The Ethical Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave

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The Ethical Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave
A Research Proposal Presented To the Faculty of the
School Of Hospitality and Vocational Education
University Of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in Research
Method for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality
and Tourism Management
By:
Roy Vincent M. Abad
Richelle de San Jose
Amiel Cuntapay

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Table of Contents
Title page..........................................................................................................................................i
Introduction....................................................................................................................................1
Statement of the problem.............................................................................................................2
Significance of the study..............................................................................................................3
Underpinning theory......................................................................................................................3
Literature review by themes.........................................................................................................4
Research paradigm........................................................................................................................5
Hypothesis......................................................................................................................................6
Methodology...................................................................................................................................6
References......................................................................................................................................6
Appendix A(Literature Matrix).....................................................................................................9
Appendix B (Variable Matrix)......................................................................................................41
Appendix C (Questionnaires).....................................................................................................42

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Introduction
Background of the Study
Ethical tourism in Callao Cave is significantly growing and improving, it benefits the people and
the environment by promoting and developing their products, services, local trends and
commercial establishments without compromising the needs for their future generation. Ethical
tourism in Callao cave Peñablanca offers a better income to families living in the area, by
sourcing products and services locally. A brand-new role for consumers in the tourism market
has emerged from three trends: first, there is a thirst for different and more exciting holidays;
second, there is a growing realization of the negative impacts of tourism its clod-hopping
footprints in other people’s homes in the forests, rivers and mountains of Callao Cave in
Peñablanca and third is climate change. As one of the world’s most significant industries, and
arguably the one with the strongest impact on people, the potential for tourism to cause harm is
enormous and more varied. Ethical tourism attempts to redress the balance, with its proponents
doing everything possible to ensure that, when they go on holiday, their impact on the local
environment, culture and people is positive rather than negative.
Tourism in Callao Cave can preserve and destroy. It can bring enormous advantages for local
communities in terms of development and employment, but it can also lead to exploitation and
loss of culture. Ethical tourism seeks to maximise the benefits of tourism, whilst minimising the
detriments.
This study is important because it minimizes negative economic, environmental, and social
impacts; generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well-being of
host communities, it improves working conditions and access to the industry; involves local
people in decisions that affect their lives and life chances; makes positive contributions to the
conservation of natural and cultural heritage to the maintenance of the world‘s diversity; it
provides more enjoyable experiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with
local people, and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues;
provides access for physically challenged people, and is culturally sensitive, engenders respect
between tourists and hosts, and builds local pride and confidence.
The substantial growth of tourism activity clearly marks tourism as one of the most remarkable
economic and social phenomena of the past century. The number of international arrivals shows
an evolution from a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to over 700 million in 2002,
corresponding to an average annual growth rate of 6.6% (World Tourism Organization, 2005). In
addition to the numerical growth of tourism, there has been an increasing geographic spread of
tourism to encompass almost all the reaches of the globe. Simultaneously, there has been a
diversification of the tourism product from the traditional sun, sea and sand offering to a product
that can be potentially more intrusive or more beneficial for those living in the tourism
destination. Tourism’s expansion has meant the industry now represents the leading source of
foreign exchange in at least 38% of countries, and ranks in the top five industries for exports in
83% of countries (WTO, 2005). However, in addition to the off cited economic indicators
displaying the dominance of the tourism industry, there has been a commensurate and almost
equally well-publicised rise and recognition of the potentially negative impacts of the burgeoning
tourism industry (Archer et al., 2005).
Researchers have been critical of the pernicious social and environmental impacts the industry
can have from reinforcing western domination over developing countries through the
‘host/guest’ relationship (Smith and Brent, 2001) to the visual scars on the landscape caused by

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ski resorts or golf courses (Hudson, 2000). This has led to calls for the industry to exercise
greater responsibility and ‘‘professionalism’’ (Sheldon, 1989) in order to protect the ‘‘golden
goose’’ (Manning and Dougherty, 1995) and mirrors the arguments for greater corporate and
social responsibility in other industries (Huberman- Arnold and Arnold, 2001; Miller, 2001;
Rondinelli and Berry, 2000; Webley, 1999).
Several forms of tourism started to emerge in the 1980s in reaction to growing awareness of the
negative impacts of mass tourism. They were described variously as alternative, appropriate,
sensitive, authentic, just ‘tourism (Holden, P. 1984), as well as soft ‘and humane ‘tourism.
Despite the variability, they seemed to have in common a desire to reduce the negative impacts
and exploitation brought by mass tourism while ensuring that the local community received a
just share of benefits and was accorded respect. Almost 30 years ago, (Krippendorf, J. 1987)
made a very explicit call to all suppliers of tourist services ―to acknowledge their responsibility
towards travellers, the host population and the tourist environment, to state clearly what
contributions they are prepared to make to a more human tourism and what regulations they are
willing to observe‖ (Geographical, 2003). (Haywood, K.M. 1988) encouraged local governments
to recognize that they would have to become more responsible to the local citizens whose lives
and communities were affected by tourism. Responsibility, according to Haywood, was to be at
the core of tourism planning, encouraging a participatory approach and introducing techniques
to formulate community-based goals and strategies for tourism.
In order to contribute to the development of understanding of Ethical Tourism, this study aims to
identify the practices of tourist and their perceptions on the application of ethical tourism in
Callao cave Peñablanca, Cagayan.
The objective of the study is to examine the profile of tourists with the influence of age, sex,
Educational Attainment Occupation and type of tourists. Discusses issues related to the
Practices of tourists in Callao Cave by tourists perception. Examine the most important ethical
concerns challenging the hospitality and tourism industry. Identify the most important ethical
issues in Callao Cave. Investigates tourist perceptions of the importance of social responsibility
and ethics in communal effectiveness, and examines the difference in terms of their ethical
practices in Callao Cave.
Statement of the Problem
This study will determine the Practices of Tourist on the Application of Ethical Tourism.
Specifically it aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a) Age
b) Sex
c) Educational Attainment
d) Occupation
e) Type of tourist
2. To what extent do tourists observed the Ethical Tourism in Callao Cave in terms of:
a) Waste Disposal
b) Protection of Wildlife and natural resources
3. Do respondents differ in their perceptions as to the Ethical practices of tourists in Callao
Cave?

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The Significance of the Study
Ethical Tourism simply means tourism which benefits the people and the environment in
different destinations. It can offer a better income to people living in the area by sourcing
products and services locally. It is important to understand Ethical Tourism because it will
encourage everyone to avoid participation in activities that contribute or support negative ethical
issues. The industry will gear up for a better destination preferences and mode of transport
based on their ethical, political and racial sensitivities as well as being concerned for the
environment and local culture. This aspect will serve as a message or communication designed
to ensure that someone remembers it or will take it into account. It will influence every Filipino
citizen to preserve, conserve and protect their environment especially the entire ecosystem.
Thus, it will motivate everyone to initiate and produce a better source of income for the benefit
of both humanity and the environment.
Ethical tourism will move and inspire all people to create a better awareness to the
society by means of delegating new products and services locally that will also benefit the local
culture and the people. This way, they will also cultivate their surrounding in a more responsible,
ethical and nurtured way. With this, every tourism staffs and concerned human will be
invigorated to help provoke, invoke and evoke the promotion and the role of Ethical Tourism in
the society, whereas, someone will use it to support the promotion of Ethical Tourism. In the
end, there will be a greater hope for everyone especially the future generations without
compromising their needs. It’s a potential tool to provide social awareness, information, social
equality, economic prosperity and a better environment and cultural protection. With these
ethical processes, there will be a bigger chance to successfully attain a world with a better and
greener tourism, to revitalizing ecological tourism where flora and fauna and the cultural
heritage are the primary attractions.
Underpinning theory
Relativity Theory
In this theory, it is regarded that ethical behaviour emerges as a result of subjective judgements
related with individual or group experiences. It is also regarded that every society or culture has
specific different ethical rules rather than general rules and principles (Hansen, 1992, p. 523;
Akoğlan Kozak and Güçlü, 2006, p. 32). These philosophical classifications that the researchers
developed suggest to change conflicting ideas, rules and judgements by making activities to be
evaluated whether they are ethical or not, moral or not, just or not. By developing heuristic
methods or practical rules, most managers (consciously or not) make decisions using the
philosophies based on these ethical theories when they face managerial issues or dilemmas
(Ferrell and Gresham, 1985). Several studies examining the influence of these generally
accepted ethical theories on management have been conducted (Reidenbach and Robin, 1988,
1990; Fennell and Malloy, 1999; Hansen, 1992; Cavusgil, 2007; Yildiz, et al., 2009; Yilmaz and
Gunel, 2009). The most important one among these studies in terms of ascertaining the validity
and reliability of the measurement methods applied is the one by Reidenbach and Robin. The
researchers, by applying the Multi-dimensional Ethics Scale, gathered very comprehensive
findings about the ethical theories that the managers rely on in decision-making. In this study,
while Reidenbach and Robin (1988) examined teleological theories under two separate titles as
pragmatism and individualism, they explained deontological theories as justice and deontology.
The relativity theory, on the other hand, was regarded as a separate ethical theory. (Reidenbach
and Robin, 1990, p. 645).

