ဗိုလ္မႈးခ်ဳပ္ေဟာင္းေက်ာ္ေဇာ္အတၳဳပၸတၱိ (၅)

1. AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm.
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okd@aomf u|efawmfu twÎKy`wWdqkdwm ukd,faorS wjcm;vlawG a&;=uvdrfhrnf[k oabmxm;um a&;zkd@pdwfrul;cJhyg?
2003 ckESpfa&mufawmh u|efawmf twÎKy`wWda&;csifvmygonf? xkdtcsdefwGif u|efawmfhtouf 80 ausmfaeyg+yD? tawmfarhavsmhp
jyKvmojzifh a&;zkd@rvG,fulawmhyg?
okd@aomf u|efawmfa&;rnfqkdv#if a&;Ekdifonfhtcsuftvufrsm; &Sdygonf?
1? u|efawmfhom;}uD; atmifausmfaZm (ukdjrarmif) rSm a&$vDwGif aexkdifae&mrS ArmjynfwGif;rS pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; &oavmuf
&SmazGpkaqmif;ay;ojzifh u|efawmf,cifu a&;om;xkwfa0zl;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vHk;eD;yg;r# jyefvnf&&Sd±Hkr#ru e0w acwf/
etz acwf xkwfor# orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;vnf; &&Sdxm;ojzifh vkdtyfonfhtcsuftvuf taxmuftxm;rsm; &wefoavmuf &Ekdifygonf?
2? ygwDrS &Jabmfrsm;onf ygwDhtmabmf “jynfol@tm%m” *sme,fukd tqufrjywf qufvufxkwfa0=u&m xkd*sme,ftwGuf
vkdtyfonfhorkdif;ta=umif;t&m/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd u|efawmfhxH r=umc% pma&;ar;jref;=u/ aqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf tcsuftvufrsm;
awmif;cH=uvkyf=u&m/ u|efawmfhrSm xkdjyefpmrsm;. rdwWLrsm; &Sdaeojzifh tcsuftvufrsm; tawmftoifh pHkvifpGm&Sdaeygonf?
3? xkd@jyif ‘jynfol@bufawmfom;rsm;pmay’rS OD;atmifapmOD;onf ‘orkdif;jzpf&yfrSef ay:aygufa&;’ qkdaom aºu;a=umfoHjzifh
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; r=umc%xkwfwwf&m olu ol@pmtkyfrsm;twGuf u|efawmfhukd trSmpmrsm;/ aqmif;yg;rsm; awmif;avh&Sdygonf?
xkdaqmif;yg;rsm;rSmvnf; orkdif;0iftjzpftysufrsm;omjzpfojzifh u|efawmfhtwÎKy`wWda&;&mwGif rsm;pGmtaxmuftul &apEkdifygonf?
4? 199& ckESpf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; vkyf}uHcH&r_ ESpfig;q,fjynfhtcsdefwGif BBC rS txl;tpDtpOfw&yftwGuf u|efawmfhukd
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5? xkd@tjyif u|efawmfukd,fwdkifvnf; rSwfrdor#awGukd t=urf;zsif;csa&;xm;/ ae@pOfrSwfwrf;rsm;xJwGif a&;xm;rd pwmrsm;vnf;
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xkd@a=umifh u|efawmf 2003 ckESpfrSpI ukd,fwkdifa&;twÎKy`wWdukd tykdif;rsm;cGJI a&;om;vm&m ,cktykdif; 5 +yD;oGm; yg+yD? 1976
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u|efawmfygwDokd@ jyefa&muf+yD;aemuftykdif;rSm ygwDorkdif;ESifh qufpyfaeojzifh u|efawmfhom;orD;rsm;tygt0if aemufrsdK;quf
&Jabmfrsm;u qufIwm0ef,l/ okawoejyK a&;om;oGm;=u&ef wkdufwGef;&ayonf? u|efawmf ,ck touf 88 ESpf &Sd+yDjzpfI u|efawmf
qufra&;Ekdifawmhyg? u|efawmf em;yg&apawmh?
TwGif pum;csyftjzpf ajymvkdwmwck &Sdygonf? u|efawmfukd,fwkdifa&; twÎKy`wWdpmtkyfwGif u|efawmf aemufqufwGJtjzpf
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yxrpmwrf;rSm u|efawmfygwDukd a&muf+yD;aemuf 1976 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10 &ufwGif “jynfol@toH” rSaeI toHv$ifhcJhaom
u|efawmf. ‘wkdif;jynfokd@ wifjycsuf’jzpfygonf?
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xkduAsmESpfyk'frSm u|efawmfhb0wGif ta&;}uD;aom tcsdefESifhtjzpftysuftrSwftom;tjzpf &Sdaeojzifh TpmtkyfwGif
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u|efawmfh Tpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf 0kdif;0ef;ulnDvkyfaqmifay;cJh=uonfh &Jabmfrsm;tm;vHk;ukdvnf;aumif;/ xkwfa0
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AkdvfausmfaZm
24-4-07
1

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tckaer,fh prf;acsmif;tdfrfukd o,f,l+yD; oHk;pGJcJh&ygawmhonf?
