1. What is Surveying ? Surveying is a method of determining accurately, points and lines of direction (bearings) on the earth's surface and preparing from them, maps or plans. Boundaries, areas, elevations, construction lines, and geographical or artificial features are determined by the measurement of horizontal and vertical distances and angles and by computations based on geometry and trigonometry.

5. SURVEYING EQUIPMENTS The Gunter's chain (known also as the surveyor's chain), which is 20 m long and divided into 100 links links

6. The engineer's chain, 30 m long and also consisting of 100 links The tape, usually of steel

7. THEODILITE ROD OR STAFF

8. FIELD BOOKS DIGITAL FIELD BOOK

9. Basic principles of plane surveying Consider a simple survey situation as shown on the left. To plot the area accurately it is essential to establish a base line first. Once a base line is established, the points can be located relative to the line by taking two measurements with the following possible combinations:

10. Two distances Two angles One distance and one angle One distance at 90 , offset Basic CHAIN SURVEY – two distances. AC and BC are measured. Point C is drawn by intersecting Radii AC and BC.

12. Basic TRIANGUALTION – two Angles ABC and BAC are taken. Point C is located using the Intersection of the angles.

14. Basic TRAVERSE – distance and angle. Point C is located by the measured distance of AC and the angle ABC.

16. Basic OFFSET – distance at 90 degrees. Point C is located by the distance on a line perpendicular to base line AC through C.