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Literature Review by Themes
Practices on Ethical Tourism
The tourism industry is one of the largest industries in the world, and despite recent events that
have made its operating environment more complex, the industry continues to grow (Theobald,
2005). It has the potential to bring major benefits to destinations, but can also be damaging to
the people living there and to their environment. Other industries have already understood this
ambivalent nature of trade and have adopted the triple bottom line of social, environmental and
economic responsibility. It is now time for the tourism industry to rise to this challenge – the
challenge of ethical tourism. Ethical tourism is in the best interests of all involved. It offers tour
operators a competitive advantage and safeguards the future of the industry by ensuring the
long-term sustainability of a destination. It offers the tourists a richer experience, as holidays will
draw on the distinctive features of a destination. It is also in the interests of those living there
and those working for development, as it can help to combat poverty and contribute to
sustainable development. The tourism industry is highly competitive and tour operators are
under increasing pressure to differentiate their products. Research suggests that once the main
criteria for a holiday are satisfied (location/facilities, cost and availability), clients will make
choices based on ethical considerations such as working conditions, the environment and
charitable giving. Clients are also looking for increased quality and experience in their holiday.
In this climate, companies would do well to differentiate their products according to consumer
demand i.e. based on ethical criteria1 In this respect, especially in recent years a new issue is
under discussion called "ethics in tourism" and it calls all the people involved in tourism industry
to follow its codes and help the sustainable development of this industry. This research is
concerned with the issue of the ethics in tourism industry and it focuses on the Global Code of
Ethics for tourism set by the Worlds Tourism Organization. (Donyadide, A. 2010).
Protected Species and Natural Resources
The ethics of using animals for the amusement of tourists was again called into question
recently following an attack on an animal keeper in Taronga Park Zoo in Sydney, Australia. Lucy
Melo was rushed to hospital in a critical condition after being crushed against a post by a baby
elephant during a morning training session on October 19. This follows the death of Franklin
Zoo director and keeper Dr. Helen Schofield, who was crushed to death by the trunk of a former
circus elephant in New Zealand in April this year. Both animal workers were reputed to have
excellent relationships with the elephants involved, and both situations are believed to be
accidents. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) has called for zoos to phase out
elephant exhibits. The often-controversial organization argues that the lack of space and
reduced opportunity for normal socializing can lead to physical ailments as well as emotional
trauma. “The recent incident at Taronga Zoo shows once again that these animals are not
designed for a life in captivity,” said Claire Fryer, PETA Australia’s campaign coordinator. “They
are bred or captured for a lifetime of misery.” But zoos are not the only place where the
treatment of elephants has been of concern for animal activist groups. Elephants are regularly
used as a tourist attraction in Asia, and elephant riding is considered a “must” when visiting
Thailand. In addition to providing rides, elephants are often used to perform circus tricks, paint
pictures, or give massages. (Laura, R. 2012)

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Waste Disposal
Perspectives on Past and Present Waste Disposal Practices: A Community-Based Participatory
Research Project in Three Saskatchewan First Nations Communities. The impact of current and
historical waste disposal practices on the environment and human health of Indigenous people
in First Nations communities has yet to be adequately addressed. Solid waste disposal has
been identified as a major environmental threat to First Nations Communities. A community-
based participatory research project (CBPR) was initiated by the Saskatoon Tribal Council
Health and Family Services Incorporated to investigate concerns related to waste disposal in
three Saskatchewan First Nations Communities. Utilizing a qualitative approach, we aimed to
gain an understanding of past and present waste disposal practices and to identify any human
and environmental health concerns related to these practices. One to one interviews and
sharing circles were conducted with Elders. Elders were asked to share their perspectives on
past and present waste disposal practices and to comment on the possible impacts these
practices may have on the environment and community health. Historically waste disposal
practices were similar among communities. The homeowner generated small volumes of waste,
was exclusively responsible for disposal and utilized a backyard pit. Overtime waste disposal
evolved to weekly pick-up of un-segregated garbage with waste disposal and open trash
burning in a community dump site. Dump site locations and open trash burning were identified
as significant health issues related to waste disposal practices in these communities. To better
inform waste management practices, communities could take part in a waste inventory to gain a
better understanding of the types and volume of hazardous, household and recyclable wastes
generated and the need for, and degree of, segregation, waste reduction and recycling regimes
required for these communities. The process of local waste disposal could also be explored to
inform waste practices and the initiation of a composing regime to promote waste reduction
could be implemented. (Goodwin, H. and Francis, J. 2003).
Research Paradigm
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
The diagram shows the independent and dependent variables which are the respondent’s
profile which includes age, sex, educational attainment and occupation and also the Ethical
Practices of Tourists in terms of Waste Disposal and Protecting Wildlife and Natural Resources
as factors affecting the practices of tourist in Callao Cave Peñablanca, Cagayan. Continually it
shows dependent variable on the Ethical Practices of tourists in Callao Cave.
Profile of respondents in terms
of:
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Occupation
4. Educational attainment
5. Type of tourist
Practices of tourists in Ethical
Tourism in terms of:
1. Waste Disposal
2. Protection of Wildlife and
Natural Resources
The Ethical Practices of Tourists in
Callao Cave

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Hypothesis
In the light of the paper, the writer hypothesized that: There is no significant difference on the
perceptions of respondents as to the Ethical practices of tourists in Callao Cave.
Methodology
The researchers of the study will use descriptive research. It describes the tourist’s practices
using tourists and respondents profile towards the Application of Ethical Tourism in Various
Tourist Destinations.
It will be conducted among the foreign and local tourist visiting Callao Cave and the residents of
Peñablanca, Cagayan. The researcher used quota sampling to get the sample. The researchers
will visit the eco-tourism park of Peñablanca, Cagayan to float the questionnaires to the
respondents.
The researcher of the study will use survey questionnaire to gather information. Contents of the
questionnaire include the profile of the respondents, the practices of tourists in Ethical Tourism
and The Application of Ethical Tourism in Various Tourist Destinations.
The study will use Frequency Count, Mean, T-test and ANOVA to determine the differences of
the practices of tourists when grouped according to age, sex, educational attainment,
occupation.
The respondents of the study are the foreign and local tourists that will be limited to 200
respondents that will be interviewed.
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Appendix A
Bibliography Objective of the
study
Variables/ Key
terms
Method Findings result
Enea, C. (2007).
The Tourism
industry of ethics
and Tourism
South-Western
Publishing Co.
Vol. 14
To assess how
the
Characteristics of
issues influence
Ethical beliefs,
how individuals
think and
Devise what is
ethical and
unethical and
How different
variables
influence ethical
Perceptions.
Ethics in tourism,
ethical decision-
making
The study was
conducted in
Strada Victoriei,
Târgu Jiu,
Romania with
business
companies and
local school
premises as the
target prospect.
Teleogical
approach and
Deontological
Approach were
potentially used
as a ground
method for the
research.
Finally, studies of
ethics and
gender have
found females to
be less tolerant
than males of
situations
involving ethical
dilemmas.
It was found that
female students
are more critical
than their male
classmates of
questionable
business
practices. Others
have found
student
females to have
higher moral
values than
males. Female
business
students prefer a
utilitarian
decision rule
while male
business
students prefer
an Egoist
approach to
evaluating ethical
dilemmas.