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u|efawmfhESpfr0rf;uGJrsm;rSm xkdausmif;xGufrsm;jzpfojzifh xkdausmif;rS c&pf,mefr,foDv&ifq&mr}uD;rsm;eJ@ &if;ESD;ojzifh olwkd@wm0ef,l
ausmif;tyfay;cJh=uygonf? om;orD;rsm; ausmif;udpP+yD;wmeJ@ u|efawmf a&S@a&;udpPtwGuf pOf;pm;vkyfaqmif&ygawmhonf?
tJ'Dacwf (zqyv tpkd;&acwf) wkef;u 'Drkdua&pDvnf; toifhtwifh&SdaewJhumvjzpfvkd@ a&S@av#muf wkdif;jynfeJ@ jynfolvlxk
twGuf EkdifiHa&;vkyfrnfqkdv#if vkyfEkdifwJh tcGifhtvrf;awG &Sdaeygonf? 'DtwGuf jyifqifonfhtaejzifh u|efawmfwyfu rxGufrD trsdK;rsdK;
ajymqkdcsufrsm;ukd &Sif;vif;ajymjy&ef owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJw&yfukd u|efawmfjyKvkyfcJhyg onf?
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,drf;onfh owif;pmrsm;/ *sme,frsm;u u|efawmf. wkdif;jynftay:pGrf;pGrf;wrH aqmif&GufcJhr_rsm;tay: tus,fw0ifh a&;om;=uygonf?
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ajym=um;&ef wkdufwGef;=uygonf? okd@jzifh u|efawmfrSm aemufykdif;rJqG,f w&m;yGJrsm;wGif EkdifiHa&;t&a&m/ yk*~dKvfa&;t&yg ajymqkdr_rsm;
yg0ifvm&ygawmhonf? txl;ojzifh wnf+rJ zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) ta=umif; ajyma[mojzifh wcsdK@jynfolrsm; todenf;ao;aom
twGif;a&;rsm;ygojzifh vltrsm; tawmfoabmus=uygonf? rJqG,fw&m;yGJrsm;rSmvnf; tvGefpnfum; }uD;us,fvmygonf?
u|efawmf. a&G;aumufyGJ ulnDa&;tzGJ@wGif u|efawmf. ,cifwyfrawmfxJwGif wm0eftwlxrf;aqmifcJhzl;onfh &Jabmf
a[mif;rsm;/ wcsdK@rSm awmjyefvufeufcsrsm;/ xkd=unf@jrifwkdif awmifykdif;rJqENe,f &yfuGuftoD;oD;rS u|efawmfhtm; yk*~dKvft& av;pm;
=unfndKolrsm;/ wcsdK@u&ifwkdif;&if;om; acgif;aqmifrsm; pojzifh tv$maygif;pHkrS vlyk*~dKvftrsdK;rsdK; yg0ifcJh=uygonf? EkdifiHa&;e,fy,f
txl;ojzifh vuf0Jbuf,drf;onfh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS vlyk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; vma&mufulnD=uygonf? vltm;eJ@ ulnDEkdifolu ulnD/ aiGtm;eJ@
ulnDEkdifolu aiGtm;ulnDeJ@ bufpHku 0kdif;0ef;ulnDol tawmfyifrsm;jym;cJhygonf? xdkolrsm;tm;vHk;ukd u|efawmf,cktxd owd&
aus;Zl;wifvsuf &Sdygonf?
okd@jzifh 1960 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 6 &uf a&G;aumufyGJwGif taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ycJh&m u|efawmf±_H;edrfhoGm;+yD; yxp
trwfavmif; ocifpHa0 EkdifoGm;ygawmhonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ Armjynfolrsm;onf EkdifiHa&;t& tvGefvufawG@uspGm pOf;pm;wwfolrsm; jzpfygonf? olwkd@.tjrifwGif wnf+rJ
zqyv (qkd&S,fvpfrsm;) tay: tawmfjywfom;pGmjrifxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? &&Sdvmonfh EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk ppfwyfESifhaygif;+yD; ukd,fusdK;
pD;yGm;vkyfrnfholrsm;/ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkukd eif;zdxm;rnfholrsm;tjzpf (vufawG@t&) odjrifxm;+yD; jzpfonf?
1958 ckESpf ZGefv 9 &ufae@u wnf+rJ zqyv u v$wfawmfwGif oef@&Sif; zqyv ukd t,Hkt=unfr&Sd tqkdwifoGif;+yD;
rJccpOfu oef@&i;f rsm;bufu tomrJ &Sprav;jzifom tEki&oGm;cJz;l ygonf? xkae@u v$wawmfwi;f tajctaersm;ukd a&'D,rS wku±uf
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ppfAkdvfrsm;. rw&m;&rf;um;r_ukd trsdK;rsdK;cHcJh&onfh tjzpfoepfrsm;uvnf; &Sdaeygonf? jynfwGif;ppf}uD;twGif; txl;ojzifh wkdif;&if;om;
a'orsm;ESifh e,frsm;wGif ppfwyf.vkyf&yfrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;/ jyLapmxD;/ vJAD;ponfh ppfwyf. vufukdifwkwfrsm;. ESdyfpufr_rsm;ukd
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tpkd;&zGJ@zkd@om ta&;}uD;a=umif;/ rdrdwkd@tpkd;&jzpfvmv#if AkdvfausmfaZmudk ypfxm;rSm r[kwfa=umif;pojzifh a[majymr_rsm;/ u|efawmf.
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ponfrsm;jzpfygonf?
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Akdvfae0if;. wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufrSm ol@tm;+ydKifqkdifEkdifonfh ppfbuf0gcsif; rwdrf;r,drf;jzpfaeonfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;udk ol@&mxl; vHk+cHKa&;
twGuf z,f&Sm;&efom jzpfygonf? xkdz,f&Sm;cH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm; tkyfpkwGif ,ck NLD OuUÏjzpfaeonfh OD;atmifa&$ (xkdpOfu
ajrmufykdif;wkdif; - wkdif;rSL;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf) vnf; yg0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdpOfu jyKwfoGm;onfh wyfrSL;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;okd@ oHtrwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf
apv$wfcef@xm;r_rsm;a=umifh jzKwfcscH&onfh wyfrSL;}uD;rsm;uvnf; auseyf=uygonf? jynfoltrsm;.tjrifwGifvnf; Akdvfae0if;rSm
awmfwnfhrSefuefol[k xifrSwfoGm;Ekdifygonf?
