This document provides an overview of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to develop knowledge of CBT principles and techniques. The document then defines CBT as being based on the idea that emotions are governed by thoughts. It notes CBT aims to help people develop a more objective view by changing unhelpful beliefs. Conditions for which CBT has been shown to be effective are then listed, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and others. Key CBT principles like the A-B-C model of activating events, beliefs, and consequences are explained. Common cognitive distortions or thinking errors are defined and examples provided. The document concludes by describing how CBT is applied to
Hi!
I am SHIV PRAKASH (PhD Research Scholar),This slide presentation, I have created it for teaching purpose. I have used this slide to present the concept of CBT for Nursing Student in the department of psychiatry, I.M.S. Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi.
I hope this will be help full for everyone.
Thank you!
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
This is a presentation regarding Albert Ellis' REBT. Ellis' model teaches us to dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones to experience effective change.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so change the way they feel.
Dynamic psychotherapy aims to reveal unconscious content to alleviate psychic tension. It relies on the client-therapist relationship. Past experiences shape personality and perceptions through implicit memory. Transference and countertransference influence current relationships. Repeated self-defeating behaviors are an attempt to resolve past conflicts. The therapeutic relationship provides a safe space to examine feelings, distortions, and patterns promoting behavioral change.
Brief therapy, sometimes also referred to as short term therapy (usually 10 to 20 sessions) , is a generic label for any form of therapy in which time is an explicit element in treatment planning.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), proposed by Albert Ellis, holds that psychological problems stem from rigid and extreme beliefs that people hold. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), proposed by Aaron Beck, views problems as arising from faulty and distorted thinking patterns. Both therapies aim to help clients identify and modify irrational and dysfunctional beliefs and thoughts through techniques like cognitive restructuring. Therapists dispute clients' irrational beliefs, teach alternative coping skills, and help clients learn to evaluate evidence to replace rigid views with more realistic perspectives. The goal is for clients to achieve emotional well-being by altering how they perceive and respond to events.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) developed from behaviorism and the cognitive revolution. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) was developed by Albert Ellis and focuses on identifying and disputing irrational beliefs. Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy which posits that negative schemas cause depression. Both REBT and cognitive therapy aim to identify and change maladaptive thoughts by teaching patients to dispute irrational beliefs and substitute rational beliefs. Therapists act as collaborators with patients to test thoughts through socratic questioning. CBT is an empirically supported treatment for depression, anxiety disorders, and other conditions.
Hi!
I am SHIV PRAKASH (PhD Research Scholar),This slide presentation, I have created it for teaching purpose. I have used this slide to present the concept of CBT for Nursing Student in the department of psychiatry, I.M.S. Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi.
I hope this will be help full for everyone.
Thank you!
Cognitive behavior therapy theory and practiceWuzna Haroon
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was developed in the 1960s by Aaron Beck based on his research challenging the psychoanalytic view of depression. Beck observed that depressed clients had negative biases in interpreting events that contributed to cognitive distortions. He developed CBT which focuses on identifying and modifying dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. The key assumptions of CBT are that cognitions influence behaviors and emotions, and that maladaptive thinking can be identified and changed. Common techniques include cognitive restructuring to challenge irrational thoughts, behavioral experiments, and homework assignments.
This is a presentation regarding Albert Ellis' REBT. Ellis' model teaches us to dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with rational ones to experience effective change.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a short-term, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that takes a hands-on, practical approach to problem-solving. Its goal is to change patterns of thinking or behavior that are behind people's difficulties, and so change the way they feel.
Dynamic psychotherapy aims to reveal unconscious content to alleviate psychic tension. It relies on the client-therapist relationship. Past experiences shape personality and perceptions through implicit memory. Transference and countertransference influence current relationships. Repeated self-defeating behaviors are an attempt to resolve past conflicts. The therapeutic relationship provides a safe space to examine feelings, distortions, and patterns promoting behavioral change.
Brief therapy, sometimes also referred to as short term therapy (usually 10 to 20 sessions) , is a generic label for any form of therapy in which time is an explicit element in treatment planning.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), proposed by Albert Ellis, holds that psychological problems stem from rigid and extreme beliefs that people hold. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), proposed by Aaron Beck, views problems as arising from faulty and distorted thinking patterns. Both therapies aim to help clients identify and modify irrational and dysfunctional beliefs and thoughts through techniques like cognitive restructuring. Therapists dispute clients' irrational beliefs, teach alternative coping skills, and help clients learn to evaluate evidence to replace rigid views with more realistic perspectives. The goal is for clients to achieve emotional well-being by altering how they perceive and respond to events.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) developed from behaviorism and the cognitive revolution. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) was developed by Albert Ellis and focuses on identifying and disputing irrational beliefs. Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy which posits that negative schemas cause depression. Both REBT and cognitive therapy aim to identify and change maladaptive thoughts by teaching patients to dispute irrational beliefs and substitute rational beliefs. Therapists act as collaborators with patients to test thoughts through socratic questioning. CBT is an empirically supported treatment for depression, anxiety disorders, and other conditions.
