Minerals provide the material used to make most of the things of industrial- based society; roads, cars, computers, fertilizers, etc. Demand for minerals is increasing world wide as the population increases and the consumption demands of individual people increase. The mining of earth’s natural resources is, there­fore accelerating, and it has accompanying environmental consequences.

1. Land and Mineral
Resources and
Conservational
Management
Submitted by:
Hemant Parashar, Branch: CSE
Submitted by:
Hemant Parashar, Branch: CSE
Project Guide: Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
Department of Chemistry
Northern India Engineering College New Delhi

2. Current Land Use

3. Land Use TypesLand Use Types
 WildernessWilderness
 National ParksNational Parks
 Wildlife RefugesWildlife Refuges
 ForestsForests
 WetlandsWetlands
 Agricultural landsAgricultural lands
 Urban landsUrban lands

4. Land
Degradation
The growth in the population and developmental activities
have not only brought about degradation of land but have
also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause
damage to land. At present there are about 130 million
hectares of degraded land in India. Approximately 28% of it
belongs to the category of Forest degraded area, 56% of it
is water eroded area and the rest is affected by saline and
alkaline deposits.

5. Land
Degradation
The terms land degradation and soil degradation are
synonymous. Soil is integral part of land, hence, any
deterioration in its quality, mass or volume, either singly or
in combination, is also a deterioration of land. The term
soil degradation is more specific and is directly related to
crop production, while land degradation is a more
comprehensive term.

6. Status of our land
 23% of usable land degraded
Causes
 Deforestation
 Agricultural mismanagement
 Urbanization
 Implications
 Soil erosion
 Pollution
 Disturbed natural cycles
Land Resources

7. Land degradation is a major problem, largely related
to agricultural use. The major causes include-
Causes for Land Degradation
 Land clearance, such as clearcutting and
deforestation.
 Agricultural depletion of soil nutrients through poor
farming practices.
 Livestock including overgrazing and overdrafting.
 Inappropriate irrigation and overdrafting.

8. Land degradation is a major problem, largely related
to agricultural use. The major causes include-
Causes for Land Degradation
 Urban sprawl and commercial development.
 Quarrying of stone, sand, ore and minerals.
 Exposure of naked soil after harvesting by heavy
equipment.
 Dumping of non-biodegradable trash, such
as plastics .
 Increase in field size due to economies of scale,
reducing shelter for wildlife, as hedgerows and
copses disappear.

9. Mineral Resources
India is rich in mineral resources. It has fairly abundant
reserves of iron ore and mica and adequate supplies of
manganese ore, titanium, bauxite and coal. There is a
deficiency of lead, gold, zinc, copper. The country earns a
foreign exchange from the export of minerals like iron ore,
titanium, manganese ore, bauxite and granite. In all there
are over 3000 mines in India. About 8 lakh people are
employed in the mining sector. It accounts for about 11% of
the country’s industrial output industrial development of the
country depends upon this sector.

10. Classification Of Mineral
resources
Minerals
Metallic Non-Metallic Energy
Coal and
Fossil fuels
Mica, Potash,
Sulphur
salts etc.
Ferrous Non-Ferrous Precious
Iron, cobalt,
Nickel etc.
Copper, lead,
Tin, bauxite
etc.
Silver, gold,
Platinum etc.

11. Exploitation of Mineral
Wealth
Minerals often require quite a lot of processing to get the desired
metals from them. The exploitation of natural resources started to
emerge in the 19th century as natural resource extraction developed.
During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased.
Today, about 80% of the world’s energy consumption is sustained by
the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and gas.
Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans
are Subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in
the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an
example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of
the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in
a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem.
As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the
depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable
extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.

12. Exploitation of Mineral
Wealth
• Locating a supply of mineral
• Mining
• Processing the mineral to get the desired
products.
The steps involved are:-

13. MINING
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or
other geological materials from the earth from an ore
body, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the
mineralized package of economic interest to the miner.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal and oil
shale, gemstones, limestone, and dimension stone, rock
salt and potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to
obtain any material that cannot be grown
through agricultural processes, or created artificially in
a laboratory or factory. Mining in a wider sense includes
extraction of any non-renewable resource such
as petroleum, natural gas, or even water.

14. MINING
Mining of stone and metal has been done since pre-
historic times. Modern mining processes
involve prospecting for ore bodies, analysis of the profit
potential of a proposed mine, extraction of the desired
materials, and final reclamation of the land after the mine
is closed.
The nature of mining processes creates a potential
negative impact on the environment both during the
mining operations and for years after the mine is closed.
This impact has led to most of the world's nations
adopting regulations to moderate the negative effects of
mining operations. Safety has long been a concern as
well, and modern practices have improved safety in
mines significantly.

15. Effects of mining
• Land degradation and deforestation.
• Loss of flora and fauna.
• Overexploitation of earth.
• Water, air, and noise pollution creating
vibrational problems in the region of
mining.
• Lowering of ground water table.
• Released green house gases.
• Excess of waste produced.
• Migration of Tribal people.
• Risking of human life.

16. Conservation of minerals
• Searching a substitute of widely used minerals.
• Recycling.
• Metal scrapping for specific metals and
minerals.
• Minimizing the mineral as well as the metal
waste.
• Development of alloys that are new and
contribute to conservation of minerals.

17. Land Conservation• Afforestation i.e. plantation of more and
more trees.
• Sustainable use of land and other
resources.
• Checking soil erosion.
• Public awareness.
• Encouraging natural vegetation

18. THANK YOU
Submitted by:
Hemant Parashar, Branch: CSE
Submitted by:
Hemant Parashar, Branch: CSE
Project Guide: Dr. Tanuja Nautiyal
Department of Chemistry
Northern India Engineering College New Delhi