This document provides information about social change and conflict. It discusses key concepts like social problems, the process of social change, and resistance to change. It also outlines several causes of social change such as culture, conflict, technology, and population growth. Examples of social and political conflicts throughout history are provided, including the Crusades, French Revolution, World Wars, and conflicts involving Pakistan.

1. SOCIAL-CHANGE
&
CONFLICT

2. GROUP MEMBERS
 Ariba Nameen
 Manahil khanum Durrani
 Afra Ejaz
 Aneeqa Sadiq
 Iqra Malik
 Minahil Khalid

3. Social Change
Social Problems
Process of Social Change
Social change & Conflict
Resistance

4. Social change
What is social change?
 Change is an enduring historical force with
noticeable variations through. Change may be
hardly discernible or easily observable.
 It may be destructive or constructive ; but
whatever its nature it occurs everywhere and every
time.

6. Concept of social change
According to Davis : “ By social change is meant only
such alterations as occur in social organization , that is
, structure and functions of society.”
According to Jones : “ social changes are a term used
to describe variations in , or modifications of any
aspect of social processes , social patterns , social
interaction or social organization.”

7. Introduction to social change
 Social change is the transformation of culture and
social organization or structure over time.
 In the modern world we are aware that society is
never static, and that social , political, economic
and cultural changes occur constantly.

8. There are a whole range of
classic theories and research
methods available within society
for the study of social change.

9. Characteristics of social
change:
 There are four main characteristics of social
change(Macionis 1996):-
It happens everywhere, but the rate of change
varies from place to place.
For example, the United States would experience
faster change, than a third world country that has
limited access to technology and information.

10. Social change is sometimes intentional but
often unplanned.
For example, when the airplane was invented
people would knew that this would increase and
speed travel.
however, it was probably not realized how this
invention would affect in the society.

11.  Families are spread through out the country, because it
is easier to return for visits.
 Companies are able to expand worldwide thanks to air
travel. The numerous crashes or deaths related to
airplanes was not predicted either.

12. Social change often generates controversy.
For example, the move over the recent years to
accept homosexual rights has caused controversy
involving the military, religion, and society
overall.

13. Some changes matter more than others do.
For example, the invention of personal computers was
more important than Cabbage Patch dolls.

14. Causes of social change:
 There are various causes of social change. These
include the following:-
 Culture;
Culture is a system that constantly loses and gains
components. There are three main sources of cultural
change.

15.  The first source is
invention.
 Invention produce new ideas
,products , and social
patterns.
 The invention of rocket
propulsion led to space
travel, which in the future
may lead to inhabitation of
other planets.

16.  The second source is discovery.
 Discovery is finding something that has never been
found before, or finding something new in something
that already exist.
 The third source is diffusion.
 Spreading of ideas and objects to other societies.

17.  The third is diffusion.
Diffusion is the spreading of ideas and objects to other
societies .This would involve trading, migration and
mass communication.

18. Different people exchanging their ideas

19. The ‘Mass media’ is a vital factor in the speed of
social change . It permits rapid diffusion of ideas,
making these manifest in the private and relaxing
environs of the home, where audiences are at most
susceptible.

20.  Conflict;
Another reason social change happens is due to the
tension and conflict (between races, religions , classes
etc).
Karl Marx thought that class conflict in particular
sparked change.

21.  Idealistic factors:
 . From Idealistic factors include values believes and
ideologies Max Weber perspective: in essence, values
believes and ideologies have a decisive impact on
shaping social change.

22.  These factors have certainly broadly shaped direction
of social change in the modern world.
 For example:-
o Freedom & self determination.
o Material growth & security.
o Nationalism , e.g. French & English . Canadians ,
English and Irish , Germans and French , Palestinians ,
Kurdish.
o Marxism.

23.  Environmental factors;
Change can be through the impact of environmental
factors such as drought and famine . The degree of
natural disasters between different countries and
regions also lead the different social changes between
the countries.

24.  Demographic change;
Change occurs from an increase in the population or
human migration between the areas.
Human migration between rural villages and big cities in
china is causing a great impact on society in china as a
whole.

25.  Social movement & change;
 Change can also occur from people joining together for a
common cause. This is called a social movement.
 Social movements are classified according to the kind of
change they are seeking.

26.  The role of values and ethics;
 Human values are formed by a similar process and act
in a similar manner.
 These may include cleanliness , punctuality ,
communication , coordination , courage , generosity ,
objectivity , sincerity , harmony love , self- giving.

27. Religion
 Society develops in the response to the contact and
interaction between human beings and their
material , social and intellectual environment.
 Ethical views are differ from country to country.

28.  Religion is all about beliefs- about creations purpose
destiny life and love . It shapes the lives of believers.
 What people believe or disbelieve about God and the
world affects all aspects of their being , including their
day to day behavior .
 Social movements are all about changing and shaping
peoples belief systems .
 Religion can affect attitudes and ethics ,either positively
or negatively.