Tenf;jzifh Akdvfae0if;onf rdrdtm;wifay;cJhonfh jynfolvlxk. pGef@ypfjcif;cHvkduf&+yDjzpfaom q&m&if;wnf+rJrsm;ESifh vrf;cGJ
vkdufygawmhonf? wyfwGif;wGifvnf; wpHkw&m =oZm&Sdaeonfh qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;ukdvnf; z,fxkwfvkdufEkdif+yDjzpfonf? Akdvfae0if;.
Tvkyf&yfonf ol@ukdf,fusdK;twGufawmh tvGefajymifajrmufonfhvkyf&yfwck jzpfygawmhonf? jynfolvlxktwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tay:
EkdifiHa&;t& tjrifaumif;rGefap+yD; ppfwyfwGif;rSmvnf; ol@tm;,SOf+ydKif Ekdifonfh tvm;tvm&Sdonfh wyfrSL;tcsdK@ukd z,fxkwfvkduf
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Ta&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&vmaom oef@&Sif;tpkd;&wufvmaomtcg jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnf touf0if
vmygonf? xkd@a=umifh 1959 ckESpfu ysufoGm;aom yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@tpm; 'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ aqmif&Guf&ef
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsdK@ESifh aqG;aEG;wkdifyif=u+yD; “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@” ukd 22-5-60 ae@wGif u|efawmftyg yk*~dKvf
ajcmufOD;jzifh zGJ@cJhygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm 1? q&m}uD;ukdf,fwkdif OD;aqmifum 2? u|efawmf AkdvfausmfaZmu t}uHay;tjzpfvnf;aumif; 3?
OD;baomf 4? OD;ausmf 5? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;xGef;wifESif@ 6? OD;oef@Zif (awmfbk&m;av;) wkd@ jzpf=uygonf?
xkdtzGJ@rSm E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@om jzpfygonf? xkdtcsdefu q&m}uD;ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;rSm touf 80 ausmfae+yDjzpfojzifh tawmf
tiftm; csnfheJ@ae+yDjzpfaomfvnf; u|efawmftygt0if vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;vmojzifh vnf;aumif;/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekukd,fwkdif
uvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf urf;vSrf;csuftopfrsm; jyKvkyfvmojzifhvnf;aumif; tm;wuf&$ifvef;vmygonf? q&m}uD;tawmftwef
usef;rmvmaomtcg rsufpdwGif;rS wdrfukd cGJpdwfuko&ef ta&S@*smr%Dokd@ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?
u|efawmfwkd@ E_d;aqmfa&;tzGJ@onf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tay: jynfolwkd@ jyefvnfpdwf0ifpm; wufºuvmap&ef E_d;aqmfjcif;/
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;atay: xm;&Sdonfh jynfolrsm;. oabmxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&; acgif;aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;rsm;ukd wD;acgufavhvmjcif;/
aemifzGJ@pnf;rnfh “jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@”twGif; yg0ifrnfholrsm;udk &SmazGa&G;cs,fjcif;ponfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd qufwkdufvkyfukdfif=u&
ygawmhonf?
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ygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif Armhwyfrawmf. w±kwfjzLwkdufa&; rJacgifppfqifa&;}uD;twGif; w±kwfjzLppfXmecsKyftwGif;rS
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av,mOfrSL; AkdvfyDwm usqHk;oGm;&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh ArmjynfwGif w±kwfjzLta&;tcif;}uD; xyfrHay:aygufvm+yD; vlxku tar&duefoH±kH;
a&S@ qENjyr_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJhygonf?
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xkdtcsdefu ao'%fu vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh &vmonfh AkdvfrSL;cspfaumif;vnf; ygvmygonf? xkdtzG@J wGif tv$mtoD;oD;rS yk*~dKvfpHk ygvm&m/
pma&;q&mrsm;/ *Dwpm qkdrsm;/ owif;pmq&mrsm;/ trsdK;orD;tzGJ@ acgif;aqmifrsm;/ &[ef;oHCmrsm;pojzifh tawmfyifpHkvifygonf?
tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; 29 zGJ@ESifh woD;yk*~v rsdK;cspfrsm; yg0if=uygonf? &efukef+rdK@ t&Siftm'dpP0Ho ausmif;wkdufwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfygonf?
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“'Dr#eJ@yJ &efol&J@ &nf&G,fcsuf[m a&&SnfzdESdyfusL;ausmfa&;jzpfvkd@ tvGef}uD;rm;a=umif; xif&Sm;ygw,f? &efol[m wu,fvnf;
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“'D&efol&@J aemufrSm }uD;rm;wJh ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tiftm;&Sdaevkd@ 'D&efolukd ppfa&;wckwnf;eJ@ b,fvkd enf;eJ@rS t+yD;wkdif
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jzpfygw,f? 'g[m usL;ausmfvmol e,fcsJ@wkd@udk wkdufxkwfa&;rSm txda&mufqHk;vufeuf jzpfw,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f?”