Existential psychotherapy is a philosophical approach that focuses on concepts like freedom, responsibility, and meaning. It views humans as always evolving and defines our existence by our capacity for self-awareness and search for purpose. Key existential philosophers discussed include Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, and Camus. Rollo May was influential in introducing existential ideas to psychotherapy in the US. Existential therapy addresses fundamental human concerns like anxiety, death, relationships and uses concepts like creative living to help clients develop authenticity. While flexible, it can also be complex and difficult to apply due to its philosophical nature.
Experiential family therapy emerged from humanistic movements of the 1960s. It focuses on bringing suppressed emotions to the surface to help family members connect more genuinely. Key innovators like Carl Whitaker and Virginia Satir developed techniques like family sculpting and role playing to facilitate emotional expression. The goal is for each family member to honestly report their feelings and be addressed uniquely, rather than through power dynamics. Breakthroughs often involve members becoming angrier or closer. While it helps discovery and reconnection, experiential family therapy is less focused on problem solving or family structure roles.
CBT is a for of psychological therapy used to alter subjects thoughts to improve behaviors and or feelings. it is great tool to be used for psychological disease or chronic diseases. this presentation cover the basics aspects of CBT with some studies about use of CBT in pulmonary diseases.
Reality therapy is a cognitive-behavioral approach developed by William Glasser that focuses on taking responsibility for one's actions and meeting needs in constructive ways. The counselor's role is to keep clients focused on the present and developing specific plans to improve behavior. The ultimate goal is for clients to feel better by gaining effective control over their lives and meeting needs without depriving others. Reality therapy uses techniques like confrontation, planning, and evaluating behaviors to help clients develop a success identity based on responsible fulfillment of needs.
Clinical Psychology Case Formulation and Treatment Planning: A PrimerJames Tobin, Ph.D.
The aim of this primer is to support the learning of clinical case conceptualization and treatment planning for graduate students in clinical psychology, other trainees in the mental health professions, and early-career psychologists and mental health workers.
The document provides information about Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Some key points:
- Albert Ellis developed REBT in 1955 as one of the first cognitive behavioral therapies. REBT is based on the idea that emotional problems are caused by irrational beliefs rather than external events.
- According to REBT, people disturb themselves through their irrational thoughts and beliefs about events rather than the events themselves. The goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational alternatives.
- Ellis believed humans have the capacity for both rational and irrational thinking. REBT aims to help people accept themselves while also learning to think more rationally about difficult situations.
- The ABC model is used in REBT
This document provides an overview of Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). It describes the core concepts and assumptions of SFBT, including that it takes a future-focused, goal-directed approach and places the client as the expert. The document outlines the SFBT conceptualization of problems, therapeutic goals, and the therapist's role. It details common SFBT interventions such as miracle questions, scaling questions, and exception questions. Finally, it discusses the evaluation of SFBT, noting both advantages like its brief nature but also potential disadvantages like lacking empirical research support.
The document discusses various types of psychotherapy, including interpersonal therapy, marital therapy, family therapy, and transactional analysis. Marital therapy aims to improve disturbed relationships and change partners' behaviors. Family therapy views individual issues as related to the family and aims to modify home influences contributing to disorders. Transactional analysis focuses on ego states like parent, adult and child that are revealed in interactions, and helps participants understand which state they use to communicate.
Strategic family therapy developed from combining elements of several theories including those of Erickson, the MRI group, Minuchin, Bateson, and Jackson. The therapist takes an active, directive role in planning interventions to change problematic feedback loops and achieve second-order change by modifying family rules. Core concepts include viewing problems as maintained through misguided solutions, conceptualizing symptoms as voluntary, and using techniques like tasks, paradoxes, and reframing. The goal is to motivate families to alter signature behavioral patterns associated with identified problems.
DBT is a therapy model that uses skills training and a strong therapeutic relationship to help clients manage emotions and behaviors. It was originally developed for borderline personality disorder but is now used for various conditions. DBT combines individual therapy, skills training groups, therapist consultation meetings, and self-monitoring. Research shows DBT reduces self-harm, psychiatric hospitalization, and improves functioning compared to treatment as usual. DBT has been adapted for different populations and settings. It requires commitment from both clients and therapists to achieve positive outcomes.