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Bibliography Objective Variables/key
terms
Method Findings/result
Dornier, R.;
Cothias, V.
(2011)
The Application
of Collective
Ethics Charters:
The Case of
French
Adventure Tour-
Operators.
Canadian
Center Of
Science And
Education.
Vol. 4, No. 1
S
the main
objective of this
article is to
determine - in
an
exploratory way
and basing our
approach on the
perceptions of
top managers -
the extent to
which the
principles set
out in the
collective
charters of
ethics adopted
by the
adventure travel
industry are in
fact applied by
its member
organizations.
Tourism,
Adventure-
tour
operators,
Charters of
ethics,
Executives'
perceptions
Data
collection
and
analysis
Between
April and
June 2009
we
conducted
semi-direct
face-to-
face
interviews
with seven
top
managers
from seven
Adventure-
tour
operators.
The exclusive use of an
individual charter of ethics,
even with an intensive
commitment, may in our
opinion prove
inadequate in comparison to
the use of a combination of
individual and collective
charters of ethics.
compliance with the ethical
commitments set out in an
individual charter rests only
on the
goodwill of the firm, which
constitutes an insufficient
guarantee.
Fennell and Malloy (1999)
found that operators in the
tourism industry cannot be
considered homogeneous in
terms
of their ethical orientation.
Specifically, their results
show that ecotourism
operators have a higher
sense of ethical
conduct than do their peers
in other ventures. They
explain partly this finding by
the fact that ecotourism
operators
reported the use of codes of
ethics in their business
practices to a greater degree
(95%) than other tourism
operators.
Presumably then, the
operators implementing daily
codes of ethics are more
likely to have a consistent
ethical
approach throughout their
business operations.

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Bibliography Objective Variables/Key
Terms
Method Findings
Simon, T. (2012).
The ethics
platform in
tourism research:
A Western
Australian
perspective of
Bhutan’s GNH
Tourism Model
South
Asian Publishers.
1608-411X
Volume 27
to report on three
major findings of
the case study.
to investigate
and understand
a group of
Western
Australians’
perspective of
Bhutan as a
valued tourist
destination and
the likelihood of
participants
visiting Bhutan.
Gross National
Happiness,
Tourism, Ethics
Three key
questions were
asked. through
surveys and
interviews and
showed the
audience a
fifteen minutes
DVD about
Bhutan’s main
tourist
attractions. The
data analysis
tool SPSS 18
program was
used to
analyse
quantitative
nominal data
using the Likert
scale.
(N=64) where: (i)
64% of
respondents
agreed that GNH
(Gross National
Happiness) is
the best
measure of a
nation’s
development; (ii)
98% of
respondents
agreed that
happiness is
important for the
‘well-being’ of a
nation, and (iii)
89% of
respondents
indicated that
they were more
likely to
visit Bhutan after
attending
the event.
there is little
evidence to
show that indeed
the local
population
benefits from
tourism, since as
discussed
earlier,
‘leakages’ do
occur. Therefore,
through the
mechanism of
the GNH (Gross
National
Happiness)
policy, there is
evidence of
ethical
distribution of
tourism revenue
towards the

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Terms
Method Findings/Result
Psarikidou, k.
(2007).
Environmental
ethics and
biodiversity
Policy in
tourism: the
Caretta-Caretta
Case in
Greece
EC, DGXII
1790-8418
Vol. 3
to explore the
relationship
between
environmental
ethics, the
current
Biodiversity and
Sustainable
Tourism
Development
policy-making
and the tourism
industry.
The aim of this
paper is to
contribute to the
discussion on
tourism in
relation to
environmental
ethics and the
relative
biodiversity
policy.
ethics, tourism
journals, audit
culture,
instrumental
reason, research
standards
Methods were
used from
Conference
Reports, Minutes
of Meetings,
studies,
secondary
sources, internet
sites, press
releases and
interviews.
technocentric and
anthropocentric
approach
it is concluded that
public consensus
and discourse
prove to be
essential for a shift
to a more attentive
and less
anthropocentic
ethical approach
by policy-makers
and tourism
actors’ in
a multilevel
governance
society.
Terms
Nergiz, G.;
Kozak, A., et.al
(2011).
Ethical
Approaches And
Their Application
In Hotel
Managers'
Decision Making.
University of the
Aegean.
1790-8418,
1792-6521
Vol. 6
This study aims
at evaluating the
ethical
approaches
effective for
managers
working at hotel
business when
making
decisions.
Ethics, ethical
theories, process
of making ethical
decisions,
scenario
In the study, the
interview method
was
employed.Multi-
Dimensional
Ethics Scale
developed in the
previous years
was employed in
order to gather
data. As it is
known, the
researchers
made extensive
examinations on
the dimensions
The results
suggest that
managers prefer
the contract -
based
theoretical
approach more
frequently in
decision making.
It was also found
that
managers differ
in their choice of
ethical
approaches in
terms of the
‘well-being’ of
the Bhutanese.

15 | P a g e
related with
moral justice,
relativity and
social contract
by employing
this scale. In the
study, the
participants’
opinions were
taken by
employing a
septet scale with
eight different
expressions and
five scenarios.
scenarios.
This difference is
caused by
subjective
approaches
which are used
when dealing
with problems
related to socio-
cultural and
institutional
reputation and
ecology.
Terms
Method Findings
Barquín,S.;
Barquín, C., et.
al.
Guerrero, G.
(2012).
Reflections on
Tourism,
Development
and
Sustainability
CABI Publishing.
1790-8418,
1792-6521
Vol. 7
To contribute to
the construction
of an alternative
paradigm for the
existing
relationship
between
responsible
tourism, local
development and
sustainability
from an
environmental
perspective
(Serrano-
Barquín 2006;
2008).
harmonious
tourism, ethical
tourism,
sustainability,
paradigm,
environment,
local
development
combining
dialectic and
eclectic,
quantitative and
qualitative
methods to
create theoretical
and
methodological
tools that are
more suited to
the diversity of
the tourism
phenomenon,
which in turn
must be linked to
an ideological
conception of
sustainability and
culture.
The predatory
practices of
tourism are
being overcome,
albeit in a
modest way.
However, new
groups of
researchers and
planners
emphasize the
importance of
developing
responsible
tourism with the
participation of
local
communities,
especially in
poor and
developing
countries.
New practices of
tourism are
being created in
various parts of
the world that
empower local
people to make
decisions,
administer and
regulate the

16 | P a g e
action at the
local level. As a
result,
communities
living along river
banks, in
meadows, on
beaches, in
small inner cities
and indigenous
communities
have the
freedom and
autonomy to say
“yes” or “no” to
tourism.
Terms
Goodwin, H. and
Francis, J.
(2003).
Ethical and
responsible
tourism:
Consumer trends
in the UK
Tearfund 2000
Vol. 9
to be able to
provide them
with the type of
information
and experience
they are
increasingly able
to demand’.
responsible
tourism, ethical
consumers, tour
operators,
market trends
A sample of 963
respondents
surveyed face
to face by MORI
in the street in
the period
2nd–24th
September,
2000, in 107
constituency-
based
sampling points;
data
weighted to
reflect the profile
of British
holidaymakers.
In 2002 the
same
methodology
was used with
713
respondents; the
fieldwork dates
were 10th–25th
September,
2002.
The results
provide firm
evidence that
environmental
issues are
important to
many
package
holidaymakers
when they
choose or
recommend
particular
destinations.
More
than half the
respondents said
that the issue
of food or water
shortages for
local residents
mattered a great
deal to them in
choosing or
recommending
destinations, and
there was
an increase of 8
per cent in those
saying that
it mattered a

17 | P a g e
great deal to
them between
2000 and 2002.
The number
saying that air
pollution and the
aesthetics of
hotels mat tered
a great deal to
them also
increased by 5
per cent and 7
per cent
respectively.
Concern about
crime also
increased
(2006).
Terms
Harng, S.
(2012).
Negotiating
Social
Responsibilities
In Tourism
Vol. 3
To achieve the stated
research objectives of
critically questioning what
entails
responsibility in tourism,
and especially to highlight
how such notions can
differ between
the various actors in
tourism, a multi-method or
triangulation approach
was used,
whereby various
methodological tools and
scales will be adopted.
This approach is in line
with postcolonial and
feminist interventions that
have argued that the
strategy of
triangulation has the
advantage of ensuring that
the weaknesses of a
single method may
be compensated by the
counter-balancing strength
of another (see, for
example England,
1994; England, 2002;
Geography of
care and
responsibility,
Responsible
tourism,
Ethical
consumption,
Corporate
Social
Responsibility,
Thailand.
To approach
the myriad of
questions
here
suggested, a
variety of
methods were
adopted.
These
included
discourse
analysis of
travel
guidebooks
and online
travel media;
interviews
with various
respondents
from tourists,
to tour
companies
and hotels, to
locals; in-
depth case
studies and
participant
observation
with
the villagers
had begun
rebuilding their
lives, and with
the help of a
young
American who
had been
working in a
nearby
guesthouse,
they set about
deciding on a
new future for
themselves.
The result was
Andaman
Discoveries, a
community-
based tourism
venture that
aims to provide
a
supplementary
income to
fishing in the
villages like
Ban Talae Nok.
It’s a form of