“'Dvkd vlxkwkdufyGJrsm; 0ifrSom wzufu ppfqifa&;ESifh oHwrefa&;&mwkdufyGJrsm;rSm rsm;pGmtaxmuftul&apygw,f? 'ga=umifh
ppfrsufESm 3 &yf/ ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ vlxkwkdufyGJeJ@ wkdufyGJ0ifrSom jywfom;pGm atmifjrifEkdifr,fjzpfyg w,f? ”
“'DtxJrSm vlxkwkdufyGJ[m ta&;t}uD;qHk; jzpfygw,f? usaemfhukd,fawG@t& jynfolvlxk&J@ axmufcHv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;[m ppf
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ukdom t"duqkdvkdcJh[ef &Sdonf? ol@aemuf }udK;ukdife,fcsJhorm;tzkd@ xkdxufykdpdwfxdckdufrnfjzpfonf?) aemufwwd,tcsufrSm ‘rdrdwkd@u
xkd;ppf}uD;paomtcg wu,fhtm;xufykdrkdI tiftm;tvGef}uD;rm;av[ef owif;pmq&mrsm;jzifh 0g'jzef@jcif;rsm;’jzpfygonf?”
'gha=umifhyJ 'Djyem&J@ t&if;cHtajzeJ@ t"dutiftm;[m vlxkwkdufyGJomjzpfa=umif;/ aemuf 'DwkdufyGJ[mvnf; a&&Snf
wkduf&rSmjzpfa=umif; wifjycJhygonf?
'ghtjyif 'Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;rSm u|efawmfhtaeeJ@ b,fvkd yg0ifr,fqkdwJhta=umif; uwdopPmpum;eJ@twl tpkd;&ukdvnf;
wkdufwGef;yef=um;&mrSm atmufygtwkdif; ajym=um;cJhygao;onf?
“usaemfhtzkd@ t&ifwkef;uqkd&if tckvkde,fcsJ@usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd wyfOD;uae+yD; ppfom;}uD;wa,muftaeeJ@ wkdufckdufumuG,f
cJhygw,f? wkdif;jynfwm0efukd ausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? ,ckvJ EkdifiHom;wa,muftaeeJ@ usaemfEkdifiH&J@ e,fcJs@usL;ausmfr_
tE W&m,frsm;ukd b,fvkdumuG,fEkdifrvJqkd+yD; usaemfenf;vrf;&Smawmh txufuajymcJhwJh jynfolvlxku usL;ausmfqef@usifr_wkd@ukd
qef@usiftHkºuv_yf&Sm;wJhtcg vlxkwkdufyGJrSm usaemfyg0ifEkdifa=umif; jrifvmygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJ
xufyif v_yf&Sm;Ekdif&if wefckd;}uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrdygw,f? 'DwkdufyGJ[m usaemfaqmif&GufcJhzl;wJh ppfa&;wkdufyGJxufyif
v_y&m;Eki&if wefc;kd }uD;rm;vSa=umif; usaemfxifjrifrygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dve,fcs@J usL;ausmr&efudk umuG,qef@usiz@dk usaemf&@J cetm;ukd
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“aemuf t pk d ; &uk d usaemf y ef = um;wk d uf wG e f ; vk d w muawmh - (u) ,ck w k d u f a ewJh ppf q if a &;eJ@ ppf a &;t& usef a o;wJh
w±kwfjzLrsm;ukd t+yD;tykdif wkdufxkwfa&; }udK;yrf;&ef? (c) EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh ‚wkd@tjrefqHk; vHk;0qkwfcGmoGm;&ef ukvor*~wGif xdxd
a&mufa&muf ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef? (*) tpkd;&[m tHkºuwkdufyGJ0ifvmaom jynfolvlxkESifhtwl AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acwfuvkd
yl;aygif;vufwGJ+yD; usL;ausmfol&efolrsm;ukd qef@usif=uzkd@ jzpfygw,f?”vdk@ ed*Hk;csKyf ajym=um;cJhygonf?
TtrsdK;om;aumfrwDuyif 1961 ckESpf/ rwfv 12 &ufwGif wkdif;jynfokd@ E_d;aqmfyef=um;v$mwapmif xkwfa0+yD; w±kwfjzL
usL;ausmfr_orkdif;tusOf;csKyfukd azmfjyum w±kwfjzL.aemufrS }udK;ukdifv_yf&Sm;aeol tar&duefe,fcsJ@. t}uHtpnfrsm;ukd azmfxkwf
&Sif;vif;+yD; wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfpGmjzifh tHkºuqef@usif=u&ef E_d;aqmfcJhygonf?
5

6. xkdtwGif; jynfol@v$wfawmfvnf; usif;yae&m rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Eku v$wfawmfwGif w±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh
ywfoufI rdef@cGef;&Snf}uD;wck ay;ygonf?
0ef}uD;csKyf. rdef@cGef;wGif xkdtcsdefu wjcm;e,fcJs@tusL;ausmfcH EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh uGef*kdESifh vmtkdEkdifiHrsm;ta=umif;om &Snfvsm;
pGm ajymqkdoGm;+yD; rdrdwkdif;jynf. tE W&m,f}uD;jzpfaeaom w±kwfjzLudpPukd 10 rdepfr#om ajymoGm;ay onf? ajymor#tykdif;uav;wGif
vnf; TtE W&m,f}uD;ukd omrefjyemav;tjzpfom wifjyoGm;onf? 0ef}uD;csKyfwOD;taejzifh rdrdwkd@EkdifiH tusL;ausmfcHae&r_tay:
rsdK;cspfpdwfaemufcHjzifhvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyftjcmtm%mykdif EkdifiHtjzpfvnf;aumif; em=unf;cHcufpGm ajymaejcif;eJ@rwlbJ EkdifiHwEkdifiHtm;
awmif;yefaeonfhoabmom zHk;v$rf;aeayonf?