Aaron Beck is an American psychiatrist known as the father of cognitive therapy. He developed widely used assessment tools for depression and anxiety. Beck attended Brown University and Yale Medical School. He believed that depression stems from negative views of oneself, the world, and the future. Cognitive therapy aims to help patients overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors. It involves helping patients develop skills to modify beliefs and identify distorted thinking.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy founded in the 1940s by Fritz and Laura Perls that focuses on experiencing and expressing emotions in the present moment rather than discussing past experiences. It views humans holistically as a unified body, mind and soul. The goal of gestalt therapy is for clients to become more self-aware by discovering and resolving unmet needs and interpersonal issues through exercises and experiments in both individual and group settings. This allows clients to better understand how their thoughts and behaviors impact their health and relationships.
This document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), including its definition, history, indications, and various techniques. CBT was developed in the 1950s and aims to change unhelpful cognitive patterns and behaviors. The document outlines several CBT techniques, including cognitive restructuring, guided discovery, exposure therapy, journaling, activity scheduling, behavioral experiments, relaxation, role playing, and successive approximation. It notes both the advantages of learning practical coping strategies through CBT, as well as some potential disadvantages such as the time commitment required.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for depression that focuses on changing negative patterns of thought and behavior. At the core of CBT is the idea that a person's thoughts directly influence their mood and behavior, rather than external factors. The main goals of CBT are to help patients identify negative automatic thoughts, evaluate if they are valid, and replace them with more balanced perspectives. Therapists use techniques like cognitive restructuring and behavioral activation to help patients develop healthier thought patterns and engage in meaningful activities. CBT is a time-limited, goal-oriented approach involving active participation from patients.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that helps people change unhelpful thinking and behavior patterns. The document outlines the main features and basic structure of CBT. It discusses behavioral techniques like relaxation, distraction, and activity scheduling. It also covers cognitive techniques such as identifying negative thoughts, cognitive restructuring to develop more realistic perspectives, and addressing underlying assumptions. The goal of CBT is to help clients learn to challenge irrational beliefs and thoughts in order to change emotional responses and behaviors.
This document summarizes a presentation on grief therapy given by Dr. Susan Stuber. It discusses research on normal grief versus complicated grief, assessments of complicated grief, debates around including prolonged grief disorder in the DSM-V, and additions related to grief in the DSM-5. The presentation covers critiques of Kubler-Ross's five stages of grief model, analyses of criteria for complicated or prolonged grief proposed by Prigerson and Shear, and risk and protective factors for complicated grief.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy developed in the 1950s that aims to change irrational and negative thought patterns. CBT treats conditions like anxiety, depression, phobias, OCD, and PTSD by helping patients identify faulty thoughts and beliefs that lead to negative emotions and behaviours. Therapy involves one-on-one or group sessions where a therapist works with a patient to change thoughts and develop coping mechanisms through homework assignments like keeping a thought diary. While CBT is effective for treating many disorders in the short term, it requires patient motivation and a willingness to confront anxieties.
This document discusses using CBT-E (cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders) to treat eating disorders in younger patients aged 13-18. It notes that while family-based therapy is the leading treatment for anorexia nervosa, CBT-E may be an alternative for some families. Research shows CBT-E can produce substantial increases in weight and reductions in eating disorder psychopathology in adolescents with anorexia similar to results seen in adults. Younger patients may require some modifications to CBT-E, including brief parental involvement, but the core treatment is the same as used with adults.
Existential psychotherapy is a philosophical approach that focuses on concepts like freedom, responsibility, and meaning. It views humans as always evolving and defines our existence by our capacity for self-awareness and search for purpose. Key existential philosophers discussed include Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, and Camus. Rollo May was influential in introducing existential ideas to psychotherapy in the US. Existential therapy addresses fundamental human concerns like anxiety, death, relationships and uses concepts like creative living to help clients develop authenticity. While flexible, it can also be complex and difficult to apply due to its philosophical nature.
Experiential family therapy emerged from humanistic movements of the 1960s. It focuses on bringing suppressed emotions to the surface to help family members connect more genuinely. Key innovators like Carl Whitaker and Virginia Satir developed techniques like family sculpting and role playing to facilitate emotional expression. The goal is for each family member to honestly report their feelings and be addressed uniquely, rather than through power dynamics. Breakthroughs often involve members becoming angrier or closer. While it helps discovery and reconnection, experiential family therapy is less focused on problem solving or family structure roles.
CBT is a for of psychological therapy used to alter subjects thoughts to improve behaviors and or feelings. it is great tool to be used for psychological disease or chronic diseases. this presentation cover the basics aspects of CBT with some studies about use of CBT in pulmonary diseases.
Reality therapy is a cognitive-behavioral approach developed by William Glasser that focuses on taking responsibility for one's actions and meeting needs in constructive ways. The counselor's role is to keep clients focused on the present and developing specific plans to improve behavior. The ultimate goal is for clients to feel better by gaining effective control over their lives and meeting needs without depriving others. Reality therapy uses techniques like confrontation, planning, and evaluating behaviors to help clients develop a success identity based on responsible fulfillment of needs.