18 | P a g e
Kwan, 2002). This section
therefore discusses the
methods used in
this research (discourse
analysis, case studies and
participant observations,
and in-depth
interviews), under the
broader umbrella of the
scales at which this
research will consider
‘responsibility’ – including
popular travel related
literature, travel related
companies, tourists, and
local communities in
destinations of responsible
tourism.
two specific
organizations
– 1. The
Elephant
Mahout
Project; and
2. Exotissimo
Travel
Thailand; and
eventually
also included
nuggets of
information
informally
accessed
through social
media such
as Facebook
(each aspect
and why it is
included will
be
discussed in
greater detail
in Section 4.4)
tourism very
much on the
villagers’
terms: they are
involved and
consulted
throughout,
and eighty
percent of the
trip’s cost goes
direct to the
village (twenty
percent of this
via a
community
fund)…
(Hammond and
Smith, 2009:
294).
Terms
Donyadide,
A. (2010).
Ethics in
Tourism
EuroJournals,
Inc.
Vol. 17
To observe
whether the
promotion of
responsible,
sustainable and
universally
accessible tourism
is effective or not.
Promote
awareness of
sustainability
amongst hosts,
guests, local
communities, as
well as
suppliers/business
partners through
environmental
awareness and
capacity
development
efforts and events;
Tourism,
tourism
industry,
ethics,
sustainable
tourism
The steps
taken this
year led us
to a series
of
interviews—
initially with
business
leaders—
that
illustrate
and
exemplify
current
practices
that
encourage
and
promote
sound
ethical
judgment.
The understanding and
promotion of the ethical
values common to
humanity, with an attitude
of tolerance and respect for
the diversity of religious,
philosophical and moral
beliefs, are both
the foundation and the
consequence of responsible
tourism; -
The host communities, on
the one hand, and local
professionals, on the other,
are now acquainting
themselves with and
respect the tourists who visit
them and find out about
their lifestyles, tastes
and expectations; the
education and training
imparted to professionals

19 | P a g e
contribute to a hospitable
welcome;
Tourism professionals have
an obligation to provide
tourists with objective and
honest
information on their places
of destination and on the
conditions of travel,
hospitality and stays;
Governments have the right
– and the duty - especially
in a crisis, to inform their
nationals of
the difficult circumstances,
or even the dangers they
may encounter during their
travels abroad;
it is their responsibility
however to issue such
information without
prejudicing in an unjustified
or exaggerated.
normality permits;
Terms
Jamal, J.;
Blanca A. and
Wilson E. (2013).
Critical
Omissions and
New Directions
for Sustainable
Tourism: A
Situated Macro–
Micro Approach
Cooper, Inc.
2071-1050
Vol. 5
To measure
responsibility
through the
appraisal of
sustainable
tourism
indicators.
Sustainable
tourism;
responsible
tourism; critical
research; justice
and ethics
Research was
gathered
through
Qualitative
approach.
We identify
some key
omissions,
such as the
missing body
in sustainable
tourism
discourse,
lack of critical
analysis of
postcolonial
and
dependency
issues, and
propose re-
situating
sustainable
Sustainable tourism
development meets
the needs of
present tourists and
host regions while
protecting and
enhancing
opportunity for the
future. It is
envisaged as
leading to
management of all
resources in such a
way that economic,
social, and
aesthetic needs
can be fulfilled
while maintaining
cultural integrity,
essential ecological
processes,
biological diversity,

20 | P a g e
tourism‘ within
a micro–
macro, local-
global
systems
approach
informed by a
clear
framework of
justice and
ethics.
and life support
systems.
Responsible
tourism focused on
micro-level, action-
oriented,
community-level
approach, oriented
towards a concern
for nature, culture,
humans (tourists
and residents
included) and the
living/non-livings
systems in which
they lived. Respect
and care are
important values in
responsible
tourism, and
attention to
disadvantage,
unfairness and
poverty is evident.
terms
Siti a. and
mohd hafiz
mohd h.
(2014)
Local
community
attitudes
towards
tourism
development
in tioman
island.
Tourism,
leisure and
global change
Vol. 1
To examine
the definite
outcome of
the study from
the tioman’s
quality of life.
To investigate
the common
areas this
concerns
tourism
development
in the area.
Attitudes,
personal
benefit,
perceived
tourism
impact, future
attitudes
Variables are
adopted from the
latkova & vogt (2012)
and lankford &
howard (1994). The
questionnaires
developed from a
review of existing
literature dealing with
local community
attitudes toward
tourism
development. The
measurement of the
attitudes used in this
study applied the
tourism impact
attitude scales (tias)
developed by
lankford and howard
(1994) as the
standardized of
measurement of
The significant of
personal benefit from
tourism development
show that most of
respondents’
obtaining the benefit
from the tourism
activity in tioman
island. In other word,
tourism brings
improvement of their
quality of life. The
more benefit
respondents’
perceived gaining
from tourism
personally, the more
likely they are to
increase the support
for tourism
development (wang
& pfister, 2008).

21 | P a g e
residents attitudes
toward tourism
developed. This
measurement has
been tested in
various setting of
tourism area and
destination (latkova
& vogt, 2012). The
number of
questionnaires
distributed is 250
however, only 129
responses received.
terms
Yasong, w. And
robert e. (2008)
residents’
attitudes toward
tourism and
perceived
personal
benefits in a
rural community
Sage
publications
Vol. 20
This research
focuses on
residents’
perceptions of
personal
benefits from
tourism,
identifying not
only the
relationships
between
personal
benefits from
tourism and
residents’
attitudes toward
tourism but also
the nature of
benefits
associated with
tourism
Rural community;
tourism planning;
residents’
attitudes; social
exchange theory;
perceived
personal benefits
The study was
conducted in a
small rural
community
where tourism
is still at its
emerging stage.
To examine
residents’
attitudes toward
tourism in
washington,
north carolina,
the authors
adopted 20
statements from
the tourism
impact attitude
scale (tias) and
built a 20-item,
5-point likert-
type response
format based on
this scale (1 =
strongly
disagree; 2 =
The findings of this
investigation verify
the significant role
played by personal
benefits,
particularly the
indirect social
values, in the
process of
exchange for
residents’
favorable attitude
toward tourism.
Jurowski, uysal,
and williams
(1997) examined
respondents that
did not enjoy a
direct economic
benefit from
tourism and found
those residents to
be neutral in their
attitude toward
tourism. However
the findings in that

22 | P a g e
disagree; 3 =
neutral; 4 =
agree; 5 =
strongly agree).
study indicated
those respondents
still believed there
“will be economic
and social benefits
from an increase
in tourism” (p. 7).
As reported in the
case of
washington, 99%
of the respondents
stated that they did
not have a direct
economic benefit
from tourism;
however, they
expressed a
distinctively
positive attitude
toward tourism
and identified a
variety of shared
social benefits
they associated
with tourism
development.
terms
Jon, d. Todd, g.
Et. Al (2013).
Community scale
and resident
attitudes towards
tourism.
Sage publishing.
Vol. 12
To investigate
the use of
multiple
community
scales for the
investigation of
physical distance
from tourism as
a factor
influencing
resident
attitudes.
Tourism,
attitude, culture,
equality.
Statistical
methods
commonly
employed in the
resident attitudes
towards tourism
literature include
descriptive
statistics,
analysis of
variance, factor
analysis,
regression
analysis and
contingency
analysis (jakus
and siegel,
1996). When
using data
generated by
attitudinal
The closer
tourism is
proposed in
relation to
residents, the
greater the
exposure to both
the benefits and
costs related to
tourism. It is also
suggested that
the benefits and
costs of tourism
diminish with
distance at
different rates.
For example,
tourism-
generated jobs
can be accessed
by residents

