How does social change and social development happen? Learn how to apply the principles of social change from the civil rights, feminist, and environmental movements to make positive improvements to animal welfare in this deck from WAN's Strategic Advocacy Course. You can visit the course at our website at: worldanimal.net/our-programs/strategic-advocacy-course-new
3. Development
The upward directional evolution of society
towards greater levels of:
Energy
Efficiency
Quality
Productivity
Complexity
Comprehension
Creativity
Choice
Mastery
Enjoyment
Accomplishment
4. Growth vs. Development
Different phenomena,
subject to different laws
Growth = expansion of
existing types and forms
of activities
Development = a
qualitative enhancement
5. Social Development
Social development is driven
by the subconscious
aspirations of society
Society – and individuals –
seek progressive fulfilment of
a prioritized hierarchy of
needs
7. Energy and Breakthrough
1. Potential human energy restrained
Through cultural values, social beliefs,
political structures and physical security
2. Stage of readiness of society
3. New opportunity or challenge
4. Expression of surplus energy
5. Organized activity
6. Potential to achieve change
7. Collective will (critical mass)
8. Social Change
9. Learning & Application
Two related aspects to social
development:
Learning/Discovery
– expands consciousness
Application
– provides understanding and
recognition of ability to
make change
10. Sources of Cultural Change
Invention
– creating new ideas,
products, social patterns
Discovery
– finding something new
Diffusion
– spreading ideas to other
societies
11. Civil Society
Reflect the gap between aspirations
and present reality
Large gap develops many
organizations
Pivotal role in promoting change
Disenfranchisement leads to
mobilization
Public policy discussion and education
Alliance building
14. Multiplier Effect
If society is ready, the pioneer gains
followers
Public awareness grows
Issue climbs up ‘hierarchy of needs’
Mass media interest
Other groups adopt issue
Critical mass
17. Definition
‘A social movement is a
conscious, collective,
organized attempt to
bring about or resist
large-scale change in
the social order by non-
institutionalized means.’
18. Types of Social Movement
Reform
Revolutionary
Resistance
Expressive
Seeks to change individuals through
self-expression
21. Stages of Social Movement
Social movements have a lifecycle, and
move through various stages e.g.
Incipiency/birth
Coalescence
Institutionalization or
Fragmentation
25. Gandhi and Non-Violence
Gandhi developed philosophy of non-violent
action, which spread worldwide
Inspirations: Tolstoy, Thoreau, Bhagavad-Gita
etc.
Moral opposition to immorality
Passive resistance
Civil disobedience
Satyagraha (truth and firmness
or ‘soul force’)
27. U.S. Civil Rights Movement
Movement for racial equality, which had two
clear strands:
Reform
Southern Christian Leadership Council; Martin
Luther King Jr.
Revolutionary
The Black Panthers, Malcolm X
Martin Luther King’s non-violent protest was the
dominant force in the movement
He spent a month in India, studying Gandhi’s
techniques
28. Martin Luther King
The major principles of King’s non-
violence movement were:
Non-violence is a way of life for
courageous people
Non-violence seeks to win friendship
and understanding
Non-violence seeks to defeat injustices, not people
Non-violence holds that suffering for a cause can
educate and transform
Non-violence chooses love instead of hate
The universe is on the side of justice and right will
prevail
29. King’s Tactics
Sit-Ins
E.g. at ‘whites-only’ lunch counters
Freedom Riders
Riding segregated buses across the South
Demonstrations and Marches
Police tactics (dogs, horses, cattle prods) added
weight to the cause
30. Feminist Movement
Two main waves:
1st wave
Right to vote, own property,
divorce (to 1920)
2nd wave
Extension of civil rights – owning credit card,
equal rights, equal pay, education, reproductive
and health rights, women in politics
31. Suffragettes
Movement started peacefully
Frustration led to direct action and radical tactics:
Abuse shouted from boats to Parliament
Politicians’ homes fire-bombed
Vandalizing Oxford Street in London
Burning churches
Golf courses vandalized
Famous chaining to railings
- Buckingham Palace
Suicide – under King’s horse
32. Environmental Movement
From late 19th century – ‘wilderness’ issues
1963 Rachel Carson’s ‘Silent Spring’
Crises: Toxic smogs (1950s and 60s)
1960s radical movement emerging
Youth from anti-war movement
Late 1970s new grassroots movement
Rise in range and number of groups
Rise in issues covered
34. Advantages of Frameworks
They help us to:
Conceptualize our day-to-day work
Understand how campaigns and
movements change over time
Understand stages of development,
so we do not become disheartened
or demotivated
35. Three Movement Stages
“Every great movement has to
experience three stages:
Ridicule
Discussion
Adoption”
-John Stuart Mill
36. Five Movement Stages
Five major stages in the growth of the
movement:
Acceptance building (broad/softer
education)
Awareness/consensus building
Legislation
Action to embed legislation
Functioning system of
protection
Based on comments from Kim Stallwood, Director of the US-
based Animals and Society Institute
37. Five Stage Revolutionary
Movement Framework
Cultural preparation
Organization-building
Confrontation
Mass non-cooperation
Parallel institutions and new models
develop
*Assumes polarization increasing as movement
develops
From George Lakey (Globalise Liberation)
38. Six Stage Campaign Planning
Framework
Gather information
Do education and leadership
development
Negotiate with target
Increase motivation and commitment for
the struggle ahead
Direct action
Create new relationship with opponent,
which reflects the new power reality
Martin Luther King Jr.
39. Eight Stage Reform Social
Movement Framework
1. Business as usual
2. Failure of established channels
3. Ripening conditions:
educating/organizing
4. Takeoff!
5. Perception of failure
6. Winning over the majority
7. Achieving alternatives
8. Consolidation and moving on
Bill Moyer’s Movement Action Plan (MAP)
41. History
The history of the movement cannot be
isolated from:
Social change
Culture
Religion
Politics
Economics
42. Ethical Foundations
Different ethical foundations
affect the movement’s
development, e.g.
Native American
Indians/Aborigines: Ancient
tradition of respect for life
Indian Gandhian values
Buddhist & Hindu: compassion,
nature and animals
Western human-based morality,
especially the Catholic church
43. The Movement’s Progress
Any assessment of the movement’s progress
depends on the perception of its role:
Compassionate welfare activity
or
Movement for social change
Social change is only being achieved if
underlying injustices towards animals are being
integrated and tackled institutionally by society
45. Animal Welfare Organizations
The organized movement started early in the
1800s (UK RSPCA in 1824)
The number and scope of organizations has
increased enormously (UK: 1,300+ USA: 13,000+).
But how many social change agents?
Compare and contrast the younger
environmental movement
(really ‘took off’ in 1960s)
46. International Awareness
Evolving as an international issue:
Advanced nations
European Union
Council of Europe
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
Development (World Bank, FAO etc.)
But: massive materialism and consumerism
have increased exploitation
47. Challenges & Opportunities
The policy environment is becoming increasingly
ready for fundamental change
The need to feel full pressure in favour of change
and/or
To be given the challenges and threats needed
as catalysts for change
The animal welfare movement is in dire need of a
strong and powerful force for social change &
advocacy is the engine for social change
48. Current Threats to the
Movement
Globalization
Capitalism and consumerism
Deregulation
Reliance on science without
precautionary principle
Cooption (service delivery/fake
consultation)
49. What is Needed for Success
Grasping social change role!
Increased professionalism and strategic ability
Tackle problems at root
Stop being coopted
Updated and dynamic campaigning
Tap into other vital social concerns
Develop new paradigms/alternatives
Collaborate and cooperate
Really use new international
focus of OIE