Clinical Psychology Case Formulation and Treatment Planning: A PrimerJames Tobin, Ph.D.
The aim of this primer is to support the learning of clinical case conceptualization and treatment planning for graduate students in clinical psychology, other trainees in the mental health professions, and early-career psychologists and mental health workers.
The document provides information about Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). Some key points:
- Albert Ellis developed REBT in 1955 as one of the first cognitive behavioral therapies. REBT is based on the idea that emotional problems are caused by irrational beliefs rather than external events.
- According to REBT, people disturb themselves through their irrational thoughts and beliefs about events rather than the events themselves. The goal of therapy is to identify and dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational alternatives.
- Ellis believed humans have the capacity for both rational and irrational thinking. REBT aims to help people accept themselves while also learning to think more rationally about difficult situations.
- The ABC model is used in REBT
This document provides an overview of Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT). It describes the core concepts and assumptions of SFBT, including that it takes a future-focused, goal-directed approach and places the client as the expert. The document outlines the SFBT conceptualization of problems, therapeutic goals, and the therapist's role. It details common SFBT interventions such as miracle questions, scaling questions, and exception questions. Finally, it discusses the evaluation of SFBT, noting both advantages like its brief nature but also potential disadvantages like lacking empirical research support.
The document discusses various types of psychotherapy, including interpersonal therapy, marital therapy, family therapy, and transactional analysis. Marital therapy aims to improve disturbed relationships and change partners' behaviors. Family therapy views individual issues as related to the family and aims to modify home influences contributing to disorders. Transactional analysis focuses on ego states like parent, adult and child that are revealed in interactions, and helps participants understand which state they use to communicate.
Strategic family therapy developed from combining elements of several theories including those of Erickson, the MRI group, Minuchin, Bateson, and Jackson. The therapist takes an active, directive role in planning interventions to change problematic feedback loops and achieve second-order change by modifying family rules. Core concepts include viewing problems as maintained through misguided solutions, conceptualizing symptoms as voluntary, and using techniques like tasks, paradoxes, and reframing. The goal is to motivate families to alter signature behavioral patterns associated with identified problems.
DBT is a therapy model that uses skills training and a strong therapeutic relationship to help clients manage emotions and behaviors. It was originally developed for borderline personality disorder but is now used for various conditions. DBT combines individual therapy, skills training groups, therapist consultation meetings, and self-monitoring. Research shows DBT reduces self-harm, psychiatric hospitalization, and improves functioning compared to treatment as usual. DBT has been adapted for different populations and settings. It requires commitment from both clients and therapists to achieve positive outcomes.
Aaron Beck is an American psychiatrist known as the father of cognitive therapy. He developed widely used assessment tools for depression and anxiety. Beck attended Brown University and Yale Medical School. He believed that depression stems from negative views of oneself, the world, and the future. Cognitive therapy aims to help patients overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thoughts and behaviors. It involves helping patients develop skills to modify beliefs and identify distorted thinking.
Presented during the Psychology Congress, Lyceum of the Philippines, Intramuros, Manila, Philippines, October 8, 2009.
Looking for customized in-house training sessions that fit your needs, particularly in the Philippines? Please send me an email at clarencegapostol@gmail.com or WhatsApp +971507678124. When your request is received I will follow up with you as soon as possible.Thank you!
Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy founded in the 1940s by Fritz and Laura Perls that focuses on experiencing and expressing emotions in the present moment rather than discussing past experiences. It views humans holistically as a unified body, mind and soul. The goal of gestalt therapy is for clients to become more self-aware by discovering and resolving unmet needs and interpersonal issues through exercises and experiments in both individual and group settings. This allows clients to better understand how their thoughts and behaviors impact their health and relationships.
This document discusses cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), including its definition, history, indications, and various techniques. CBT was developed in the 1950s and aims to change unhelpful cognitive patterns and behaviors. The document outlines several CBT techniques, including cognitive restructuring, guided discovery, exposure therapy, journaling, activity scheduling, behavioral experiments, relaxation, role playing, and successive approximation. It notes both the advantages of learning practical coping strategies through CBT, as well as some potential disadvantages such as the time commitment required.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for depression that focuses on changing negative patterns of thought and behavior. At the core of CBT is the idea that a person's thoughts directly influence their mood and behavior, rather than external factors. The main goals of CBT are to help patients identify negative automatic thoughts, evaluate if they are valid, and replace them with more balanced perspectives. Therapists use techniques like cognitive restructuring and behavioral activation to help patients develop healthier thought patterns and engage in meaningful activities. CBT is a time-limited, goal-oriented approach involving active participation from patients.
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy that helps people change unhelpful thinking and behavior patterns. The document outlines the main features and basic structure of CBT. It discusses behavioral techniques like relaxation, distraction, and activity scheduling. It also covers cognitive techniques such as identifying negative thoughts, cognitive restructuring to develop more realistic perspectives, and addressing underlying assumptions. The goal of CBT is to help clients learn to challenge irrational beliefs and thoughts in order to change emotional responses and behaviors.
