tech –VI Sem
Dr. Shailesh Mani
Pandey
Asst. Professor

Outlines of Module:1
Light Metal and alloys
Advanced Al alloys,Ti and Ti-based
alloy, Intermetallics
High temperature materials
Cryogenic materials
Functionally graded materials
Nano-materials
Bio materials
Composites
Introduction to
Advanced Materials

Course Outcomes
Understand how
to tailor material
properties of
advanced
materials and
composites
Advanced Materials and Tools (ME6805)

Objectives
• To accelerate the design and development of
various systems by deployment of advanced
materials.

Basic concepts of Material
Importance of materials
& Its historical perspective
Without
materials,
there is no
engineering

 Why is glass brittle, while copper is ductile? What is meant by a
ductile material?
 If we take two rods, one of Al and one of steel, why is it easier to
bend the Al rod as compared to the steel rod?
 How can I change properties like hardness, without changing the
composition (say of 0.8% C steel)?
 Why is wire of copper conducting, while piece of brick or wood non-
conducting?
 Why is glass transparent, while any typical metal is opaque?
 Why does the electrical conductivity of Cu decrease on heating, while
that of Si increases?
What are the kind of questions that a student of materials science would like answers
for?

 Why does Iron corrode easily, while Aluminium does not (or does not
seem to?!)?
 Usually, good thermal conductors are also good electrical conductors.
Why is this so?
 Why is diamond a good thermal conductor, but not a good electrical
conductor?
 If I pull a spring and then release the load, it ‘comes back’ to its original
shape. However, a if I bend an aluminium rod, does not come back to its
original shape. How can one understand these observations?

What will you learn in this basic module?
 Where does Materials Science lie in the broad scheme of things?
 What are the common types of materials?
 What are the Scientific and Engineering parts of Materials Science &
Engineering?
 What is the important goal of Materials Science?
 What determines the properties of Materials?

Material science and Engineering:
• An interdisciplinary study that combines
metallurgy, physics chemistry & engineering
to solve real-world problems with real world
materials in an acceptable societal &
economical manner.
• Some times it is useful to subdivide the
discipline of materials science and
engineering into Material Science and
Material Engineering.
• From functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or
synthesize new materials, where as material engineering is called upon to create
new products or systems using existing material, and/ or to develop techniques for
processing material.

Material Science
The discipline of investigating the relationships that exist between the STRUCTURES and
PROPERTIES of materials.
Material Engineering
The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of material to produce a
predetermined set of properties based on established structure- property co-relation.
Major components of Material Science & Engineering
• Structure of Materials
• Properties of Materials
• Processing of Materials
• Performance of Materials
• Characterization of Materials

Figure: Material Science Paradigm of Structure-
property-processing- performance interdependency
relationship
Structure
• Structure is one of the most
important components of
the field of materials
science.
• It is concerned with the
investigation of "the
relationships that exist
between the structures and
properties of materials".
• Materials science examines
the structure of materials
from the atomic scale, all
the way up to the macro
scale. Advanced Materials and Tools (ME6805)

Materials Science and Engineering
structure
properties
• material characteristic
• response to external
stimulus
• mechanical, electrical,
thermal, magnetic,
optical, deteriorative
performance
• behavior in a particular
application
• arrangement of internal components
• subatomic
• atomic
• microscopic
• macroscopic (bulk)
• method of preparing
material
processing
characterization

Atomic structure
Atomic structure deals with the atoms of the materials, and how they are arranged to give
rise to molecules, crystals, etc. The length scales involved are in angstroms (Å).
Bonding
To obtain a full understanding of the material structure and how it relates to its properties,
the materials scientist must study how the different atoms, ions and molecules are arranged
and bonded to each other.
Crystallography
Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids.
Characterization is the way materials scientists examine the structure of a material. This
involves methods such as diffraction with X-rays, electrons or neutrons, and various forms
of spectroscopy and chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive
spectroscopy, chromatography, thermal analysis, electron microscope analysis, etc.

Properties
Materials exhibit myriad properties, including the
following.
 Mechanical properties, see Strength of materials
 Chemical properties, (chemistry)
 Electrical properties, (Electricity)
 Thermal properties, (Thermodynamics)
 Optical properties, (Optics and Photonics-
Refractive index ,Absorption, reflection, and
transmission Birefringence (double refraction)
 Magnetic properties (Paramagnetic, Diamagnetic,
Ferromagnetic properties)
 Corrosion properties
 Biological properties (Toxicity,Bio-compatibility)

• Also, chemical and physical methods are also used to synthesize other materials such
as polymers, ceramics, thin films, etc.
• As of the early 21st century, new methods are being developed to synthesize
nanomaterials such as graphene.
Processing
• Synthesis and processing involves the creation of a material with the desired micro-
nanostructure.
• From an engineering standpoint, a material cannot be used in industry, if no economical
production method for it has been developed. Thus, the processing of materials is vital
to the field of materials science.
• Different materials require different processing or synthesis methods. For example, the
processing of metals has historically been very important and is studied under the
branch of materials science named physical metallurgy.