30.  Technology and information;
 As a society develops to higher levels , non-material
resources play an increasingly important role as
factors of production .
 Internet technology has an enormous impact on the
globalization of culture and ideas . It has considerably
increased the speed of social change.

32. Social Problems:-
What is a social problem?
 A social problem is a social condition that a segment
of society views as harmful to members of society
and in need of remedy.

33. Social issues in Pakistan:
 Corruption
 Smuggling
 Health care Conditions
 Educational problems
 Terrorism
 Food crisis
 Poverty

34. Corruption:
 Corruption is wide spread. Pakistan is ranked as 42nd
corrupted country of the world according to the
Transparency International Corruption Index .

35.  The health sources indicate that the following sectors
are among the most affected by corruption;
Police & law enforcement
Judiciary & legal professions
Power sectors
Tax & customs
Land administration
Health & education

36. Smuggling:
 To import or export without paying lawful customs
charges or duties.
 Smuggling severely harms the economy of
Pakistan in multidimensional ways.

37. Health care Conditions:
 Even after decades of existence their is no equal
distribution of wealth and resources.
 Many Pakistanis suffer from physical and
emotional problems. But there is no proper health
care system in place.
 Mental illness is still surrounded by visible stigma.

38.  Children is still suffering from malnutrition because of
pervasive poverty.
 Many patients with emergency only see a doctor when
they get violent and have a nervous breakdown.

39. Educational Problems:
 Pakistan illiteracy rate is decreasing continuously as
the schools have not kept up with population
explosion.
 Most people in village cannot read and write.
 There is no standardized educational systems.

41. Terrorism:
 Pakistan play a key and highly conflicted role in
the global war on terror.
 Today terrorism is threatening the very roots and
fabric of Pakistan’s nationhood.

42.  Major causes of terrorism in Pakistan are ;
 Political crisis
 Economic conditions
 Standard of living
 Illiteracy

43. Food crisis:
 The world financial experts have placed Pakistan on a
list of 36 countries that face a serious food crisis.
 It has two aspects ;
Unavailability of edibles.
Soaring prices due to gap in demand and supply of
edibles.

44. Crisis in our country due to insufficient food

46. Child labor:
 The full time employment of children who are under a
minimum legal age.
 The last survey in 1996 figured out 3.3 million child
laborers in Pakistan.
 Many of the child laborers are working in ruler areas
as compare to urban areas.

47.  In Pakistan child labor is related to;
o Craft and related trade activities
o Brick making
o Stone crushing carpet making
o Agriculture sector
o Factories and industries

49. Poverty in Pakistan:
 Poverty is the main issue in Pakistan.
 Main factors of poverty in Pakistan are;
Inequality
Natural disasters
Feudalism
Lack of adequate governance
Poor industrial standards

50. Process of social Change:
 The process of social change may be depicted in the
following manner:-
 Change in experiences of individuals
 Change in attitude of individuals
 Change in thought patterns of individuals
 Change in social interaction

51.  Change in social relations
 Change in social structure
 Social change

52. Conflict;-

53. Conflicts.
• Conflicts in a society also produce social change.
• Karl Marx saw class conflicts as ,
“the engine that drives societies from one
historical era from another”.

54. • The two classes identified were
the capitalists and the workers .
• Both this classes are
based on
inequality(social
stratification).
• According to Marx , “The
conflict between the two classes
is a means to social change”.

55. • These classes are located in different relationship to
mean of production
• Out of these two groups capitalists oppose social change
, whereas the workers want to change the society .

56. Main conflicts in
history

57. The
crusades
•Middle ages , Holy wars
•Catholic church declared
it
•1095-1291 crusadier
army do battle with
Islamic forces
•It was all about to gain
control of holy places
•Crusades were
unsuccessful
•3 million people were
killed in it.

58. The French
Revolution
•Begin in 1789
•It was against social and
political turmoil
•Most central legacy is
move away from
theocracies and
monarchies.
•This revolution gave
birth to modern
democratic republic.
•It is one of the most
important political event
in human history

59. Mexican
American war
•In early 1800s territory of Texas was
claimed by 3 nations Spanish,
Americans & French .’
•Over next 30 years Mexico gained
control
•Thousand of Americans immigrants
settled here
•They rebelled against Mexican state
in 1835
•Republic of texa existed till 1846 ,
then become part of USA
•America defeated Mexico and under
controlled now as new mexico,
california as parts of texas
•Other are in southwest USA

60. World war 1
It was due to conflict between nation of
Europe and western Asia.
30 million people were killed in this great
war

61. world War 2
After Hitler came to power and
invaded Poland in 1939
Japan & Italy also involved in it
70 million people die in it

62. Israel and Palestine Conflict
Since 1917 Jews had been moving to
Palestine
By 1948 hundred thousand jews lived
there.
US form partition and state of Israel form
From that time till now Israel is a state of
Conflict.

63. The Cold
War
•It was from 1947-1999
•No battles were fought
actually.
•It was between USA &
USSR of EUROPE
•IT was characterized by
Proxy Wars such as
Korea , afghanistan etc
•Internet was invented
during this time of Cold
war.