xkd@tjyif w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd ,ciftcgrsm;u w±kwfjynfol@orRwEkdifiHukdom &nf&G,fa=umif; ajymcJhaomfvnf; T
rdef@cGef;wGifrl Armjynfukd &nf&G,fonf[k qkdvmygonf? okd@aomf tb,fa=umifh Todk@ usL;ausmf&onfqkd onfh&nf&G,fcsufukd tus,f
w0ifh aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; r&Sdyg? Tokd@ ppfrufa&;wGif &efol. EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufukd rSefuefpGm roHk;oyfEkdifygv#if xkdjyemukd atmifjrifpGm
rajz&Sif;Ekdif±Hkr#ru ykdIyiftE W&m,fusa&mufEkdifygonf?
xdk@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@ trsdK;om;aumfrwDu rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif owif;pmrsm;okd@ xkwfjyefcsufwapmif xkwfjyef+yD; OD;Ek.
rdef@cGef;onf tE W&m,f&Sda=umif;/ w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_. aemufuG,frS e,fcs@J orm;rsm;. olwkd@tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf urBmt&yf&yf wkdif;jynf
trsm;tjym;wGif Tenf;rsm;twkdif; ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/ aoG;cGJa&;enf;aygif;pHkjzifh aESmifh,SufzdESdyf+cdrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ TtE W&m,f}uD;ukd
ppfa&;enf;jzifhomru EkdifiHa&;enf;jzpfonfh wrsdK;om;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwf+yD; qef@usifv_yf&Sm;=u&efvkda=umif;wkd@ukd wifjyvkdufygonf?
xkd@tjyif u|efawmfwkd@onf &efukef+rdK@twGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;wGifvnf; tzGJ@cGJrsm;udk zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifcJhygonf? &yfuGufvkduf
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;a[majymyGJrsm; jyKvkyf&m/ tif;pdefc±kdifonf twufºuqHk;jzpfcJhonf? aqG;aEG;a[majymyGJrsm;rprD *Dwpmqkdrsm;jzpfonfh
ukdjrwfav;/ pEN,m;cspfaqG polrsm; acgif;aqmifonfh tzGJ@u aw;oDcsif;rsm;/ oDqkdajzazsmf=uygonf? tvGefwufºuvef;qef;onfh
EkdifiHa&;ywf0ef;usifw&yfukd zefwD;EkdifcJhygonf?
Tw±kwfjzL usL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;trsdK;om;aumfrwD. ±Hk;ukdvnf; u|efawmf.aetdrf (prf;acsmif;/ trSwf 36 qDqHkvrf;) rSmyif owfrSwfxm;ygonf?
xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD rzGJ@rDav;rSmyif u|efawmfu yk*~dKvfa&;E_d;aqmfcsufpmwrf;wapmif xkwfjyefcJhygao;onf? 1961 ckESpf/
Zefe0g&DvtwGif; rJacgifppfqifa&;eJ@ ywfoufI u|efawmf.oabmxm;ukd xkwfjyefjcif; jzpfygonf?
xkdpmwrf;wGif w±kwfjzLrsm;onf e,fcsJ@tm;ukd;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@. vGwfvyfa&;}uD;ukd +cdfrf;ajcmufaea=umif;/ wyfrawmfonf
jyif;xefpGm tm;rxkwfbJ atmifjrifxajrmufEkdifrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ xkd@a=umifh jynfolvlxktaygif;ESifh ygwDtzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;u TuJhodk@
cJ,Of;yifyef;pGm wkdufckdufay;aeonfh wyfrawmfukd 0kdif;0ef;axmufcHtm;ay;&ef yef=um;a=umif;/ oufqkdif&m tm%mykdifrsm;uvnf;
,cifppfqifa&;}uD;rsm;uJhokd@ owif;axmufrsm;ukd ppfajrjyifv$wfI jynfoltrsm; pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif wifjyapvkda=umif; ponfwkd@
yg&Sdygonf?
xkd@tjyif wyfrawmfwGif;&Sd wyfrSL;wyfom;taygif;ukdvnf; atmufygtwkdif; yef=um;xm;ygao;onf?
“wyfrawmfESifh a&S@wef;ppfqifa&; uGefrif'grsm; trSL;jyK+yD; &Jabmfrsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; wyfrSL;rsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf?
ppfqkdonfrSm raumif;aomt&m/ aoG;xGufoH,kd jzpf&aomt&m/ tenf;ESifhtrsm; pGef@pm;&aomt&mjzpfygonf? okd@&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@
rSm e,fcs@J pepfatmufrm vljzpfvm&ojzifh rv$omI T&efoudk toufay;wkucu&ygonf? u|eawmfw@dk bk;d ab;rsm;vnf; ol@acwfe@J ol
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“Tokd@&J0HhpGm wkdufckduf=u&mwGif wzufwGif rvkdtyfaom xdckdufqHk;±_H;r_rsm; rjzpf&atmifESifh atmifyGJukd rdrdbufrS tustqHk;
enf;pGmjzifh &&Sdatmif tpGrf;ukef aphpyfaocsmr_ESifh }uD;rm;aom vHk@v0D&d,wkd@jzifh }udK;pm;tm;xkwf=uvdrfhrnf[k ,Hk=unfygonf?”
“ppfOD;pD;Xme&Sd &JabmfnDaemif ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vnf; yef=um;ygonf? u|efawmfrSm ,ck‘rJacgifppfqifa&;’ ae&mrsm;ukd
1955 ckEpuyif ava=umif;uif;axmufrj_ zifh aphpyfpm =unf±avhvm+yD;jzpfIvnf;aumif;/ w±kwjf zLwk@d . vky&nfui&nf tusi"avhrsm;
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“EkdifiHom;wa,muftaejzifhvnf;aumif;/ u|efawmfhtaejzifhvnf;aumif; Tokd@ulnD&ef rsm;pGmvkdvm;ygonf? 0wW&m;vnf;
&Sdonf[k ,lqygonf”[k a&;om;yef=um;xm;ygonf?