This document summarizes a presentation on grief therapy given by Dr. Susan Stuber. It discusses research on normal grief versus complicated grief, assessments of complicated grief, debates around including prolonged grief disorder in the DSM-V, and additions related to grief in the DSM-5. The presentation covers critiques of Kubler-Ross's five stages of grief model, analyses of criteria for complicated or prolonged grief proposed by Prigerson and Shear, and risk and protective factors for complicated grief.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a talking therapy developed in the 1950s that aims to change irrational and negative thought patterns. CBT treats conditions like anxiety, depression, phobias, OCD, and PTSD by helping patients identify faulty thoughts and beliefs that lead to negative emotions and behaviours. Therapy involves one-on-one or group sessions where a therapist works with a patient to change thoughts and develop coping mechanisms through homework assignments like keeping a thought diary. While CBT is effective for treating many disorders in the short term, it requires patient motivation and a willingness to confront anxieties.
This document discusses using CBT-E (cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders) to treat eating disorders in younger patients aged 13-18. It notes that while family-based therapy is the leading treatment for anorexia nervosa, CBT-E may be an alternative for some families. Research shows CBT-E can produce substantial increases in weight and reductions in eating disorder psychopathology in adolescents with anorexia similar to results seen in adults. Younger patients may require some modifications to CBT-E, including brief parental involvement, but the core treatment is the same as used with adults.
Brief CBT involves compressing traditional CBT into 4-8 sessions by focusing on specific problems. It is effective for issues like anxiety, depression, and social isolation. The document outlines the skills needed by therapists for brief CBT, including establishing rapport, structuring sessions, and presenting material clearly. It then presents a case study of a student with anxiety affecting his grades and relationships, conceptualizing the issues and outlining an 8 session brief CBT treatment plan focusing on relaxation, challenging thoughts, and preventing relapse.
Bron is a 39-year-old nurse who has experienced recurrent depression since her teens. Her current depressive episode began 6 months ago when she tried to return to work after maternity leave and had to care for her ill father-in-law. She experiences symptoms of depressed mood, lack of pleasure, worthlessness, poor sleep, fatigue and concentration. Her case formulation identifies a lack of self-esteem stemming from her mother's death and upbringing, which she overcomes by overcommitting to others' needs at the expense of her own. Her treatment plan aims to help her develop a balanced life, more positive self-view, assertiveness and negotiating skills through individual and potentially couples cognitive therapy.
This document discusses the various tools used in psychological diagnosis and evaluation, including objective tests, projective tests, diagnostic interviews, and analysis of eye patterns to gain access to a patient's inner thoughts and create a clinical history. It stresses the importance of a comprehensive overview of a patient's illness, a psychodynamic formulation that considers theories of personality and psychotherapy, and accounting for cultural factors when evaluating test results.
This document presents a case study of a 15-year-old client diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome and anxiety. Cognitive behavioural therapy was used to address the client's social anxiety. Over the course of treatment, the client's anxiety symptoms decreased, communication with his family improved, and he was able to independently engage in social activities like shopping and playing pool. The therapist reflected that focusing more on psychoeducation about Asperger's syndrome and behavioural experiments earlier in treatment may have led to even better outcomes for the client.
This document provides a case report for an individual therapy case using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to treat a client named Jenny. The case report includes a theoretical framework and rationale for using CBT, a psychological assessment and case formulation for Jenny, details of the therapy content and techniques employed over multiple sessions, and an evaluation of the therapy. The main goals of therapy were to challenge Jenny's negative thoughts and core beliefs about herself and her work colleagues, and to help her build relationships and cope with work through behavioral techniques like activity scheduling.
This document summarizes a seminar on behavioral pediatrics. It defines behavioral disorders as tension-reducing activities that appear in childhood development. The document then covers causes of behavioral disorders like faulty parenting, deprivation, and media influences. It describes common behavioral disorders like temper tantrums, bedwetting, nail-biting and ADHD. The assessment and management of these conditions is also discussed. The document provides an overview of behavioral disorders in children.
Cognitive therapy attempts to change problematic thoughts and behaviors by addressing faulty or unhelpful thinking patterns. Therapists help clients identify irrational beliefs and replace them with more realistic perspectives. Cognitive therapy aims to correct automatic negative thoughts that perpetuate issues like depression. It uses tactics like challenging assumptions, evaluating evidence, and discussing alternative solutions. Rational emotive therapy similarly seeks to transform irrational beliefs that cause strong emotions by teaching clients to recognize and dispute unhelpful "should" statements. Cognitive behavioral therapy combines cognitive and behavioral methods, emphasizing the discovery and modification of thinking that leads to dysfunctional behaviors.