23 | P a g e
surveys, ordered
discrete choice
regression
models are often
an appropriate
estimator
(greene, 1992).
living outside of
tourism centers
while tourism
generated noise
and congestion
are likely to be
endured more
immediately by
those living
within the tourist
center. Given
different bundles
of benefits and
costs perceived
at the town- and
county-scale,
these
relationships
suggest different
balancing in the
formulation of
resident attitudes
towards tourism.
Relationships
suggest different
balancing in the
formulation of
resident attitudes
towards tourism.
terms
Rich, h. (2004).
Residents’
attitudes toward
tourism
development: a
literature review
with implications
for tourism
planning.
Georgia institute
of technology’s
economic
development
institute, tourism
and regional
assistance
centers (tracs)
251-266
By exploring the
literature on
resident attitudes
toward tourism
development,
this article
examines (1)
resident attitudes
toward tourism in
relation to
socioeconomic
factors; (2)
spatial factors;
(3) economic
dependency; (4)
resident and
community
typologies; (5)
Tourism
planning,
economic
development,
research
methods,
resident
attitudes, citizen
participation
Interview
method.
Planners are
increasingly
turning to
tourism as a
viable economic
development
strategy, as
many
communities
experience
industrial
restructuring.
Consequently,
many residents
are exposed to
tourism for the
first time,
whereas

24 | P a g e
Vol. 18 no. 3 measuring
residents’
attitudes tourism
development;
and (6)
theoretical
perspectives
such as
community
attachment,
social exchange
theory, and
growth machine
theory.
established
destinations
experience
increasing
volumes of
tourists.
Planners are
now challenged
with
understanding
how the public
perceives
tourism in order
to gain local
support for
tourism projects
and initiatives.
terms
Alex M.,et al.
Regional (2015).
Contrasts in
consumers’
attitudes and
behavior
following the bp
oil spill
Sage publishing
Vol. 10
Examine how
consumers’
reactions to the
british petrolium
(bp) oil spill and
their attitudes
about the gulf of
mexico as a
tourism
destination differ
as a function of
the respondents’
geographic
location of
residence and
their past travel
behavior.
Marketing and
sales eco-
tourism tourism
operations
communications
and decision
making
organizational
behave or
Observation
method and
geographical
tools, and
sampling are the
tools used for
conducting the
study.
In particular,
consumers from
the southeast
region, when
compared with
the three other
geographic
regions we
sampled, had
more negative
views regarding
the oil spill on a
number of
dependent
measures. We
also found that
individuals who
traveled to florida
in the two years
prior to the oil
spill reported
higher
perceptions of
environmental
risk than those
individuals who
had not traveled
to florida during
that same time
frame.

25 | P a g e
terms
Xiang, l. (2015).
Understanding
residents’
perception
changes toward
a mega-event
through a dual-
theory lens
Sage publishing
Vol. 9
This study
attempts to
investigate the
integration of
social exchange
theory (set) and
social
representations
theory (srt) in
understanding
residents’
perception
changes
throughout a
mega-event’s full
life cycle.
Resident
perceptions
mega-events
social exchange
theory social
representations
theory shanghai
expo
A three-wave
survey approach
was employed to
track local
residents’
evolving
attitudes toward
the 2010
shanghai expo.
Results showed
that shanghai
residents’
perceived
impacts at the
community level
were more
positive than at
the individual
level. Residents’
visit status (i.e.,
whether they
attended the
event or not) did
not appear to
substantially
influence their
perceptions of
impacts at either
level, albeit
attendees did
demonstrate
more favorable
attitudes on
several aspects.
Most residents
held similar
perceptions at
the beginning of
and six months
after the expo
had concluded,
but their
perceptions at
the expo’s
conclusion were
the most
negative. This
study supports
that set and
Socially
Responsible
Tourism are
distinctly
operative in
different contexts
but can

26 | P a g e
complement
each other in
explaining
residents’
perception
changes.
terms
Lindsay e.
(2014).
Residents’
perceptions of
quality of life in a
surf tourism
destination: a
case study of las
salinas,
nicaragua.
Sage publishing.
321-333
Vol. 14 no. 4
To examine the
impacts of
tourism on local
residents.
Tourism
development,t
quality of life,
lesser developed
countries,
nicaragua
Various types of
research tools
and methods
were integrated
such as:
interview papers,
face-to-face
conversation,
research scales
and observation
method.
Studies
examining the
impacts of
tourism on local
residents have
failed to capture
the way in which
rural residents in
Lesser
developed
countries
perceive their
lives before
considering the
impact of
tourism.
terms
anthony, w.
(2012).
Access to the
beach
Comparing the
economic values
of coastal
residents and
tourists
Sage publishing.
742-753
Vol. 51 no. 6
This study’s
purpose is to
estimate the
economic values
coastal residents
and tourists
assign to public
beach access,
and provide
options for
financing such
projects.
Contingent
evaluation,
coastal tourism,
residents beach
access,
economic
evaluation
Estimates of
these values
were
calculated
using the
doubled-
bounded
dichotomous
choice
contingent
valuation
technique.
Results indicated
that coastal
residents were
willing to pay $2.46
for additional public
beach access,
while coastal
tourists’ mean
willingness to pay
was $6.33.
Findings suggest
additional public
beach access
locations are
desirable to both
coastal residents
and tourists.
Supplying coastal
resource managers
with these values
can assist in

27 | P a g e
justifying the use of
public resources on
beach access
projects, as well as
in the development
of long-term
policies.
terms
Kyle m.
(2012).
Using emotional
solidarity to
explain residents’
attitudes about
tourism and
tourism
development.
Sage publishing.
315-327
Vol. 51 no. 3
To investigate
the tourists
behaviour in
desired areas.
Such as their
feelingS and
attitudes.
Emotional
solidarity
scale (ess),
tourism
impact
attitude scale
(tias),
Residents,
structural
equation
modeling
(sem), texas
tourism
development
The emotional
solidarity scale (ess)
and its factors were
used to predict
levels of the tourism
impact attitude scale
(tias) and its factors.
In confirming the
factor structure for
each scale, both
were found to
have high internal
consistency
(through
composite
reliability and
maximal weighted
alpha coefficients)
and high validity
(through
convergent and
discriminant
validity).
Collectively, each
of the three ESS
factors (welcoming
nature, emotional
closeness, and
sympathetic
understanding)
significantly
predicted the two
TIAS factors
(support for
tourism
development and
contributions
tourism makes to
the community),
with two
exceptions.

28 | P a g e
terms
Woosman, m.
(2011).
Comparing
residents’ and
tourists’
emotional
solidarity with
one another
An extension of
durkheim’s
model.
Sage publishing.
615-626
Vol. 50 no. 6
To examine
residents’ and
tourists’ degree
of emotional
solidarity
experienced with
one another.
Resident and
tourist
interaction, self
and other
confirmatory,
Factor analysis,
galveston island
Finding the
mean and
the factors
that will
contribute to
the study,
research
scales,
quantitative
data
collected.
results showed that
Emotional Solidarity
Scale factors
explained a
considerable degree
of variance (i.e., 29%
to 36%) in the
resulting Festival
Social Impact
Attitude Scale
factors. Theoretical
and practical
implications are
discussed along with
limitations and
opportunities for
future research
concerning this line
of research.
terms
Woosnam, m.
(2011).testing a
model of
durkheim’s
theory of
emotional
solidarity among
residents of a
tourism
community
Sage publishing
546-558
Vol. 50 no. 5
The purpose of
this study was to
test the
theoretical
framework of
emotional
solidarity in
seeking to better
explain the
dynamic,
complex
relationships
existing between
residents and
tourists.
Measurement
and structural
models
pertaining to the
framework were
simultaneously
estimated, both
of which were
deemed to have
good model fit
based on
Resident and
tourist
interaction,
durkheim
emotional
solidarity,
structural
equation,
modelling, eqs,
statistical
program
Three
antecedent
constructs (i.e.,
shared beliefs,
shared behavior,
and interaction)
were all found to
be significant
predictors of
emotional
solidarity,
explaining
approximately
33% of the
variance in the
construct.
Three
antecedent
constructs (i.e.,
shared beliefs,
shared behavior,
and interaction)
were all found to
be significant
predictors of
emotional
solidarity,
explaining
approximately
33% of the
variance in the
construct.
This work
provides support
for Durkheim’s
theoretical
framework and
provides a
gateway into
future studies
surrounding
emotional