Ekiiawmf0ef}uD;csKyfEihf umuG,a&;0ef}uD;jzpfaom OD;Ekxo@dk vnf;aumif;/ ppfO;D pD;csKyfAvcsKyfae0if;xHo@dk vnf;aumif; oD;oef@pm
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xkdpmukd 1961 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@pGJjzifh xkwfjyefcJhygonf?
xdktrsdK;om;aumfrwD}uD;uyif OD;pD;+yD; 1961 ckESpf/ {+yDv 9 &ufae@ uefawmfrifyef;+cHwGif +rdK@vHk;u|wf qENjyyGJ}uD;w&yfukd
pnf;±Hk;usif;ycJh&m vlxkodef;csDwufa&mufcJhygonf? &efukef+rdK@wGif; &yfuGuftoD;oD;rSvnf;aumif;/ &efukefywf0ef;usif&Sd +rdK@e,ftoD;oD;rS
vnf;aumif; vltiftm;trsm;tjym; wufa&muf&m owif;pmrsm;u vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;onfhumv 46-47 ckESpfrsm;aemuf t}uD;rm;
qHk;aom vlxkqENjyyGJ}uD;[k a&;om;=uygonf?
xkdqENjyyGJ}uD;wGif u|efawmfrdef@cGef;ajymqkd&m ta=umif;t&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,cifwifjycsufxJrSyif jzpfygonf? trsdK;om;
aumfrwD zGJ@pnf;onfhae@u u|efawmf &Sif;vif;wifjycJhonfh rdef@cGef;ay:tajcwnf+yD; ajym=um;cJhjcif; jzpf ygonf?
6

7. xdkae@u u|efawmfwkd@ wifoGif;=uonfh aºu;a=umfoH 3 &yfrSm- w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_
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wnfaqmuf=u/ wnfaqmuf=u æ æ [lI jzpfygonf?
Te,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwD vkyfief;jzifh u|efawmfwkd@wawG tvkyfrsm;ae=u+yD;/ wwkdif;jynfvHk; vSnfhvnfpnf;±Hk;
a[majymae&ygonf? Tonfrm e,fcs@J qef@usia&;tajccHjzpf+yD; jynfwi;f +idr;f csr;f a&;v_y&m;r_twGuvnf; taxmuftul jzpfaeygonf?
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zGJ@pnf;cJhygonf?
xkdtzGJ@wGif yg0ifolrsm;rSm OuUÏrSm q&m}uD;ukd,fwkdifjzpf+yD;/ 'kOuUÏtjzpf u|efawmfu aqmif&Gufonf? useftzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm
1? OD;baomf (,cif &SpO;D aumfrwD0if) 2? OD;xGe;f wif (v$wawmfa&S@ae}uD;/ tzG@J . taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;) 3? OD;ausmf (Ed;_ aqmfa&;tzG@J 0if)
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xkd'kwd, jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@wGif twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@ukdvnf; zGJ@pnf;xm;ygonf? xkdolrsm;rSm - 1? pma&;q&m}uD; Aef;armf
wifatmif 2? v$wfawmfa&S@ae}uD; OD;vSwif (uavmiftrnf armifarmifwif) 3? OD;wifa&$ (rHk&Gm) 4? OD;pkd;rif; (Avp) 5? apmausmfpkd;
(tif;pdefrS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif) 6? u|efawmf trnfrrSwfrdawmhaom wGHaw;rS u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;wkd@jzpf=uonf?
xkdtwGif;a&;rSL;tzGJ@0ifrsm;. wm0efrsm;rSm vkdtyfonfh tultnDrsm;jzifh tzGJ@ukd ulnDyHhykd;jcif;/ EkdifiHa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd
bufpHku avhvmoHk;oyf+yD; tzGJ@ukd t}uHay;wifjyjcif;/ a'otoD;oD;Y +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@rsm;zGJ@&mwGif vufvSrf;rDoavmuf ulnDzGJ@pnf;
ay;jcif;/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl e,fvSnfha[m ajymyGJrsm;okd@ vkdufyga[majym&jcif;wkd@ jzpf=uygonf? u|efawmfwkd@. tzGJ@ukd yifwkdiftultnD
ay;aeaom yk*~dKvftcsdK@vnf; &Sd=uygao;onf? ‚wkd@rSm 1? ocifbarmif 2? ocifaxG;ESifh 3? usHKrai; ocifwifarmifwkd@ jzpfygonf?
wjynfvHk;&Sd EdkifiHa&;wufºuolrsm; tm;vHk;avmufeD;eD; yg0ifvm=u+yD; aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&vnf; tultnD tawmf&vkdufygao;onf?
e,fc±kdiftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif tzGJ@cGJrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmygonf?
wu,fawmh u|efawmfwkd@ T'kwd,jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ zGJ@a&;jyifqif&mwGif xifwmxuf tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;&onfh
ta=umif;&if;rSm yxrjynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ ysufoGm;onfukd pdwfysufoGm;aom xkdpOfu tiftm;t}uD;qkH; twkduftcH EkdifiHa&;
ygwD}uD;u awmfawmfESifh axmufcHr_ray;aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xkd@a=umifh u|efawmfwkd@rSm 'kwd,tzGJ@ukd rv$Jra&Smifom zGJ@vkduf&
aomfvnf; tm;r&vSyg? okd@aomf u|efawmfwkd@ xkdtzGJ@zGJ+yD; pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf&mwGif u|efawmfwkd@ ar#mfrSef;xm;onfxuf vsifjrefpGmouf0if
v_yf&Sm; }uD;xGm;vmygawmhonf?
