Simple slide show about research designs especially made for students working with Science Investigatory Projects. This also helpful for students who are first timer working with research.
Research Methods in PsychologyQuasi-Experimental Designs.docxaudeleypearl
Research Methods in Psychology
Quasi-Experimental Designs
1
Characteristics of True Experiments
Manipulate Independent Variable (IV)
Treatment, comparison conditions
High degree of control
Choice of the DVs
Random assignment to conditions
Unambiguous outcome regarding effect of IV on DV
Internal validity
2
Applied Research
Goals
Test external validity of lab findings
Improve conditions in which people live and work (natural settings)
Quasi-experiments
Procedures that approximate the conditions of highly controlled laboratory experiments
3
Permission
Difficult to gain permission to conduct true experiments in natural settings
Difficult to gain access to participants
Random assignment perceived as unfair
People want a “treatment”
Random assignment is best way to determine whether a treatment is effective
Use “waiting-list” control group or alternate treatments
Tablets in English and science classes example
Obstacles to Conducting True Experiments in Natural Settings
4
Advantage of True Experiments
Threats to internal validity are controlled
8 general threats to internal validityhistoryregressionmaturationselectiontestingsubject attritioninstrumentationadditive effects with selection
5
Threats to Internal Validity
History
When an event occurs at the same time as the treatment and changes participants’ behavior
Participants’ “history” includes events other than treatment
Difficult to infer treatment has an effect
6
History Threat, continued
Does a campus recycling awareness campaign influence the amount of paper, plastic, and cans in campus bins?
History threat: Suppose at week 4 (X = treatment) a popular celebrity also starts to promote recycling in the media.
Can you conclude the campus campaign was effective?
7
Series 1 1 2 3 4 X 5 6 7 8 30 35 30 35 40 55 55 60 55
Week
Recycling (Kg)
Threats to Internal Validity, continued
Maturation
Participants naturally change over time.
These maturational changes, not treatment, may explain any changes in participants during an experiment.
8
Maturation Threat, continued
Does a new reading program improve 2nd graders’ reading comprehension?
Reading comprehension improves naturally as children mature over the year.
Can you conclude the reading program was effective?
9
Series 1 Pre Post 25 70
Reading Comprehension
Threats to Internal Validity, continued
Testing
Taking a test generally affects subsequent testing.
Participants’ performance on a measure at the end of a study may differ from an initial testing because of their familiarity with the measure.
10
Testing Threat, continued
Does teaching a new problem solving strategy influence people’s ability to solve problems quickly?
If similar problems are used in the pretest, faster problem solving at post-test may be due to familiarity with the test.
Can we conclude the new strategy improves problem-solving ability?
11
Series 1 Pre Post 12 4
Minutes (Mean)
Threats to Internal Validity, continued
Ins ...
Simple slide show about research designs especially made for students working with Science Investigatory Projects. This also helpful for students who are first timer working with research.
Research Methods in PsychologyQuasi-Experimental Designs.docxaudeleypearl
Research Methods in Psychology
Quasi-Experimental Designs
1
Characteristics of True Experiments
Manipulate Independent Variable (IV)
Treatment, comparison conditions
High degree of control
Choice of the DVs
Random assignment to conditions
Unambiguous outcome regarding effect of IV on DV
Internal validity
2
Applied Research
Goals
Test external validity of lab findings
Improve conditions in which people live and work (natural settings)
Quasi-experiments
Procedures that approximate the conditions of highly controlled laboratory experiments
3
Permission
Difficult to gain permission to conduct true experiments in natural settings
Difficult to gain access to participants
Random assignment perceived as unfair
People want a “treatment”
Random assignment is best way to determine whether a treatment is effective
Use “waiting-list” control group or alternate treatments
Tablets in English and science classes example
Obstacles to Conducting True Experiments in Natural Settings
4
Advantage of True Experiments
Threats to internal validity are controlled
8 general threats to internal validityhistoryregressionmaturationselectiontestingsubject attritioninstrumentationadditive effects with selection
5
Threats to Internal Validity
History
When an event occurs at the same time as the treatment and changes participants’ behavior
Participants’ “history” includes events other than treatment
Difficult to infer treatment has an effect
6
History Threat, continued
Does a campus recycling awareness campaign influence the amount of paper, plastic, and cans in campus bins?