This book provides detailed descriptions of cognitive behavioral therapy techniques. It aims to fill a gap in training students and practitioners by providing a comprehensive collection of CBT methods in one volume. The book also seeks to address the increasing misapplication of techniques due to a lack of understanding of how to properly implement them. It takes an inclusive approach, including both cognitive and behavioral techniques. The goal is to equip readers with knowledge of the complexities of faithfully applying these evidence-based psychotherapy techniques.
The document summarizes the basics of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), including its model and techniques.
CBT is based on a bio-psycho-social model that views psychopathology as stemming from maladaptive cognitions and behaviors learned through "if-then" schemas. Treatment involves identifying distorted thoughts, or "automatic thoughts", in three cognitive categories - self, others/world, future. CBT aims to overcome "cognitive blockades" and replace distortions with evidence-based thinking through collaborative, Socratic questioning between the patient and therapist. Common techniques include activity scheduling, thought monitoring/challenging, and behavioral experiments.
Jane, age 9 years 7 months, was referred for a psychological evaluation by her mother who was concerned about Jane's reading fluency and comprehension difficulties. Jane appeared comfortable during assessments but struggled with reading aloud and decoding words. Test results and teacher reports indicated issues with reading. Jane's medical and family history were unremarkable, though she reported being bullied at school which upset her. The psychological evaluation was conducted to better understand Jane's challenges and provide recommendations to support her reading development.
Cognitve Behavioural Therapy: A basic overview (written document)meducationdotnet
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is based on the theory that thoughts, beliefs and attitudes affect how people feel and behave. The document outlines key principles of CBT including the ABC model where A is the activating event, B are the beliefs about the event, and C are the consequences or emotional and behavioral responses. CBT aims to identify and dispute dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. Techniques include keeping thought records to examine connections between events, thoughts, and feelings. CBT has strong evidence for treating conditions like depression and anxiety and can be effective for other issues. Common thinking errors that CBT addresses are catastrophizing, all-or-nothing thinking, and overgeneralizing.
This document discusses cognitive distortions and cognitive therapy. It defines cognitive distortions as errors in thinking that impact one's views of self, others, and the future. Common cognitive distortions include all-or-nothing thinking, jumping to conclusions, and personalization. Cognitive therapy aims to identify and modify distorted automatic thoughts and schemas through techniques like Socratic questioning, thought recording, and behavioral experiments. The goal is to help patients develop more balanced and adaptive ways of thinking.
This document outlines 15 common cognitive distortions: all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralizing, mental filtering, discounting positives, jumping to conclusions, magnifying/minimizing, emotional reasoning, "should" statements, blaming, labeling, personalization, always being right, fallacy of change, control fallacy, and fairness fallacy. It provides examples and explanations of each distortion to help the reader identify thinking patterns that may negatively impact emotions and behaviors. The goal is to recognize distorted thinking in order to intentionally change emotions and behaviors.
Cognitive therapy views individuals as actively interpreting their environment and experiences through cognitive schemas and automatic thoughts. Therapists use assessment tools to identify clients' distorted thinking patterns and work collaboratively with clients to challenge maladaptive assumptions and beliefs through techniques like Socratic dialogue and recording automatic thoughts. The goal is to replace ineffective thinking with more adaptive cognitions to improve functioning.
This document discusses the pitfalls of perfectionism and how to avoid them. It defines perfectionism as a collection of thoughts and behaviors focused on achieving impossible standards of perfection. Perfectionism can lead to problems like depression, binge eating, and procrastination. The document recommends mindfulness techniques to avoid judgmental thoughts, focusing on positives rather than negatives, and aiming for average outcomes on tasks rather than perfection. Engaging in fun activities without competition and leaving some tasks undone each day can also help combat perfectionism.
This document summarizes 13 mindsets that can contribute to procrastination and lack of motivation, as described by Dr. David Burns. These mindsets include hopelessness, helplessness, feeling overwhelmed, jumping to conclusions, self-labeling, undervaluing rewards, perfectionism, and fears of failure, success, disapproval, coercion, frustration, guilt, and self-blame. The document provides brief descriptions of each mindset and how it can negatively impact motivation. It concludes by noting that avoidance causes anxiety while exposure can cure anxiety.
This document summarizes Stephen Covey's book "Seven Habits of Highly Effective People" by linking each of the 7 habits to a unique human endowment or capability. It discusses each habit and the associated endowment, describing how people can develop along a continuum from low to high effectiveness. The primary endowments linked to habits 1-3 are self-awareness, imagination and conscience, and willpower. Secondary endowments like abundance mentality, courage and consideration, and creativity are linked to habits 4-6. Habit 7 of continuous self-renewal is linked to overcoming entropy and improving oneself.