Why study Material science
and Engineering?
• Material science deals with natural and manmade (synthetic) material so
as to know their constitutional details, their behaviour and properties.
• Knowledge of this science helps the engineer to make best and efficient
use of the materials.
• The development of newer kinds of materials is continued process so as
to meet the challenges of engineering……….

Why study materials?
• Applied scientists or engineers must make
material choices
• Materials selection
– Service performance
– Economics
– Ergonomics
Glass Plastic
Remember :
Materials “Drive”
our Society!
Aluminum
Choice is
yours

History of Materials
• The first metal tool appeared perhaps only 6000 years ago.
• The discovery of Ice man in the Alps in 1991 gave significant information
on early copper age. He was carrying a copper axe.
• It is dated at about 5300 years ,when the first pyramids were built.
• As our knowledge of materials grows ,so does the sophistications of our
tools .
• The more sophisticated our tools ,the more sophisticated our
accomplishments .

• Ages of “Man” We Survive based on the materials we control
• Stone Age : from cooking to calendars
– naturally occurring materials
– Special rocks, skins, wood
• Bronze age: from axe-heads to armour
– Casting and forging
• Iron age: from quality to utility
– High temperature furnaces
• Steel age: from skyscrapers to spoons
– High strength alloys
• Non ferrous & Polymer age
– Aluminium: (from tin cans to outer space)
– , titanium & Nickel (Super alloys) –Aerospace
– Silicon-Information
– Plastics (from packaging to pollution) & Composites-Food preservation,
housing, aerospace & Higher Speeds
• Exotic Materials age
– Advanced Materials ,Nano materials & Bio-Material-s they are coming & Then-
--- Advanced Materials and Tools (ME6805)

Engineering Materials

Types of Materials • Materials can be divided into the following categories
– Crystalline
– Amorphous
Crystalline Materials
• These are materials containing one or many crystals. In each crystal, atoms or ions
show a long range periodic arrangement.
• All metals and alloys are crystalline materials.
• These include iron, steel, copper, brass, bronze, aluminum, duralumin , uranium,
thorium etc.
Amorphous Material
• The term amorphous refers to materials that do not have regular, periodic
arrangement of atoms
• Glass is an amorphous material
Another useful classification of materials is
– Metals
– Ceramics
– Polymers
– Composites
Classification of Materials

Metals
• good conductors of
electricity and heat
• lustrous appearance
• susceptible to
corrosion
• strong, but
deformable
Ceramics & Glasses
• thermally and
electrically insulating
• resistant to high
temperatures and harsh
environments
• hard, but brittle
Polymers
• very large molecules
• low density, low weight
• maybe extremely
flexible

Classification of Materials: A Few Additional Categories
Biomaterials
• implanted in human
body
• compatible with body
tissues
Semiconductors
• electrical properties
between conductors
and insulators
• electrical properties
can be precisely
controlled
Composites
• consist of more than
one material type
• designed to display a
combination of
properties of each
component
Intel Pentium 4 fiberglass surfboards
hip replacement

 Based on state (phase) a given material can be Gas, Liquid or Solid
(based on the thermodynamic variables: P, T,…).
Intermediate/coexistent states are also possible (i.e clear demarcations can get blurred).
(Kinetic variables can also affect how a material behaves: e.g. at high strain rates some materials
may behave as solids and as a liquid at low strain rates)
 Based on structure (arrangement of atoms/molecules/ions) materials can be
Crystalline, Quasicrystalline or Amorphous.
Intermediate states (say between crystalline and amorphous; i.e. partly
crystalline) are also possible. Polymers are often only partly crystalline.
 Liquid Crystals (‘in some sense’) are between Liquids and Crystals.
 Similarly Solid Electrolytes (also known as* fast ion conductors and superionic conductors) are also
between crystals and liquids. These materials have a sublattice which is
‘molten’ and the ions in this sublattice are highly mobile (these materials are similar to liquid
electrolytes in this sense).
 Based on Band Structure we can classify materials into Metals, Semi-metals,
Semiconductors and Insulators.
 Based on the size of the entity in question we can Nanocrystals,
Nanoquasicrystals etc.

One way of classification does not interfere with another
From a state perspective we could have a liquid, which
is a metal from the band structure/conductivity
perspective
 Hg is liquid metal at room temperature.
 Or we could have a metal (band structure viewpoint), which is
amorphous (structural viewpoint (atomic ordering))
 ZrTiCuNiBe bulk metallic glass.
 Or we could have a ferromagnetic material (from spontaneous spin
alignment point of view- a physical property), which is amorphous
(e.g.) (structural viewpoint)
 amorphous Co-Au alloys are ferromagnetic.