History threat: Suppose at week 4 (X = treatment) a popular celebrity also starts to promote recycling in the media.
Can you conclude the campus campaign was effective?
7
Series 1 1 2 3 4 X 5 6 7 8 30 35 30 35 40 55 55 60 55
Week
Recycling (Kg)
Threats to Internal Validity, continued
Maturation
Participants naturally change over time.
These maturational changes, not treatment, may explain any changes in participants during an experiment.
8
Maturation Threat, continued
Does a new reading program improve 2nd graders’ reading comprehension?
Reading comprehension improves naturally as children mature over the year.
Can you conclude the reading program was effective?
9
Series 1 Pre Post 25 70
Reading Comprehension
Threats to Internal Validity, continued
Testing
Taking a test generally affects subsequent testing.
Participants’ performance on a measure at the end of a study may differ from an initial testing because of their familiarity with the measure.
10
Testing Threat, continued
Does teaching a new problem solving strategy influence people’s ability to solve problems quickly?
If similar problems are used in the pretest, faster problem solving at post-test may be due to familiarity with the test.
Can we conclude the new strategy improves problem-solving ability?
11
Series 1 Pre Post 12 4
Minutes (Mean)
Threats to Internal Validity, continued
Ins ...
Experimental method of Educational Research.Neha Deo
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At the end of the session, you should be able to:
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determine the appropriate type of experiment for given Action Research topics
Experimental method of Educational Research.Neha Deo
experimental method is the most challenging method of the Educational research. In the experimental method different functional & factorial designs can be used. One has to think over the internal & external validity of the experiment also.In this presentation all these things are discussed in details.
action research Experimental Research Design.pptxberiniaedeno
At the end of the session, you should be able to:
describe experimental research design
differentiate three different types of experiments
determine the appropriate type of experiment for given Action Research topics
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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2. True experimental research
• There are three experimental designs, which are
called true experimental designs.
• In these designs the control group and the
experimental groups are formed, and their
equivalence established through randomization.
Comparison which is made is not between a
controlled intervention and nothing but between two
different types of experiences of two different
designs, the one belong planned and designed, and
the other being what would have happened anyway.
As with the static group comparison design, it is
important to be aware that the
3. As with the static group comparison design, it is
important to be aware that the comparison
which is made is not between a controlled
intervention and nothing but between two
different types of experiences of two different
designs, the one belong planned and designed,
and the other being what would have happened
anyway. As with the static group comparison
design, it is important to be aware that the
5. • This design is the most effective and
useful experimental design, which
minimizes the threats to experimental
validity.
• Continues…
Randomly picked
experimental (R)
Special Treatment (X) Post-test (O1)
Randomly picked control
group (R)
No special treatment Post-test (O2)
6. Post-test only equivalent group designs
• In the above design there are two group. One
group is given treatment (X), usually called the
experimental group, and the other group is not
given any treatment called the control group.
Both groups are formed on the basis of random
assignment of the subject, and hence they are
equivalent.
7. Example
• Suppose a researcher randomly selects 100
students out of a total of 1000 students, using a
table of random numbers. These selected 100
students are then randomly assigned to two
groups. The researcher is interested in
evaluation of the effort of reward over
retention of a verbal task.
• Continues…
8. The hypothesis is that reward enhances the retention
score. One group is given reward (X) while learning a
task and another group receives no such reward while
learning a task. Subsequently, both are given the test
of retention. A simple test of ANOVA would help the
researcher in making a decision on whether to accept
or reject the hypotheses.
9. Pre-test, Post-test Control Group Design
• These type of design have been described as
true experimental designs because they always
include the processes of randomization. As
with the static group comparison which is
made is not between a controlled intervention
and nothing at all, but between two different
types of experiences of two different groups
Continues…
10. the one being planned and designed and
the other being what would have
happened anyway, The pre-test/post-test
control group design is shown in
Randomly picked
experimental
group R
Pre-test
O1
Special
Treatment X
Post-test
O2
Randomly picked
control group R
Pre-test
O3
No special
treatment
Post-test
O4
11. Pre-test, post-test control group-
design
• It shows an experimental design to discover
whether a new method of history teaching
improve pupils’ knowledge and understanding.