TwGif u|efawmf oifcef;pmwck &&Sdchygonf? TonfrSm jynfolwkd@ vkdvm;awmifhwaom vrf;pOfta=umif;w&m; rSefuefygv#if
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aeolrsm;[k owfrSwfxm;cH&olrsm;u OD;aqmifygu xkd,Hk=unfr_ESifhyif ykdrkdjrefqefpGm axmufcHvmEkdifygonf?
xkoifcef;pm &rSyif e*ku tm;r&w&jzpfaeaom u|eawmfw@dk wawGvnf; pdwoufom&m&+yD; wufºuv_y&m;aeaom vlxEihf
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u|efawmfwkd@. TtzGJ@ukd yxrqHk;pwif+yD; zdwfac:aom e,fc±kdifrSm ykodrf+rdK@ jzpfygonf? 1961 ckESpf/ arvukefykdif;wGif pwif
oGm;a&muf=uonf? ykodrfc±kdif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ukd pwifzGJ@pnf;+yD; zdwfac:olrSm OD;atmifrkd; jzpfygonf? yrnw rS acgif;aqmifwOD;
jzpfygonf? *syef BDA acwfu u|efawmfhwyfrS ppfAkdvfa[mif;wOD; (emrnfarhae) uvnf; wufºupGm OD;aqmifvmygonf? aemuf
ykodrfc±kdif/ omaygif;+rdK@e,fu zdwfvmI wqufwnf;oGm;&ygao;onf? u|efawmfESifhtwl OD;baomf/ OD;oef@Zifwkd@yg0ifygonf?
xkd@aemufwGifawmh atmufArmjynf/ txufArmjynf wcGifwjyif tESH@/ e,ftoD;oD;u zdwfac:vmojzifh u|efawmfESifhtwl tzGJ@0ifrsm;
oGm;a&mufa[majym pnf;±Hk;v_H@aqmf=uygonf? u|efawmfrSm w±kwfjzLusL;ausmfr_ESifh e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&; trsdK;om;aumfrwDukdvnf;
OD;aqmifae&ojzifh wcgw&H xkdESpfzGJ@ (trsdK;om;aumfrwDESif@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;) ukdaygif;I zdwf=um;cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; &Sdygonf?
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12

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14

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15

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aqG;aEG;yGJrvkyfawmhbJ w&m;yGJukd±kyfodrf;+yD; tdrfjyefvmcJh=uygonf? u|efawmf tdrfjyefa&mufcsdefwGif AkdvfrSL;atmiftdrfrSa&m/ Akdvfrif;acgif
qDrSa&m v$wfvkdufonfhvlrsm; a&muf&Sdae+yD; u|efawmfhukd apmifhae=uygonf? +yD;aemuf ppfwyfu tm%modrf;+yD;jzpfa=umif;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;
tm;vHk;ukd zrf;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;/ 0if'grD,mukdvnf; ppfwyfeJ@ 0kdif;xm;a=umif; ajymjy=uygonf?
1960 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; OD;Ek&J@ yxp tpkd;& wufvmonfhtcg OD;EktaeESifh 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&ukd tm%mv$J
ay;&onfh jzpf&yftay: oifcef;pm,l+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;tcsif;csif;t=um; jyefvnfnDnGwfzkd@ tm;xkwfr_rsm; vkyfvmygonf? jynfwGif;ppf
&Sdaeojzifh ppfwyftaeESifh tiftm;}uD;aewmukdvnf; oabmaygufyHk&ygonf? xkd@a=umifh awmwGif;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh aphpyf&eftm;xkwfr_
rsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf OD;EkESifh ol. yxp tzGJ@0ifrsm;rSm jynfolvlxk tusdK;xuf/ rdrdwkd@ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;ay:wGifom
tm±Hpuvyaqmifra=umifh olw@dk tcsi;f csi;f t=um; tuGt+yJrsm;uvnf; rxde;f Ekirodr;f Ekijf zpfum tjyeftvSef tykycsrrsm;a=umifvnf;
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avmuwGif EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkw&yf jzpfvm&ygonf? xkd@tjyif ppfwyfukd 1950 ckESpfaemufykdif;wGif qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u tkyfpD;oGm;
ygonf? ppfwyfxJu ae&maumif;[lor#udk qkd&S,fvpfwyfrSL;rsm;u &,loGm;ygonf?
ppfwyftaeESifh jynfwGif;ppfukdwkduf&if; ppfwyfukd oufomacsmifcsda&;qkdwmukd ta=umif;jyum D.S.I vkyfief; rsm;/ B.E.D.C
vkyfief;rsm;ukd 0ifa&mufvkyfukdifvm=uygonf? TwGif ppfwyftm%mESifhaygif;+yD; ppfAkdvfrsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvmum ppfAsL±kdua&pDpepf
tpkd@tan‡mufrsm; ay:aygufvmygawmhonf? 1958 ckESpf/ tdrfapmifhtpkd;&vufxufwGif ppfwyfu txufv$mrsm; Tvkyf&yf. t&omukd
+rKd;+rKd;jrufjruf cHpm;rdoGm;ygawmhonf?
zqyv/ yxp acwfrsm;wGifvnf; ‚wdk@. pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDt& vkdifpifolaÏ;rsm;ESifhaygif;I EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u t&if;tESD;
pkaqmif;}uD;xGm;vm&m ppfwyf. pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh yËdyuQrsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf? TwGif ppfwyfu rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvm+yD; pD;yGm;a&;
vnf; vkyfvkd@&/ ppfwyftm%mvnf; vufv$wfp&mrvkdwJh ppftm%modrf;r_awG jzpfvm&jcif; jzpfygonf?