29 | P a g e
incremental and
absolute model
fit indices.
solidarity.
Terms
Vikneswaran N.
and Reza A.
(2008).
Perception of
Tourists on the
Responsible
Tourism
Concept In
Langkawi,
Malaysia: Are
We Up To It?
CABI
Publishing.
Vol. 5
To investigate
the level of
sustainability
of the tourism
industry in
Langkawi in
terms of
economic,
socio-cultural
and
environment
as per the
Responsible
Tourism
concept.
To collect and
document
tourist
feedback and
perception on
attractions
and Langkawi
as a premier
tourist
destination. 3.
To study the
level of
acceptance
on the
concept of RT
among the
local and
international
tourists
visiting
Langkawi.
responsible
tourism,
sustainable
tourism,
ecotourism,
Langkawi
Data collection
was carried out
and coordinated
by 4 researchers
and 22 research
assistants (RAs)
from Taylor’s
College, School of
Hospitality and
Management,
Malaysia and Wild
Asia, a Malaysian-
based company
that specialises in
supporting
conservation
initiatives in Asia.
The results of this
research showed that
the main purpose for
tourists visiting
Langkawi was to have
a simply relaxing
holiday. Among all the
tourists, more than half
of them were of the
opinion that
cleanliness and
accommodation prices
were the main
considerations for their
travelling. They placed
more importance on
valuable and
reasonably clean
resorts. The mouth-
watering nature and
beaches of Langkawi
have seduced tourists
from around the world,
and its beautiful
beaches and duty-free
shopping have boosted
the island’s economy
and tourism industry.
The fast development
of tourism in Langkawi,
hotels and resort
constructions, and the
increasing population
in Langkawi today may
bring negative impact
to Langkawi in the
future if the principles
of RT (Responsible
Tourism) are not
adopted. Through the
research, we can
conclude that most
tourists will avoid
irresponsible tourism

30 | P a g e
activities which are
provided by the tour
operators, resorts and
hotel, and tourism
agents. Responsible
Tourism is still not
commonly practised in
Langkawi by both local
communities and
tourists, especially the
westerners. However,
there is a good
indication that the
majority of tourists will
support Responsible
Tourism if there is an
option given to them.
Terms
Laura J. Lawton
(2005).
Resident
Perceptions of
Tourist
Attractions on the
Gold Coast of
Australia
SAGE
PUBLISHING
Vol. 5
To find out what
are the
significant
differences
among the
clusters.
resident
perceptions;
tourist attractions;
personal
construct theory;
Gold Coast;
Australia, a
repertory grid
A repertory
grid (RG) test
that enabled
patients to
express and
record their
own worlds.
There were no
significant
differences among
the clusters with
respect to this
statement.
Attitudes toward
the elicited group
of attractions
therefore appear at
first glance to be
independent from
attitudes toward
tourism overall.

31 | P a g e
Terms
Tigre F.,
Gnoth J., et
al. (2012).
The Effects of
Localising
Cultural
Values on
Tourism
Destination
Websites on
Tourist’s
Willingness to
Travel.
E-Review of
Tourism
Research
(ertr),
Vol. 10, No. 2
To test the
validity of
Singh’s et al.
(2005)
framework of
cultural values
localisation on
tourism
destination
sites, and to
investigate the
need for, and
propose, if
necessary,
adaptations for
the framework
under the new
context.
Destination
websites;
website
localisation;
cultural
values.
Hofstede’s
methodology
and age of
data
(Fernandez,
Carlson et al.
1997),
Singh’s et al.
(2005),
Singh’s et al.
(2005)
cultural
framework
has been
widely used
to investigate
cultural
values on
websites
from a
number of
countries
Studies related to tourist
motivations have shown that
visitors, especially from
individualist cultures,
consider trips as moments
for unplanned behaviours,
and freedom from social
norms or regulations which
rule the culture they live in.
In this context, attitudes of
individuals are driven to
satisfy their own self and not
the social norms from the
culture they belong
(mcintosh and Goeldner
1990; Gnoth, 1997).
Bibliography Objective Variables/K
ey Terms
Zhiyong Fan,
Sheng Zhong,
2012
Harmonious
Tourism
Environment
and Tourists
Perception:
An Empirical
Study of
Mountain-
Type World
Cultural
Heritage Sites
in China.
Http://www.sci
rp.org/journal/j
ssm
Vol. 11
To indicate the
relationship
between
harmonious
tourism
environment
perception and
tourists’
loyalty.
Harmonious
Tourism
Environmen
t; Tourist
Perception;
World
Cultural
Heritage
Research
utilizes SPSS
13.0 as the tool
to conduct
descriptive
analysis, factor
analysis and
reliability
analysis. Then
AMOS 7.0 is
used to depict
the structural
equation model
(SEM) of the
harmonious
tourism
environment
perception
theoretical
model, as well
as calculate
Demographic
characteristics are
calculated from the
samples, and female is
more than male, most
people’s age are between
15 - 34 (56.3%), the
majority of the samples
(78.5%) have the education
level of the college,
students are the most
frequent occupation (48.05)
as well as travel with friends
is the most popular tourism
pattern (41.1%).

32 | P a g e
and test the
path
coefficients.
SEM now is
broadly used in
the realms of
psychology,
pedagogy,
statistics and
marketing, and
is also more
and more
applied in
tourism
research.
Terms
Murphy P. &
Pritchard M.et
al,
(2000).
The destination
product and its
impact on
traveller
perceptions.
Elsevier Science
Ltd.
Volume 21,
Issue 1
To study the
impact of tourist
perceptions,
Destination
image and
satisfaction
On tourist
loyalty;
Perception,
Image,
Satisfaction,
Loyalty,
Attributes and
Determinants.
Undertaken
using secondary
data relating to
visits to a
premier
Canadian
destination, with
respect to its
visitors’
perceptions of
quality, value
and intent to
return.
The earlier study
result reveals that
tourist perception,
destination image
and tourist
satisfaction directly
influence
destination loyalty.
The outcomes of
the study have
significant
managerial
implications for
destination
marketing
managers.
Terms
Alegre J & Garau
J.
(2010).
Tourist
satisfaction and
dissatisfaction
Elsevier Ltd.
Volume 37, Issue
1
To examine the
impact of the
satisfaction-
and
dissatisfaction-
based
evaluations on
both the
tourists’ overall
satisfaction and
their intention
to return to the
Tourists’
satisfaction;
Tourists’
dissatisfaction;
Dissatisfaction
measurement;
Intention to
return;
Sun and sand
destinations
Satisfaction
surveys
usually
include
evaluations
of different
destination
attributes on
an ordinal
scale.
The tourist can
express his/her
satisfaction or
dissatisfaction with
each attribute. In this
study it is suggested
that some of the
tourists’ negative or
unsatisfactory
experiences need to
be defined within a
specific context of

33 | P a g e
destination. evaluation. An analysis
is made of the
differences and the
complementary nature
of the concepts and
measurements of
satisfaction and
dissatisfaction during
the holiday
experience.
Terms
Gallarza M.&
Saura I.
(2006).
Value
dimensions,
perceived value,
satisfaction and
loyalty: an
investigation of
university
students’ travel
behaviour.
Elsevier Ltd.
Volume 27,
Issue 3
To investigate the
dimensionality of
consumer value in
a travel-related
context (students’
travel behaviour),
adopting
Holbrook's
typology, and
combining it with
negative inputs of
value. To explore
the relations
between
consumer
perceptual
constructs such
as perceived
value, satisfaction
and loyalty.
To explore the
relations
between
consumer
perceptual
constructs
such as
perceived
value,
satisfaction
and loyalty.
Tourism and
hospitality research
have recently shown
an interest in value;
especially, when
investigated with
quality and/or
satisfaction and
investigate the
dimensionality of
consumer value in a
travel-related
context adopting
Holbrook's typology,
and combining it
with negative inputs
of value.
The results
confirm the
existence of a
quality–value–
satisfaction–
loyalty chain
and illustrate
the complexity
of value
dimensions
that have been
shown to be
highly sensitive
to the tourism
experience.
Terms
Lam &Hsu C.
(2006).
Predicting
behavioral
intention of
choosing a
travel
destination.
Elsevier Ltd.
Volume 27,
Issue 4
To test the
applicability of the
theory of planned
behavior (TPB)
model using its
core constructs
(attitude,
subjective norm,
and perceived
behavioral
control), with the
addition of the
past behavior
Theory of
planned
behavior;
Attitude;
Subjective
norm; Perceived
behavioral
control; Past
behaviour
The complex
decision-making
process leading
to the choice of a
travel
destination. The
study sample
comprised 299
potential
Taiwanese
travelers to Hong
Kong. The data
fitted the TPB
Attitude, perceived
behavioral control,
and past behavior
were found to be
related to behavioral
intention of
choosing a travel
destination.
Theoretical and
marketing
implications were
derived.

