2. memory is a power of a person
to store experience and to
bring them into the field of
consciousness sometime after
the experiences have occurred
- Ryburn
The process of retaining and reproducing
what has been learned is known as
remembering
3. Four factors in remembering
Learning – acquisition of new
experiences.
Retention – process of preserving
the learned material.
Recall – revival of memorized things.
Recognition – awareness of the
experiences by which we identify the
material retained and recalled.
4. Types of memory
Immediate memory – reproduce the
learned material immediately after
learning. (later forget it)eg. Remember the
phone no. only for immediate dialing
Permanent memory – the learned material
will be stored for a long time and recall
back after a long interval. eg. remembering
the names of old friends
5. Rote memory – the ability for
mechanically repeating an
experiences without understanding.
Logical memory – here the learner
tries to understand what he learns
thoroughly.
Personal memory – it is related to
our personal past experiences.
Impersonal memory – facts are
remembered without any reference
to oneself.
6. Active memory – here the individual
make deliberate efforts to recall the
learned experiences.
Passive memory – the past experiences
come to the consciousness without
any effort from the part of the
individual.
Habit memory – store the experiences
only through motor mechanisms
.(repeating the task regularly also hold
in mind).
True memory – the individual makes
his own efforts to collects information
and develops certain logical relations.
7. Short term memory – STM holds limiter
amount of information for relatively short
period of time. Duration is around 15 – 20
sec.
Long term memory – LTM stores large
amounts of information over a long period
of time.( life long retention power)
9. Atkinson – Shiffrin Model
Human memory has 3 distinct memory stores.
1. sensory memory
2. Short term memory
3. Long term memory
10. Stores information just has been perceived.
If not attended, removed from here within
milliseconds.
Two types of sensory memory
1. Iconic memory (visual memory)-
holding an image visually perceived.
2. Echoic memory (auditory memory) –
representation of sounds just has been
perceived.
SENSORY MEMORY
11. Holds limited amount of information for a
short period of time.
It is called as working memory.
It is conscious memory (Freudian term)
Store information only paying attention to
external stimulus or internal thoughts.
Unless repeated holding capacity of
information upto 20 sec.
12. Long term memory
Stores large amount of
information for a long period of
time.
Final storage house of information
Stores information until needed
again. It influence understanding
what has been perceived.
13. Information processing model of
memory
STM
(Working
memory)
Sensory
memory Long term
memory
attention
retival
encodin
gSensor
y input
Information not
attending to will
decay /lost.
forgetting forgetting
rehearsal
Memory output
14. Information processing model
Memory starts with a sensory input from the
environment.
Through sensory channel this input registered the
sensory memory for a brief time.
If the sensory input is attended and recognized, it
passed on to STM and held here 20-30 secs.
Some information in STM is processed by
rehearsal or linking with some other information
already stored in memory also be reached to LTM.
If not processed is lost.
In LTM the information is organized into
categories, and reside for days, months, years, or
15. METHODS OF EFFECTIVE MEMORIZATION
Repetition and recitation – learner reads the
material twice or more, then after tries to recite it
without looking the material.
Over –learning – reproduce the learned material
with out error through repetition.
Distributed practice - learner distributed the
practice over a period of time with proper interval of
rest.
Massed practice - the learner try to memorize the
material at one continuous sitting
16. Whole learning – the learner memorize the
learning material as one whole unit without
separate attention to its parts.
Part learning – the learner divides the learning
material into parts and memorize each part
separately.
METHODS OF EFFECTIVE MEMORIZATION
17. Association – the newly learned material is linked with
already existing familiar aspects, events, objects, dates,
places etc.
Mnemonics – a technique of assisting the memory by using
a system of artificial aids as rhymes, sentences, diagrams,
numbers etc., to help in recall od names, dates, facts and
figures. Two types
Acronym – using the first letter of names, sentences or steps to
form a new memorable word. Eg VIBGYOR
Acrostic – form an invented sentence where the first letter
/word is a clue to an idea we need to remember
Techniques of effective memorization
18. Chunking – the short term memory can hold
7 items at a time. Here we can remember a
larger number by segregate them into groups
of three or four.
Word-length mnemonic – the number of
each letters in each word corresponds to a
digit .
Techniques of effective memorization