The passage discusses critical thinking and provides definitions from several sources. Critical thinking is defined as carefully examining and evaluating observations, communications, and arguments in an analytical and discerning way. It involves interpreting and making judgments about opinions and different perspectives rather than just finding fault. The passage also discusses identifying biases that can influence how opinions are evaluated and provides tips for identifying the main issue and conclusion in presentations to think critically.
The document discusses the importance of critical thinking and developing good critical thinking skills. It provides several benefits of critical thinking such as improved attention, ability to identify key points, skills in analysis, and an educated mind. It also discusses some obstacles to critical thinking like emotions, narrow-mindedness, and distrust. It provides tips for critical thinking, such as knowing your goals, dealing with biases, considering options and consequences, doing research, and not overcomplicating issues. The document encourages reflecting on one's own thinking and identifying problems and ways to improve thinking across different domains of life.
This document provides an overview of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). It discusses key figures in the development of CBT like Epictetus, Albert Ellis, and Aaron Beck. The document outlines characteristics of CBT, including its focus on how thoughts influence feelings and behaviors, its short-term and goal-oriented nature, emphasis on current behaviors, and collaborative approach between therapist and client. Specific CBT techniques are described, such as challenging irrational beliefs, keeping thought records, and assigning homework to change behaviors. Cognitive distortions that can be targeted in therapy are also defined.
This document provides an overview of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). It discusses key thinkers in CBT like Ellis and Beck and characteristics of CBT such as its focus on thoughts influencing feelings and behaviors. The document outlines populations that benefit from CBT, basic tools and treatment plans used in CBT. It also summarizes rational emotive behavior therapy, a form of CBT, and clinical applications of CBT for various disorders and situations.
An analysis of criminal thinking, boundary setting, contract building, and ways that a volunteer can ensure that they are being effective by reducuing the potential for being used or conned.
The document discusses the importance of critical thinking and developing good thinking skills. It aims to enable students to understand what thinking is, reflect on classes, develop the habit of learning through critical thinking, and understand why regular thinking and critically evaluating situations is important for becoming a leader. It defines thinking and covers concept formation, problem solving, learning, memory, and more. It explains that understanding human life involves understanding thinking, as thinking allows us to make sense of the world. Everything we know, believe, want, fear, and hope for is determined by our thinking.
The 10 steps required to execute the power of intentionJulio Banks
This paper is intended to guide the "Dreamer" or "Dream weaver" to consider his or her desire to have an entity (a thing or a relationship) manifest for the benefit of all involved. "If one gets to keep" one will be less satisfied that "If one gets to give". It is not "The love of money..." but "The lust of money ...", "... the root of all sorts of evil". A simple acquisition prayer is "Lord, give me health to make wealth and wisdom to properly manage those resources for the benefit of all the people of good will associated with me"
See it and Catch it! Recognizing the Thought Traps that Negatively Impact How...bkling
A cancer diagnosis is stressful. Feelings of worry, fear, self-doubt, sadness, and loneliness are normal but can feel exhausting and consuming at times. Cultivating a habit of thought-watching and learning to recognize thought traps that might be contributing to our discomfort can help us respond and care for ourselves in helpful ways. Learn more about the connection between what we think and how we feel and what you can do about it that might impact how you feel today. Let’s talk about it.
Understand the psychology of human brain and its use in everyday life.
catch the liars vested in the crowd and read some astonishing psychological facts
CHAPTER The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Quest.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER
The Benefit and Manner of
Asking the Right Questions
THE NOISY, CONFUSED WORLD WE LIVE IN
This book encourages you to learn something we think can change your life
for the better. That something is "critical thinking." But there is an imaginary
world that some of us inhabit where there is no need at all for critical think-
ing. In this imaginary world several conditions prevail:
1. We are each allowed the independence to make decisions about reli-
gion, politics, and what we will and will not buy or believe. Advertisers,
marketers, public relations specialists, campaign managers, and advo-
cates of various worldviews will provide us only the information that we
need to make decisions that result in building a life that we choose.
2. Anyone trying to persuade us of anything will always explain the disad-
vantages of what he or she wants us to do.
3. Any time we are confused about one of life's important questions, we
can quickly find a dependable expert, authority, or wise person. Fur-
thermore, these voices of knowledge will all agree with one another. In
short, we need not be anxious about what to do or believe because the
wise ones will have the answer. Our task is simply to locate and listen to
them.
4. Our minds are calm, engaged, reflective, and curious whenever faced
with an important choice.
We hope you realize that the world we actually live in is nothing like the
Never-Never Land, we just described.
1
2 Chapter 1 • The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Questions
In the real world, we are assaulted on all sides by others who insist that
we must do what they tell us we should do. They know best. They know
what we should wear, eat, buy, and believe. They claim to possess a truth
that we must accept. They say they want to help us. They will not leave us
alone to form our own understanding of who we should become.