• It is obvious from that the deign has two
groups’ reviews. One group receives the
treatment (X) and another group receives no
such treatment.
• Continues…
12. By use of the control group this design
controls some sources of internal
invalidity like history, maturation and
statistical regression.
Group A Tested for
historical
knowledge
Received-new
method
Post-test
Group B Tested for
historical
knowledge
Received-old
method
Post-test
Continues…
13. Exhibit 8.7 Pre-test, post-test control group
design illustration
• Having conducted the experiment, the researcher
collected and tabulated the data as shown in Table 8.1
Pre-test
(average group
scores)
Post-test
(average group
scores)
Improvement
Group A
Group B
48%
48%
68%
53%
Continues…
14. There are a number of problems, even if
the conclusion was drawn that the new
seemed to have increased pupils
knowledge and understanding. In order to
be absolutely sure, it would be important
to check that the two groups were
similarly matched and that the conditions
in which they were taught were the same.
Continues…
15. A number of variables may have had an
impact on how the old and new methods
are received; for example, there may be a
gender bias in one group compared with
the order, If there is, is it a significant
factor in the success or otherwise of the
teaching programme? For the comparison
between the scores obtained by the two
groups to be valid, those other factors
which may affect the amount and quality
Continues…
16. of learning have to be controlled, Only then can the
researcher be certain that one method of history
teaching (Method A) is a better method than the other
(Method B). If less time is spent in Method B, or
Method B is always taught in the last period in the
afternoon when the children are less attentive, or in
poorly ventilated and crowded conditions, then he or
she cannot be certain that Group B has performed less
well, than Group A only because of the type of
teaching method being employed
Continues…
17. . A partial solution to this problem is afforded by the
process of random sampling. If two groups can be
picked randomly (the one to act as the experimental
group and the other to act as a control group), then it
is possible to be fairly certain that internal
characteristics of the two group will be similar. The
effect of randomly choosing experimental and control
groups is that members of each group have an equal
chance of being influenced by factors other than the
intervention.
Continues…
18. The Solomon Four-Group Design
• The Solomon four Group design developed by
Solomon (1949) is really a combination of the two
equivalents – groups design namely, the post-test only
design and pre-test, post-test only design represents
the first direct attempt to control the threats of the
external validity.
• Continues…
19. A two way analysis of variance is used to compare the
four post-test scores; analysis of covariance to
compare gains on O2 and O4 since this design
provides for two simultaneous experiments, the
advantages of replication being incorporated.
The effect of the intervention is replicated in four
different ways. Experimentalists can compare pre-
tested and post-tested
Continues…
20. scores with a single group (Group A) that has
received the intervention. This will allow them to
make a valid comparison but it may have weal
internal and external validity. The second
comparison they can make is between a group
which has not been subject to the intervention
Continues…
R
Randomized group A
O1 X
Pre-test Receives intervention
O2
Post-test
R
Randomized group B
O3
Pre-test No intervention
O4
Post-test
R
Randomized group C Receives intervention
O5
Post-test
R
Randomized group D No intervention
O6
Post-test
21. Exhibit 8.8: Four-group design
• (Group B) and one that has (Group A), though this
does allow them to filter out the effects of testing-
both its potential unreliability and its potential
receptivity. They can therefore determine the
differential between scores achieved by Group A and
group B, when one has been subjected to the
experimental intervention and the other has not.
Continues…
22. The third comparison they can make is between
Group C and Group D, where the former has only
been tested after the intervention, while the latter has
received no intervention but has been post-tested.
This allows them to make a judgment about the
effects of the intervention when test-sensitizing
effects have been eliminated. The children could not
have behaved in unnatural ways because they were
being tested, though there may still be a problem with
sensitizing effects of the intervention itself.
Continues…
23. This has the effect of increasing the ability of
researchers to generalize to other settings. Finally,
they can compare Group C and Group B, where the
former has been but not pre-tested, while the latter
has been pre-tested and post-tested even though it has
been subject to any intervention again, this allow then
to be confident that the experimental mechanism
which they have set in place is not responsible for the
effects they observed and therefore allows them to be
more confident about generalizing to other settings.