Monolithic
Materials
Hybrids
Ceramics and ceramic alloys
& Glasses
Metals
(& Metallic Alloys)
Polymers (& Elastomers)
Sandwich
Composite
Lattice
Segment
Composites: have two (or more)
solid components; usually one is a
matrix and other is a reinforcement
Sandwich structures: have a
material on the surface (one
or more sides) of a core
material
Lattice* Structures: typically a
combination of material and space
(e.g. metallic or ceramic forms,
aerogels etc.).
Segmented Structures: are divided in 1D, 2D
or 3D (may consist of one or more materials).
Hybrids are
designed to improve
certain properties of
monolithic materials
Classification of composites.
 Based on the matrix: metal matrix, ceramic matrix, polymer matrix.
 Based on the morphology of the reinforcement: particle reinforced (0D), fiber reinforced (1D),
laminated (2D).

 Metals and alloys
 Cu, Ni, Fe, NiAl (intermetallic compound), Brass (Cu-Zn alloys).
 Ceramics & glasses (usually oxides, nitrides, carbides, borides)
 Oxides (Alumina (Al2O3), Zirconia (Zr2O3)), Nitrides (Si3N4), Borides (MgB2), Carbides (SiC)).
 Polymers (thermoplasts, thermosets) (Elastomers)
 Polythene, Polyvinyl chloride, Polypropylene.
Common materials: examples
Based on Electrical Conduction
 Conductors  Cu, Al, NiAl
 Semiconductors  Ge, Si, GaAs
 Insulators  Alumina, Polythene* (also called ‘dielectrics’).
Based on Ductility (at room temperature ~25C)
 Ductile  Metals, Alloys.
 Brittle  Ceramics, Inorganic Glasses, Ge, Si.

Advanced Materials
• Advanced Materials are materials that are specifically
engineered to exhibit novel or enhanced properties that confer
superior performance relative to conventional materials.
• As a result of their unique characteristics, advanced materials
have a highly uncertain hazard profile and the potential to
require special testing procedures and methods to assess
potential for adverse environmental health and safety impacts
• These materials help us to drive technological innovation and
optimise the cost and efficiency of existing products, i.e.,
traditional materials.
• Advanced materials affect all industries, not only in the
creation of new products but can optimise the performance of
existing products and materials.

• A metal is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured, shows a lustrous
appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well. Metals are typically ductile
and malleable. These properties are the result of the metallic bond between the atoms or
molecules of the metal.
• Cooking utensils and irons are made up of metals as they are good conductors of heat.
• Ductile material find applications as cable wires and for soldering purposes. Because
Metal can be drawn into wires
• Aluminium sheets (malleable) are used in the manufacturing of Aircrafts because of their
lightweight and strength.
• Metals are sonorous because they produces a deep or ringing sound when struck with
another hard object
Metals

Alloys
What are alloys?
A metal alloy is a substance that combines more than one metal or mixes a metal
with other non-metallic elements.
For example,
• Brass is an alloy of two metals: copper and zinc.
• Steel is an alloy of a metallic element (iron) and a small amount — up to 2% — of
a non-metallic element (carbon)
• Bronze is an alloy of Copper and Tin.
Purpose
To increase
strength, increase
corrosion
resistance, or
reduce costs.

• For making Needles & Surgical Blades due to the toughness
property and ability to sterilize at elevated temperature.
• Metals like Gold, Silver in Jewellery making.
• Used in Machines & Automobiles and other construction work.
Applications of Alloys

Light Metal and alloys
• Light metals and its alloys are materials of relatively low density and high strength-to-
weight ratios.
• Their small density combined with relatively high strength properties make these alloys
widely applied to production of lightweight parts.
• Magnesium, aluminium and titanium are light metals of significant commercial
importance
• The term ‘light metals’ has traditionally been given to both Al and Mg because they are
frequently used to reduce the weight of components and structures.
• Aluminium is the most versatile of these materials and titanium is the most corrosion
resistant with very high strength, while magnesium has the lowest density.
• Their densities of 1.7 (Mg), 2.7 (Al) and 4.5 g/cm3 (Ti) range from 19 to 56% of the
densities of the older structural metals, iron (7.9g/cm3) and copper (8.9 g/cm3). The metals
commonly classed as light metals are those whose density is less than the density
of steel (7.8 g/cm3

• Since these pure metals are usually softer materials with insufficient strength, they
must be alloyed to reach target mechanical properties.
• For example, high purity aluminium is a soft material with the ultimate strength of
approximately 10 MPa, which limits its usability in industrial applications.
• On the other hand, tensile strength of 6061 aluminium alloy may reach more than 290
MPa depending on the temper of the material.
Key Points

• During January-November 2020, world primary aluminium production stood at
59.707 million tonnes compared to 58.218 million tonnes during January-
November 2019.
• This represents an increase of 2.58 per cent in production globally, according to
the data released by the International Aluminium Institute.
Production & Consumption

• The data shows that Covid-19 did not lead to a reduction in global aluminum
production in 2020.
• Production in China and North America increased by over 4% compared to the
previous year (2019), while that of South America and Other Asia dropped by
6%. Other regions remained stable throughout 2020.

ADVANCED MATERIALS BASICS.pdf

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to ADVANCED MATERIALS BASICS.pdf

Similar to ADVANCED MATERIALS BASICS.pdf (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

ADVANCED MATERIALS BASICS.pdf