34 | P a g e
variable, on
behavioral
intention of
choosing a travel
destination.
model
moderately well.
Terms
George R.
(2010).
Visitor
perceptions of
crime-safety
and attitudes
towards risk:
The case of
Table
Mountain
National Park,
Cape Town.
Elsevier Ltd.
Volume 31,
Issue 6
To investigate
tourist
perceptions of
crime-safety
and attitudes
towards risk
whilst visiting
Table
Mountain
National Park
(TMNP) in
Cape Town in
June and July
2008.
Tourism;
Perceptions;
Crime-safety;
Risk attitudes;
Crime
prevention
The study
examined survey
data of 303
domestic and
international
tourists during their
visit to TMNP. A
linear regression
analysis revealed
that although
visitors had
concerns about
their personal
safety they are still
likely to return to
TMNP and
recommend it to
other people. In
addition, visitor
attitudes towards
risk did not
influence
perceptions of
crime-safety and
its effect on their
intentions to revisit
or recommend
TMNP.
The results show that
respondent's
individual
characteristics such
as age, nationality,
and purpose of visit
influenced their
perceptions of crime-
safety. Perceptions
that TMNP is unsafe
tended to increase
with respondent's age.
Respondents on
holiday were more
likely to perceive
TMNP as safer than
those on business or
visiting friends and
relatives. The study's
findings add to the
literature by offering
more insight on tourist
perceptions of crime-
safety and attitudes
towards risk and their
impact on tourist
behaviour. Various
tourist-crime
prevention measures
to enhance visitor
safety at national
parks are also
recommended to the
tourism industry and
law enforcement
agencies.

35 | P a g e
Terms
Casaló L. &
Flavián C.
(2010).
Determinants of
the intention to
participate in
firm-hosted
online travel
communities and
effects on
consumer
behavioral
intentions.
Elsevier Ltd.
Volume 31,
Issue 6
The aim of this
paper is to
examine the
roles of
attitude,
subjective
norm and
perceived
behavior
control in
respect of
travelers’
intention to
use UGC
when making
travel plans.
User-Generated
Content; Theory
of Planned
Behavior;
Travel industry.
Resumo: O
Conteúdo
Gerado pelo
Usuário (UGC)
tais como
comentários
online de
viagens
Observation
method,
Evaluation,
Survey
The findings indicated
that the tourists’
purchase decision is
strongly influenced by
online travel reviews.The
results indicated that
perceived behavioral
control was a significant
predictor of intention to
purchase a product and
to get information from a
web vendor.
Bhattacherjee (2000)
investigated consumer
use of online brokerages
and found a positive
relationship between
perceived behavior
control and intentions.
Perceived usefulness of
the advice, trust in the
online travel community,
and attitude toward the
advice were found to be
relevant to Spanish
speaking members of
several online travel
communities in
determining their
intention to follow the
advice obtained in these
communities.
Terms
Nicolau J. &
Mas F.
(2006).
The influence
of distance
and prices on
the choice of
tourist
destinations:
The
moderating
role of
motivations.
To study the
effects of
distance and
prices are
moderated by
tourist
motivations at
the moment of
choosing a
destination,
which leads us
to make
hypotheses to
Tourism
marketing;
Attributes of
destinations;
Motivations;
Intra-country
destinations;
Random
coefficient logit
models.
The methodology
applied
estimates
random
coefficient logit
models, which
control possible
correlations
between different
destinations and
consider tourist
heterogeneity.
The empirical
application carried
out in Spain on a
sample of 2127
individuals, shows
that the dissuasive
influence of distance
and prices on the
selection of
destinations is
moderated by
motivations, in the
sense that the

36 | P a g e
Elsevier Ltd.
Volume 27,
Issue 5
explain this
decision through
the interaction
between
destination
attributes and
the personal
motivations of
the individual
tourists.
motivations have a
direct (increasing the
dissuasive effect) or
inverse (reducing the
dissuasive effect)
moderating effect on
the influences of
distance and prices.
Terms
Harrill R.
(2004)
Residents’
Attitudes
toward Tourism
Development:
A Literature
Review with
Implications for
Tourism
Planning
Sage
Publications
Vol. 18, No. 1
To explore
resident
attitudes in
other locales,
Attitudes
toward
tourism
development;
and
theoretical
perspectives.
Tourism
planning;
economic
development;
research
methods;
resident
attitudes;
citizen
participation
As research
accumulates
regarding resident
attitudes toward
tourism
development, some
researchers have
attempted to
segment residents
exhibiting similar
attitudes into
categories in the
same way tourism
marketers segment
types of travelers.
Tourism planners
have assumed that
such
categorizations
facilitate the
acceptance or
predict the rejection
of development
plans across an
entire community.
Although these
categories have
proven valuable in
understanding the
range of
perceptions
exhibited within a
community, recent
tourism research
suggests that more
subtle differences
exist among
In a study of
northern Wales,
Sheldon and Var
(1984) discovered
evidence suggesting
that residents’
attitudes toward
tourism
development are
culturally bound,
finding that natives
and Welsh speakers
were more sensitive
to tourism’s social
and cultural impacts
than were
nonnatives and non-
Welsh speakers.
S. Similarly, in a
study of New
Braunfels, Texas,
Um and Crompton
(1987) found
German ethnicity
was a factor in
attitudes toward
tourism
development,
discovering that the
more attached a
resident was to the
community
regarding birthplace,
heritage, and length
of residence, the
less positively he or
she perceived

37 | P a g e
attitudes than
demonstrated in
many resident
typologies. One of
the best-known
models of resident
attitudes is the
Irridex Model or
Doxey’s Irridex, first
developed by Doxey
(1975) and
described by
Fridgen (1991). This
model is used to
define attitudes of
residents resulting
from social impacts
in a destination
community
impacts, with the
exception of
perceived adverse
impacts on
environmental
quality
Terms
Method Findings
Nunkoo, R. Et. Al
(2009).
A Model for
Understanding
Residents' Support for
Tourism in Small
Islands
Scholarworks@umass
Amherst
Vol. 6
To test a
proposed
model
concerning
local resident
perceptions
about the
Impacts of
tourism and to
test
hypotheses to
confirm casual
Relationships.
Small
economies;
Community
responses;
Attitudes;
Support;
Tourism
development,
responsible
tourism.
Data collection
Will involve the
use of a
structured
questionnaire
which will be
designed
following a
review of
existing
literature on
Host attitudes
toward tourism.
Data will be
collected
though face-to-
face interview
using a
structured
questionnaire.
The sample
size will be
determined
using a
stratified
random
sampling
approach.
A direct positive
relationship
exists between
dependence on
tourism and the
Perceived
positive impacts
of tourism. A
direct negative
relationship
exists between
occupational
identity and the
perceived
Positive impacts
of tourism. A
direct positive
relationship
exists between
community
attachment and
the perceived
positive impacts
of tourism. A
direct positive
relationship
exists between
community

38 | P a g e
attachment and
the
Perceived
positive impacts
of tourism.
Terms
Yaman, H. et
al. (2006).
Ethical
ideologies of
tourism
marketers
Elsevier Ltd.
Vol 33, No. 2,
pp. 470-489
Its purpose is to
investigate
the perceptions
of ethics and
social
responsibility
and ethical
orientations
of tourism
marketing
managers.
ethics, social
responsibility,
moral
philosophies,
cross-cultural
stusdies.
a combination of
judgmental and
snowball-sampling
techniques was
used to identify the
organizations.
A univariate
analysis of
variance was used
to test the
hypotheses H1a,
H1b, and H1c.
Turkish managers
were significantly
more idealistic and
more relativistic
than Australian
managers (F =
36.63, p = 0.00).
The
small score of
standard deviation
on idealism in the
case of the Turkish
group (.51)
indicates
uniformity in the
views of the group
(homogeneity).
The standard
deviation for
relativism, on the
other hand, was
very
high (.89)
indicating a lack of
homogeneity in the
group. Although
the
higher relativism
score was
unexpected in this
survey, it is in
accordance
with the previous
research
comparing
managers from

39 | P a g e
collectivist
cultures to those
from individualistic
cultures
(Singhapakdi,
Vitell and
Leelakulthanit
1994). Turkish
managers had a
higher perception
of
the importance of
ethics and social
responsibility for
organizational
effectiveness.
Terms
Ross G. (2004).
Ethical ideals and
expectations
regarding visitor,
staff and
Management
among potential
tourist industry
employees.
James Cook
University
Vol 8. Pp. 221-
215
To examine and
investigate the
Ethical ideals
and
expectations
regarding
visitor, staff,
and
Management
among potential
tourist industry
employees
Ethics; Ethics
in tourism,
Values;
Aristotelian
virtues
The sample for this
study comprised
493 students
enrolled in years 11
and 12 in a number
of state high
schools from the
Cairns region of
Northern Australia.
The survey was
conducted during
August and
September,
when many were
considering
postsecondary
college
study or
employment
options. Ross
(1995, 1997,
1998) reports that
there is a high level
of interest among
secondary college
graduates in
tourism/hospitality
industry
management
employment.
Analyses from
this study have
found that
graduands
conceptualized
tourism industry
employment
as being
represented by
two separate
domains:
that of tourism
transport
employment, and
that of
tourism,
hospitality, and
retail
employment.
Employment
in airlines, bus
lines, tour
operations, rail,
coach
lines, taxi
companies,
limousine
services, etc.,
was
clearly regarded
as a separate

