New scientific theories such as evolution and radioactivity revolutionized science in the 1800s. Medical breakthroughs like pasteurization, antiseptics, and anesthetics allowed people to live longer and reduced disease. New fields of social science also emerged like psychology, anthropology, and sociology to study human behavior and societies.

1. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
Preview
• Main Idea / Reading Focus
• New Ideas in Science
• Faces of History: Marie Curie
• Medical Breakthroughs
• New Ideas in Social Sciences
• Quick Facts: New Ideas, Advancements, and Developments in the
Sciences
Scientific and Medical Achievements

2. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
Reading Focus
• What were some of the new ideas in the sciences?
• What medical breakthroughs affected the quality of life?
• What new ideas developed within the social sciences?
Main Idea
Advances in science, medicine, and the social sciences led to
new theories about the natural world and human mind, an
improved quality of life, and longer life spans.
Scientific and Medical Achievements

3. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
New Ideas in Science
Charles Darwin studied variations in plants,
animals in 1800s
•Published theories in On the Origin of Species
•Developed concept of natural selection
– Creatures well adapted to environment have better
chance of surviving, producing offspring
– Offspring will inherit features that help them survive

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New Ideas in Science
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
• Over time the species will evolve to improve survival
chances
• Controversial theory
– Indicated humans were descended from other
animals
– Many opposed Darwin because theory differed from
Biblical story of creation

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Advances in Chemistry and
Physics, early 1800s
• Scientists believed atoms made
up chemical elements
• Also thought all elements made
of same kinds of atoms
Periodic Table
• Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871
• Arranged known chemical
elements into Periodic Table
• Revealed previously unknown
patterns
Modern Atomic Theory
• John Dalton, 1803
• Atoms of different elements are
themselves of difference size
and mass
More Elements Discovered
• Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898
• Discovered polonium, radium
• Concluded certain elements
release energy when break
down, called radioactivity
New Ideas in Science

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7. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
New Ideas in Science
Others developed theories based on Curies’ work
• Ernest Rutherford, 1911
• In center of atom lay a core called a nucleus
– Nucleus made up of positively charged particles,
protons
– Disproved long-held belief that atom was solid piece
of matter

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• Small amount of mass can
be converted into huge
amount of energy
• Space is curved, must
include time in study of
space
• Overturned Sir Isaac
Newton’s and others’
theories of how universe
worked
E = mc2
• Albert Einstein
revolutionized physics
• Used math to show light can
act like particles of energy
• Developed special theory of
relativity
• No particle of matter can
move faster than speed of
light
• Motion can be measured
only from viewpoint of
observer
Einstein’s Genius
New Ideas in Science

9. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
Summarize
What new theories revolutionized science?
Answer(s): evolution, radioactivity, relativity

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Preventing Disease
• Breakthroughs in late 1800s as result of scientific advances earlier in century
• Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, sanitation revealed
• Mysteries of what caused diseases began to be solved
Fermentation
• Bacteria in the air causes grape juice to turn to wine, milk to sour
• Heating liquids, foods can kill bacteria, prevent fermentation
• Process became known as pasteurization, makes foods germ-free
Microbes and Disease
• Louis Pasteur showed link between the two, 1870
• Disproved spontaneous generation concept of bacteria from nonliving matter
• Showed bacteria always present though unseen, can reproduce
Medical Breakthroughs

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Anthrax
• Deadly disease a constant threat to people, livestock
• Pasteur sought to prevent anthrax
• Injected animals with vaccine containing weakened anthrax germs
Rabies
• Pasteur’s next goal
• Developed vaccine, 1885
• Saved life of young boy bitten by rabid dog
Antibodies
• Vaccine worked because body builds antibodies
• Antibodies fight weakened germs when they enter body
Medical Breakthroughs

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Medical Breakthroughs
Improving Medical Care
• Treatment of pain
• American surgeon Crawford W. Long
– Discovered solution to pain suffered by surgery
patients
– Patients breathed in ether, anesthetic to reduce pain
and render patient unconscious
– Performed first painless operation, 1842

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Medical Breakthroughs
Treatment of Infections
• Many surgical patients died from infections
• English surgeon Joseph Lister, 1860s
– Began cleaning wounds and equipment with
antiseptic containing carbolic acid
– Reduced post-surgery deaths in one hospital ward
from 45 to 15 percent

14. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
• Caused dramatic decline in
infant mortality
• Statistics from Sweden provide
example
• 1800, 240 infant deaths in first
year per 1,000 live births
• Nearly 100 years later, only 91
infant deaths in first year per
1,000 live births
Improved Care
• Public health improved with
building of more modern
hospitals
• More medical professionals
trained
• Nursing schools trained large
numbers of women, some
trained as doctors
• By 1900, 5 percent of American
doctors were women
Hospitals
Medical Breakthroughs

15. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
Identify Cause and Effect
What medical advances allowed people to
live longer?
Answer(s): pasteurization, antiseptics, and
anesthetics

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By studying dogs’ behavior, Pavlov concluded that human behaviors
are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes.
In the late 1800s scientists expanded their focus to include the study of
the mind and human societies. These new fields became known as the
social sciences and include psychology, archaeology, anthropology,
and sociology.
• Study of mind, human behavior
became separate field in 1890s
• Observation, experiments helped
psychologists explore subject
• Ivan Pavlov studied dogs to show
animals could be taught certain
reflex actions
Psychology
New Ideas in Social Sciences
• Pavlov rang bell each time he fed
dogs
• Discovered that dogs not only
salivated at sight, smell of food, but
also when they heard bell
• Called this conditioned reflex
Pavlov’s Dogs

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New Ideas in Social Sciences
Studies of human behavior
• Austrian-Jewish physician Sigmund Freud
– Said that unconscious part of mind contains thoughts
of which one is unaware
– Used hypnotism to explore patient’s unconscious
mind
– Felt that repressed thoughts revealed in dreams
could cause mental illness
– Developed psychoanalysis as therapy

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Just as Freud studied individuals, other scientists studied people as
members of groups, communities of people with a common culture.
• Study of the past based on
artifacts
• Not new field of study
– Early expeditions little more
than treasure hunts
– Began more scientific
approach, mid-1800s
• Carefully recorded all stages of
work and preserved finds for
education
Archeology
• Study of humanity and human
ancestors
• Physical anthropologists
interested in how Homo
sapiens developed
• Cultural anthropology deals
with structures of societies,
became separate field 1920s
• Cultural anthropologists study
cultures other than their own
Anthropology
New Ideas in Social Sciences

19. Section 2Life in the Industrial Age
New Ideas in Social Sciences
Sociology
• Closely related to anthropology
• Emerged as social science late 1800s
• Sociologists study people in groups
– Usually groups are in own societies
– Examine societies’ institutions and sub-groups
– Sub-groups organized around racial or ethnic identity,
gender, or age

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Draw Conclusions
How did new ideas contribute to the social
sciences?
Answer(s): Ideas of human behavior and
societies led to new fields of study, including
psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and
sociology.