2. Information Processing
Model
Encoding- the processing of information
into the memory system
Storage- the retention of encoded
information over time
Retrieval- the process of getting
information out of memory storage
3. Encoding: Getting Information
In
Automatically processing- unconscious
encoding of everyday information such
as space, time, frequency and well-
learned word meanings
What did you have for dinner last night?
4. Encoding: Getting Information
In
Effortful processing- encoding that
requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal- repetition of information
Spacing effect- spread rehearsal over time
Serial position effect- the tendency to recall
best the last and first word on a list
5. Encoding Effectively
Encoding Meaning- making connections
between new information and what we
already know
Visual Encoding- we may struggle to
remember formulas, dates, and
definitions, yet we easily remember
visual images
6. Storage
Unless our working memory rehearses
or meaningfully encode sensory info, it
quickly disappears
Typically, we can store about 7 bits of
information in our short term memory
7. Long Term Memory
Memories that are permanently stored
Flashbulb memories- a clear memory of
an emotionally significant moment or
event
Implicit memories- retaining learned
skills or conditioning
Explicit memories- memories or facts
and personal events that you can
consciously retrieve
8. Retrieval
Recall- memory demonstrated by
retrieving information learned earlier
Fill in the blank
Recognition- memory demonstrated by
identifying items previously learned
Multiple choice
9. Retrieval
Retrieval clues- any stimulus linked to a
specific memory (place, event, feeling)
○ Read page 190
Déjà vu- eerie sense that “I’ve
experienced this before”. Cues from the
current situation may unconsciously
trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
○ Read page 191