40 | P a g e
and distinct
domain
to that of other
tourism,
hospitality, and
retail
employment.
However, it
should be noted
that these
two discrete
employment
domains were
not found
to be different
with regard to
ethical
predictors.
Terms
Lovelock B.
(2008) Ethical
travel decisions
travel agents and
human rights
Sage publishing.
Volume 35,
Issue 2, Pages
338–358
Ethical travel
decisions travel
agents and
human rights
Ethics, Ethical
Issues, human
rights issues
The study uses
the moral
intensity
framework to
analyze the
ethical
decisionmaking
of New Zealand
travel agents.
Qualitative
interviews reveal
support for all
aspects of the
framework.
In particular,
agents’
judgements are
strongly
influenced by
their perceptions
of how their
decisions impact
upon their
clients. In
contrast,
uncertainty
surrounds the
probability and
magnitude of
consequences of
their decisions
for destination
communities.
Strong social,
cultural, legal,
and economic
links between the
agent and the
more proximate
stakeholders
mean that ethical
decisions
commonly favor

41 | P a g e
these
stakeholders.
Terms
Jim M. October
(2005).
Towards an
ethics platform
for tourism.
The Centre for
Bhutan Studies,
ISSN 1608-
411X Volume
32, Issue 4,
Pages 962–984
to investigate and
understand a
group of Western
Australians’
perspective of
Bhutan as a
valued tourist
destination and
the likelihood of
participants
visiting Bhutan
after
understanding the
GNH tourism
model at a
live display of
Bhutanese
culture.
Gross National
Happiness,
Ethics, Ethics in
Tourism
three open-
ended questions
invited
participants’
qualitative
perspectives
with three words
that best
described
Bhutan; aspects
of GNH that
participants liked
or disliked and
any further
comments.
The most common
three theme words
that best describes
Bhutan were
‘peaceful’ (15%),
‘beautiful’ (14%)
and ‘nature’ (13%)
from a total of 168
descriptive
collected.
‘Happiness’ was
fourth position with
9%. Further
findings revealed
that a significant
majority 88% of
survey
respondents
(N=64) have not
visited Bhutan.
This may indicate
that Bhutan is less
popular or more
expensive than
other mass tourism
destinations such
as
Bali, Singapore or
Thailand. Of these,
almost three-
quarters (72%,
N=59)
of respondents
indicated that they
would like to visit
Bhutan in the
future.

42 | P a g e
Terms
Hultsman J.,
(2000). Just
tourism: An
ethical
framework.
Volume 22,
Issue 3, Pages
553–567
To discover the
distinction
between a
paradigmatic
ethic and an
operational
code of ethics.
tourism; ethics;
education;
professionalism
The
researcher of
the study
used
frequency
count and
descriptive
survey.
tourism educational
materials do not
appear to deal
adequately with
ethnical issues, the
paper proposes a
paradigm and
discusses the issue of
infusing ethics into
tourism education.
Terms
Hudson S.
(2005). The
responsible
marketing of
tourism: the case
of Canadian
Mountain
Holidays.
Sage Publishing.
Volume 26, Issue
2, Pages 133–
142
To investigate
the responsible
marketing of
tourism in the
case of Canadian
Mountain
Holidays.
Canadian
Mountain
Holidays (CMH),
responsible
marketing of
tourism.
The question of
responsibility
towards the
environment is
one, which
tourism operators
generally seem
reluctant to
accept but one
operator that
appears to have
taken a proactive
approach to
environmental
issues in
mountain regions
is heli-operator
Canadian
Mountain
Holidays (CMH).
This model is
grounded on
previous
literature in
marketing, and
strategic and
environmental
management.
Interviews with
key stakeholders,
observational
research, and
content analysis
of
communication
materials, were
used to identify
how near CMH is
to finding a
balance between
responsible
action and the
communication
of these
activities.

43 | P a g e
Appendix B
CONCEPTUAL TAGS LEXICAL DEFINITION OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
1. Tourist Destination A place of interest where tourist
visit, typically for its inherent or
exhibited natural or cultural
value, historical significance,
natural or built beauty, offering
leisure, adventure and
amusement.
Used to promote a certain place,
through its aesthetic and
ambiance.
2. Ethical Tourism Tourism which benefits people
and the environment in different
destination. It can offer a better
income to families living in the
area, by sourcing products and
services locally.
A type of tourism used to lessen
the harm and without
compromising the needs of the
future generation.
3. Waste Disposal Proper disposition of a discarded
or discharged material in
accordance with local
environmental guidelines or
laws.
Used in proper management of
waste and its disposal
regardless of its kind.
4. Wildlife Can be an eco-friendly and
animal friendly tourism, usually
showing animals in their natural
habitat. Wildlife tourism, in its
simplest sense, is watching wild
animals in their natural habitat.
Used to rehabilitate animals and
to expose them to their natural
habitat to exercise their freedom
and keep them away from
people.
5. Natural Resources Materials or substances such as
minerals, forests, water and
fertile land that occur in nature
and can be used for economic
gain.
Used to provide a certain need
for the society, maybe in the
form of food or stones that can
be traded for a certain monetary
value.

44 | P a g e
Appendix C
Part I
We the researchers have prepared a simple assessment comprising the profile and The Ethical
Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave in terms of Waste Disposal and Protection of Wildlife and
Natural Resources.
Name (Optional): _____________________
Instruction:
Below are items on the profile of the respondents. Please put a check (✓) mark on the
boxes provided after each item that is applicable to you.
Profile Assessment
1) Age in years (✓)
a. Below 18
b. 18-28
c. 29-45
d. 46-75
e. 75 above
2) Gender
a. Male
b. Female
3) Educational Attainment
a. Post Graduate
b. Tertiary Level
c. Secondary Level
d. Primary Level
4) Occupation
a. Govt. Service
b. Private Service
c. Self Employed
d. Agricultural Labor
e. Daily Wage
f. Retired
g. Others/
5) Type of tourist
a. Foreign tourist
b. Local tourist/visitor

45 | P a g e
Part II
Instruction: Below are Practices of tourists in terms of Waste Disposal and Protection of Wildlife and
Natural Resources. Please check the column that corresponds to your answer by using the following
codes:
Category Weight
Strongly Agree 4
Agree 3
Disagree 2
Strongly Disagree 1
The Ethical Practices of Tourists in terms of Protection of Wildlife and Natural Resources 4 3 2 1
a. I don’t correspond to the guidelines of Callao cave that protected birds or aquatic living species
shall not be caught or kept in cages or other enclosed space in Callao, Peñablanca granted for
the development of tourism.
b. Even if it’s prohibited to carry out any activity that would harm the protected living species in
Callao, Peñablanca, I still cross the line by harming or shifting their nests or habitat or eggs.
c. I don’t correspond to the guidelines that if buoys are placed in a protected area, those must be
used for boat rides.
d. I correspond with the rules that places, items, building or structures of historical, cultural or natural
and environmental significance in an island granted for tourism purpose shall be properly
maintained and conserved in accordance with the instructions from relevant government authorities.
e. As a tourist, I agree that any harm should not be caused to the Callao Cave flora and fauna and no
item shall be extracted or removed.
The Ethical Practices of Tourists in terms of Waste Disposal 4 3 2 1
a. As a tourist I don’t keep my waste in separate bins for each type such as; Food and beverages,
rotting items, plastics, paper, glass, iron and items such as cans and toxic or hazardous waste.
b. I always comply with the guidelines that waste shall be disposed to the designated area if there
is such an area in the destination, in the absence of a designated area waste shall be disposed
in a manner that is least harmful to the environment.
c. I fail to practice that no tourist shall do any activity that would contaminate the water table of the
surrounding waters in Callao Cave, Peñablanca, Cagayan
d. I use any type of oil (e.g. used engine oil) or any other chemical which may damage the
environment and may also drain to the ground.
e. I fail to correspond that tourists must ensure that unpleasant smells or other nuisance is not caused.

The Ethical Practices of Tourists in Callao Cave

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