64. The Korean War
 Japan ruled korea untill end of 2nd world war
 It was between Korea and japan in 1953.

65. Iraq Iran War and
gulf War
•Desire to gain power
iraq invaded iran in
1980.
•US supported iraq.
•It was all about 8
years.
•Then Iraqi Military
forced iran to go
back.
•Iran was defeated.

66. The U.S-Afghan War
 After 11 September attack US demanded Afghanistan to
hand over Osama Bin Ladin.
 Taliban refused and conflict begun
 In 2015 Osama was died and US was defeated by afghans,
but still some troops are there

67. Internal and domestic
conflicts of pakistan

68. Partition of
1947
•IT was conflict between
Hindu and Muslims of
Subcontinent
•In 1947 two Separate
countries Pakistan , and
India were emerged.
•10-12 million people
became refugees
•Young state of Pakistan
has faced several regional
conflicts.

69. Kashmir Conflict
 It is the biggest conflict between India and Pakistan.
 As Kashmir has Muslims in majority and Pakistan
wants to join this state , according to wish of Kashmiris
.
 but still India is dominating over Kashmiris from their
Arms and Military.

70. Indo-Pak Wars
 Due to Kashmir Conflict and due to india wish to get
power and authority Of pakistan
 2 wars have been fought between India and Pakistan
in 1965 &1971

71. Kargil -Conflict
THE Pakistan army under General
pervaiz Musharraf had kept Pakistan
P.M NAWAZ sharif in dark about the
Kargil Military misadventure
Later Pakistan Army after Kargil defeat ,
kept secret this fact from pakistani nation.

72. 9/11 worse Effects
 After September 11 incident even Pakistan support
USA in Arrestment of OSAma bin ladin
 Pakistan is thought to be refugee place of terrorist
 Osama was also arrested from Pakistan.

73. 21st century new terrorist
state Pakistan
 As a patriotic Pakistani we say that Pakistan is
safe and sound place .
 But due to its domestic conflicts scenario is
different.
 Pakistan is suffering seriously from disease of
terrorism.

74. Domestic Conflicts;-
 Conflicts related to Balouchistan
 Conflicts in Sindh.
 Religious and Sectarian Conflicts.
 Violence Conflicts in Waziristan
 Conflicts in Karachi.
 Domestic Terrorism
 Conflicts Of our political leaders.

76. Social Conflict Theory .
• Marxist based social theory .
• According to this theory ,“individuals and
groups (social classes) within
society interact on the basis of conflict rather
than consensus”.

77. • Conflicts theorists view conflict as an engine of change.
• Since conflicts produces contradictions , which are sometimes
resolved creating new conflicts and contradictions.

78. Impacts
of conflict.

80. When it is constructive?.
• It results in clarification of important problems and issues.
• It involves people in resolving issues important to them

81. • It causes authentic communication.
• It helps release emotions , anxiety and stress.
• It builds cooperation among people through learning more
about each other.

82. When conflict is destructive.
• It takes attention away from other
important activities.
• It polarizes people and groups ,
reducing cooperation.
• It increases or sharpens differences.
• It leads to irresponsible and
harmful behaviour, such as fighting
and name calling .

83. Resistance to social change.

84. What is resistance.
• It is a complex social phenomenon that can include a wide range
of behaviors and actions .
• It can occur at the micro level of individual people all the way to
the macro level of protests that bring down whole government.
• It rarely occurs without opposition.
• Many who oppose change come to accept it.
• Some people oppose the change but with time they learn to adapt
it.

86. Resistance to social change…
1. Cultural lag.
2. Ethnocentrism
3. Vested interest

87. Cultural lag.
• Material culture changes quickly while non-
material culture lags behind and changes
more slowly.
• New laws and customs must be formed to
address new technology.
• Material culture includes physical objects that
people create and use . e. g books building,
computer clothing. e.t.c.
• Non- material customs include beliefs norms
ideas, language political and economic system.

89. Ethnocentrism.
• People often believe that their own ideas and
ways of doing things are best and strongly resist
changes from outside their culture.

91. Vested interest.
• People who benefit from the
status usually resists change.
• Some people feels that the known
problems of today are better than
unknown problems that come
with change.

93. Factors in resistance to
change.
• Individual resistance.
• Group resistance .
• Organizational resistance.

95. Group resistance.
• Structural inertia- some
organizational structures
have in-built mechanism
for resistance to change.
• E. g. in bureaucratic
structure where jobs are
narrowly defined , change
would be difficult.

98. Aims. • Radical approach which aims
to change society not individual
behavior .
• Aims to bring change in the
physical , economic and social
environment.
• Target towards groups and
populations.

99. Conclusion.
• The causes of social change are diverse.
• Processes of change can be identified as
either short-term or long- term
developments.
• Social change can either be cyclic or one-
directional .
• Mechanisms of social change can be varied
and interconnected .