Introduction to Sociology

2.  Objectives
 Introduction to Sociology
 Collective Behavior
 Social Movements
 Social Change
 Social Stratification

3.  Introduction to Sociology
 Definition Of Sociology: Sociology is the Study
of The Development, Structure And
Functioning Of Human Society.
 OR
 Sociology is the Scientific Study Of Human
Society.

4.  Sociology As A Science:
 Going into the discussion of
sociology as a science, first we
will find out those
charactericstics,
 CONTINUED…

5.  Then we will find out those characteristics in
the Dicipline of Sociology, if those were
present in
this Dicipline , we will call it science
,otherwise it will be not.
 Science is Discussed with it’s Characteristics
as Below.

6.  Science As Knowledge
 Science As Methods,
 Science As Tools,

7.  Science As Knowledge, it Includes Concepts
Inter relationship of these Concepts
explanation of the concepts and it’s
relationship, Prediction the basis Of
explanation.

8.  Science as Methods
 Science is a method of Study whereby a body
of Organized , Verified Knowledge is
discovered Science As methods can be having
the characteristics of Observation Hypothesis,
verification and Re verification and
Measurement. These are the Stages Through
Which We can pass a Scientific Method.

9.  Science As Tool
 Techniques or Tools are different in physical
Science than the Social Sciences.
 These Tools are more exact and precise in
physical Sciences for example Microscope
Telescope etc.
 Questionnaire /Interview etc

10.  Collective behaviour is a meaning-
creating social process in which new
norms of behaviour that challenges
conventional social action emerges

11.  Characteristics
 Entirely an unplanned
 Not regulated by any set of rules
 Not bound by any defined norms
 Attract by an accident, riot, street ,fight etc.
 Rumours /misguide

12.  Crowd Behaviour
 “ A crowd is a temporary collection of people
reacting together to stimuli”
 Characteristics of Crowd
 1st Suggestibility
 2nd Anonymity
 3rd Spontaneity
 4th Invulnerability

13.  Types Of Crowd
 Casual Crowd, specific events, members have little
interaction with one another

 Conventional Crowd, Deliberately planned
 Expressive Crowd, gathers specifically for the
purpose of letting out emotions.
 Acting Crowd, people who are emotionally focused
erupting into violent behavior.

14.  Mobs And Riots in Form Of
Crowd Behavior.
 Two types Of Mob,
 (a) The Purposive and Active Crowd ,
Deliberately
 (b) The Confused and Random Mobs,
 not deliberately

15.  Audience
 “An Audience is a crowd with centered on stimuli
outside themselves”
 Types:
 Information Seeking Audience
 Recreation Seeking Audience (Witness Drama,
Watch Cricket)
 Conventional Audience,

16.  A Social Movement is an Organized activity
that encourages or discourages Social
Change.
 Social Movements are among the most
important types of Collective Behavior
because they often have their lasting effects
on our society.
 Example of LGBT 26 june 2015.

17.  Types Of Social Movements
 Alternative
 Redemptive
 Reformative
 Revolutionary

18.  Alternative Social Movements
 They Seek Limited Change only a part of the
population, their aim to help certain people
alter their lives.
 Promise keepers, one example of an
alternative social Movement, encourages
men to live more spiritual lives and be
more supportive of their families.

19.  Redemptive Social Movements
 Also target specific people , But they seek
radical change . Their aim to help certain
people to redeem their lives.
 Example : (peshawar)

20.  Reformative Social Movements
 Aim for only limited Social change, but target
everyone.
 Reformative Social Movements generally work
inside the political System
 Example: Equal rights amendment movement.
March 22 1972 the senate passed the ERA.

21.  Revolutionary Social Movements
 Are the most extreme of all, Seeking the
transformation of entire Society.
 Example: French Revolution Of 1789, and
was partially carried forward by Napolen
Bonaparte.

22.  Stage1: Emergence
 Public awareness of some issue
 Coalescence
 The movement may engage in collective action
 Such as rallies/demonstrations to attract the
attention of media and increase public awareness
 Bureaucratizaion,
 Organized the social movement through a cabinet or
organizing body which will steer the social movement,

23.  Stage4 Decline,
 1st If members met their goals
 2nd Social movement may be fold
because of Organizational Failures,
such as poor leadership loss of
interest among members / insuficient
funds etc.

24.  The transformation of culture and social
institutions over time.
 Example: the cloth used to make our
clothing was developed In Asia
 2nd The Clocks we see all around us were
invented in Europe , and coins we carry in our
pockets were devised in what is now Turkey.

25.  Causes Of Social Change,
 Conflict And Change: inequality and
Conflict in a Society also Produce Change,
 Karl Marx saw class conflict as the engine
that drives Societies from one historical era
to another,
 He maintained the struggle between
capitalists and Workers pushes society
toward a socialist system of production….

26.  Ideas And Change.
 Max weber Also Contributed to our understanding
of Social Change ,
 Although Weber agreed that Conflict could bring
about Change,
 For Example (Martin Luther King Jr) is one example
can carry a message that change the World.

27.  Demographic Change.
 Population patterns also play a part in social
Change,
 Migration within and among societies is another
Demographic factor that promote change.
 Between 1870 to 1930, tens of millions of
immigrants entered the industrial cities in the
United State,
 Millions more from rural areas joined the rush.

29. Social stratification is the division of society
into groups arranged in a social hierarchy
based on access to wealth, power and
prestige. Ex: slavery, caste and social class

30. Caste system
 Ascribed
 No social mobility
 Based on specific
occupation
 Closed and life long
Class system
 Achieved
 Open and mobile
 property prestige And
power are important
 No consistency