EkdifiHwumh tajctaet&uvnf; tm&SwkdufwGif uGefjrLepf'Dv_dif;}uD; (xkdacwfu AD,uferfppfyJG +cdrfh+cdrfhooJ jzpfaeonfhumv)
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tiftm;}uD;EkdifiHrsm;u vkdvm;aeonfhtajctae jzpfygonf? xkduJhokd@aom tiftm;pkrsm;ukd 0kdif;IyHkI tm;ay;aecsdefESifhvnf; wkdufqkdifae
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Armjynf jynfolvlxkuvnf; tawmfEkd;=um;wufºuae+yD; jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;/ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;rsm;ukd awmif;qkdv_yf&Sm;
vm=u&m pD;yGm;a&;uvnf; bufpHk c|wf+cHKusvmojzifh ykdrkdrwnfr+idrf jzpfaeygonf? 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekonf e,fcsJ@tvkdus vuf,morm;}uD;
wOD;yifjzpfaomfvnf; Twufºuvmaeaom jynfolvlxk}uD;ukd jywfjywfom;om; &uf&ufpufpuf ESdrfeif;zkd@qkdwmukdawmh vkyfEkdifr,f
rxifyg? ypfowfzkd@ qkdwmawmh ykdIyif rjzpfEkdifyg?
TumvwGif jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh EkdifiHa&;t&/ pD;yGm;a&;t& tusdK;tjrwf&&Sdaeonfh ppfwyfu tm%modrf;vkduf+yD; jynfol
vlxkukd ppftm%m&SifpepfESifh tjywfESdrfeif; zdESdyfypfvkdufjcif; jzpfygonf? ukd,fa&;}uD;yGm;vkdpdwf jyif;xefvSonfh Akdvfae0if;onf
ppftm%m&Sifpepfukd xlaxmifvkdufygawmhonf? 1956 ckESpf/ a&G;aumufyGJrsm;t+yD;/ twkduftcH yrnwtrwfrsm;/ tawmfrsm;rsm;
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tm%modrf;wufvmjcif;ukd uef@uGufa=umif; a=unmcsufxkwfjyefcJhonfh ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukdvnf; zdzdpD;pD;zdESdyfzkd@ }udK;yrf;
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xkd@a=umifh wzufowfxkwfjyefonfh taqmifpnf;urf;rsm; ±kyfodrf;ay;&ef qENjyyGJrsm;ukd ausmif;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Auo/
wuo/ &uo) OD;pD;I 1962 ckESpf Zlvkdif 6 &ufae@ &efukefwuUokdvfwGif; ay:xGufvm&mrS ausmif;om;rsm;tay: &ef+idK;}uD;pGm xm;&Sd
aeonfh Akdvfae0if; OD;aqmifaom ppftkyfpk0ifrsm;onf Armjynforkdif;wGif xkdtcsdeftxd ray:zl;ao;onfh =urf;wrf;&ufpufvSaom
“Zlvkdif 7 &uf ypfowfr_}uD;” ukd usL;vGefvkduf=uygawmhonf? xkd@jyif aemufae@ Zlvkdif 8 &ufae@ reufvif;tm;}uD;tcsdefwGif ausmif;om;
trsm;tjym; ykef;atmif;ckdv_Haeonf[laom ta=umif;jycsufjzifh wuUodkvfor*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukdvnf; 'kdif;erkdufrsm;jzifh azmufcGJ
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ppftpkd;&u ol@bDvl;±kyfukd txift&Sm; azmfjyvkdufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? okd@aomf Ttjzpftysuf}uD;rSm tvGeft±kyfqkd;
tusnf;wefvSojzifh xkdtcsdefu awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0if acgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh ol@wm0ef/ ukd,fhwm0efyHkcs ajymqkdaer_rsm;ukd T
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TZlvkdif 7 &uf vlowfyGJ}uD;ESifh or*~taqmufttHk}uD;ukd AHk;cGJzsufqD;vkdufr_rsm;+yKvkyf+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpD
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wkdufwGef;onfh ajymqkdr_rsm;/ vkyf&yfrsm; vkyfaqmifvmygonf? okd@aomf q&m}uD;tygt0if u|efawmfwkd@ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;
tzGJ@0ifrsm;onf Akdvfae0if; ppftkyfpk. aumufuspf vSnfhzsm;wwfaom trltusifhukd owd&Sd/ owdxm;rd=uojzifh &J&J}uD;a&S@xGuf
zdwfac: jcif;rjyKbJ/ cyfrSefrSefyif &yfwnfcJhygonf? u|efawmfwkd@wawG vufeufukdifawmwGif;tzGJ@rsm;ukd Akdvfae0if;vufokd@ 0uGufay;tyf
vkdufovkdjzpfrSm/ orkdif;aºu;wifcH&rSmukd tvGefpkd;&drf=uygonf?
TumvtwGif;rSmyif Zlvkdif 7 &uf wESpfjynfh tcrf;tem; a&muf&Sdvmygonf? ausmif;om;tcsdK@u +zdKcszsufqD;jcif;cHxm;
vkduf&aom or*~taqmufttHkae&mwGif ausmufwkdifi,fav; wwkdifxlvkduf+yD; "mwfyHkjyyGJrsm;/ txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;rsm; vkyfvm
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taqmufttHktwGif; ajy;0ifoGm;ygonf? xkdtxJwGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD0iftcsdK@ &Sdae+yD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;udk ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;zkd@
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wHcg;r}uD;a&S@ a&mufaomtcg wHcg;}uD;udk ydwfxm;+yD; ausmif;om; 14 - 5 a,muf uif;apmifhaewm awG@&ygonf? u|efawmfu
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