At the end of the session, you should be able to:
describe experimental research design
differentiate three different types of experiments
determine the appropriate type of experiment for given Action Research topics
1. Ano n n m n + I t o
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2.
3.
4. At the end of the session, you should be able to:
describe experimental research design
differentiate three different types of
experiments
determine the appropriate type of experiment
for given Action Research topics
target |
5. CONTEXT AND RATIONALE
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
INNOVATION, INTERVENTION
RESEARCH METHODS
WORK PLAN & COST ESTIMATES
PLAN FOR DISSEMINATION
REFERENCES
6. Variable – a characteristics that have different
values
Independent Variable – the variable that is
applied on purpose (manipulation) by the
Action Researcher, also known as the
intervention, treatment, or cause
Dependent Variable – the variable that is
expected to change as a result of the
implementation of the intervention or
treatment, also known as the effect
Definition of Terms
7. Extraneous Variable – the variable that might
differentially affect the dependent variable
or the relationship between independent
and dependent variable if not controlled
Experimental Group – the group that receives
the intervention or treatment, also known as
treatment group
Control Group – the group that does not
receive the intervention or treatment
Definition of Terms
8. Randomization – the process of selecting
participants for a study such that all
members of the sampling space or pool of
participants have equal chance of being
included.
Definition of Terms
9. Independent
Variables
Dependent
Variables
Instructional method:
Cooperative learning vs. traditional
Achievement test
scores
Type of learning material:
Digital vs. Print
Quarterly grades
Type of in-school breakfast for Grade 1:
Protein-rich vs. High carbohydrates
Weight after 3
months
Teaching aid:
Videos vs. Photos
Length of
attention span
11. is an Action Research design that determines
causation or cause-and-effect relationship
between variables. Its distinctive feature is the
manipulation of an independent variable to
see its effect on a dependent variable.
PRE-EXPERIMENTAL
12. Where: R stands for random selection
O1 stands for pretest
O2 stands for posttest
X stands for intervention
Legend of the Procedures
13. Pre-Experimental Studies follow the basic
feature of an experimental research design,
wherein an independent variable is
manipulated to see its effect on a dependent
variable
However, randomization is not applied in the
selection of participants.
There is also no control group.
15. involve the basic characteristic of
experimental research design; an
independent variable is manipulated to
examine its influence on a dependent
variable. Like pre-experimental studies, there
is no random selection of participants in
quasi-experimental studies. However, there is
a designated control group.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
16. Non-equivalent controlled group design
O1 X O2 (experimental group)
O1 O2 (control group)
O4 O5 O6
Time-series design
O1 O2 O3 X
Where:
O1, O2, O3 stand for pretest (multiple observations)
O4, O5, O6 stand for posttest (multiple observations)
17. introduce an independent variable to assess
its impact on a dependent variable. Like
quasi-experimental studies, a control group
is included in true experimental studies. In
contrast though, randomization is utilized in
the selection of participants.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL
18. Pretest-posttest controlled group
Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
A pretest is given to both groups.
The experimental group receives treatment
while the control group does not.
A posttest is given to both groups.
19. R O1 X O2 (experimental group)
R O1 O2 (control group)
Pretest-posttest controlled group design
20. Subjects are randomly assigned to groups.
The experimental group receives the treatment
while the control group does not receive the
treatment.
A posttest is given to both groups.
Posttest only controlled group design
21. R X O2 (experimental group)
R O2 (control group)
Posttest only controlled group design
22. ~ considered as the most prestigious experimental
design. It minimizes threats to both internal and
external validity.
Subjects are randomly assigned to one or four
groups.
Two of the groups (experimental group 1 and
control group 1) are pretested.
The other two groups (experimental group 2 and
control group 2) receive routine or no treatment.
Solomon four-group design
23. X O2 (experimental group)
O2 (control group)
O2 (experimental group)
R O1
R O1
R X
R O2 (control group)
Solomon four-group design
25. It is desirable that sampling method for
experiments be random. However, since
experimental Action Research are conducted to
solve specific classroom problems, the sampling
may have to be purposive and accessible.
26. The most common data collection methods in
experimental Action Research are paper-and-
pencil instruments that yield numerical data.
These include tests, rating scales, and
checklists. Observation and documentation,
such as portfolios, may also be used as long as
the data derived from these can be transformed
to numerical values.
27. Descriptive Statistics
measures of central tendency or location,
such as mode, median, and mean
measures of variability or dispersion, such
as range, variance, and standard deviation
28. Inferential Statistics
Independent t-test – when comparing two
means from two groups (e.g. Experimental
vs. control)
Paired t-test – when comparing two means
from one group measured twice (e.g.,
pretest vs. posttest)
Analysis of Variance – when comparing
three or more groups or means
29. Australian Bureau of Statistics. n.d. “Measures of Shape.” Australian Bureau of Statistics (website).
Accessed May 12, 2018. http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-
+measures+of+shape.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. n.d. “Measures of Central Tendency.”
Australian Bureau of Statistics (website). Accessed May 12, 2018.
http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/a3121120.nsf/home/statistical+language+-
+measures+of+central+tendency.
Campbell, Michael J., David Machin, and Stephen J. Walters. (1990) 2007. Medical Statistics: A
Commonsense Approach. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching.n.d. Type of Experimental Research. Arizona: Grand
Canyon University. Accessed May12, 2018.
https://cirt.gcu.edu/research/developmentresources/research_ready/experimental/design_types.
Center Grove Community School Corporation. n.d. “Module 7: Measures of Central Tendency.” Canvas
(website). Accessed May 12, 2018.
https://centergrove.instructure.com/courses/1823759/pages/module-7-measures-of-central-tendency.
Complete Dissertation. n.d. Experimental Research Designs. Statistics Solution. AccessedMay12,2018.
http://www.statisticssolutions.com/experimentalresearchdesigns/.
Fraenkel, Jack R. and Norman E. Wallen. (1990) 2008. How to Design and Evaluate Research in
Education. Boston: McGraw Hill.
Levin, Jack A., James Alan Fox, and David R. Forde. (2003) 2013. Elementary Statistics in Social
Research. New York: Pearson.
Paul Gingrich. n.d. “Association Between Variables.” Introductory Statistics for the Social Sciences.
University of Regina Department of Sociology and Social Studies (website). Accessed May 12, 2018.
http://uregina.ca/~gingrich/ch11a.pdf.
Trochim, William M. K.(1999)2008.TheResearchMethodsKnowledge Base. Mason, OH: Atomic Dog
Publishing, Inc.
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