As an illustration, in a 5-minute Internet search we found the following
advice with respect to the relatively simple question: Should we use more tea?
These were all found on web sites urging you to buy more tea.
• Use green tea to ease itching and swelling.
• Use strong tea as a disinfectant on cuts and bruises.
• Use strong tea to treat athlete's foot. Bathe the foot twice a day for ten
minutes for up to several weeks.
• Press rehydrated tealeaves on teeth to reduce the pain of toothache.
• Chewing rehydrated tealeaves cleanses the breath.
• Soak a towel in warm tea, and place the towel on tired eyes to refresh
them.
• Wash the face with warm tea to reduce skin rashes and pimples.
• Rinse washed hair with strong tea for shine and softness.
The people making these claims want us to change our behavior. Planning to
buy more tea?
To make matters worse, those trying to persuade us do not play fair as
they try to shape us. They tell us half-truths at best. The socialist does not
explain the dangers of a large government. The conservative does not explain
...
Bjmc i ecls_u-4_positive attitude and outlookRai University
This document discusses positive attitude and outlook. It defines positive attitude as looking at the bright side of situations and having favorable views. Positive thinking is described as embracing affirmative thoughts and expecting good results. Developing a positive attitude involves practices like positive self-talk, helping others, expressing gratitude, and focusing on enjoyable moments. Maintaining a positive outlook provides benefits like better health, stress management, and resilience during hardships.
Similar to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A Basic Overview (Presentation) (20)
1. Brown-Séquard syndrome was first described in 1850 based on observations of machete injuries in sugar cane farmers, with key features being ipsilateral motor paralysis and mixed sensory loss below the level of the spinal cord lesion.
2. Understanding the anatomy of ascending and descending spinal tracts is important for explaining the clinical features of Brown-Séquard syndrome and other spinal cord injuries.
3. Injuries can disrupt motor or sensory tracts differently, causing varying neurological deficits depending on whether the lesion involves upper or lower motor neurons.
The document discusses several inflammatory arthropathies known as spondylarthropathies. They are commonly associated with the HLA B27 gene and involve entheses, synovium, and the spine. Major types include ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthropathy, reactive arthritis, and enteropathic arthritis. They often present with enthesitis, uveitis, and spondylitis and are treated with NSAIDs, DMARDs, anti-TNF drugs, or surgery depending on the specific condition and symptoms.
Lung cancer is classified into two main types - non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC makes up about 80% of cases and can be further divided into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. SCLC accounts for 10-15% of lung cancers and grows more quickly. The main symptoms are cough, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Risk factors include smoking, asbestos exposure, and radiation exposure. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum analysis, biopsies, CT scans, and PET scans to determine the cancer type and stage. Treatment options depend on the cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy
Eczema herpeticum is a potentially life-threatening herpes infection that occurs when herpes simplex virus infects disrupted skin in patients with pre-existing skin conditions like eczema or atopic dermatitis. It presents with clusters of vesicles and punched-out erosions that spread and become hemorrhagic and crusted. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic lesions along with fever and pain, and can be confirmed with tests like Tzanck smear, viral culture, or antibody testing. Aggressive treatment with IV acyclovir is required to prevent complications like herpes keratitis, which can lead to blindness. Early recognition and effective antiviral therapy are important given the potential severity of eczema her
The vagus nerve connects organs in the neck and below to the brainstem. It has both sensory and motor functions and helps control the heart rate, digestion, and other involuntary processes. Stimulation of the vagus nerve has been shown to reduce seizures, experimental pain, and inflammation, and may help treat conditions like epilepsy, obesity, and heart disease. Damage to the vagus nerve or its connections in the brainstem can impact swallowing, heart rate variability, and level of consciousness.
Poor water and sanitation are responsible for a huge global burden of disease, with contaminated water alone contributing to about 2.4 million preventable deaths per year, mainly in children. While progress has been made in increasing access to safe water and improved sanitation, current rates of progress will not meet the Millennium Development Goal targets. Water and sanitation remain a low priority on international development agendas despite their importance for health and achieving the MDGs. Coordinated efforts are still needed to address this critical issue.
This document discusses medical student electives in developing countries. It notes potential benefits like exposure to rare diseases and personal growth, but also flags ethical issues. Electives could exploit local health systems and raise false expectations. They may perpetuate neo-colonial practices by benefiting students and health systems in wealthy countries more than local populations. The document also examines how non-governmental organizations can undermine public health systems and calls for electives to minimize harm, respect local needs, and establish long-term exchange programs to provide mutual benefit.
This document provides an overview of global health by defining key terms, outlining major players and organizations, and summarizing the history and evolution of the field from 1945 to the present day. It describes how global health has shifted from a focus on infectious disease control to addressing social determinants of health and health issues that transcend national borders. Major milestones discussed include the founding of the UN and WHO, the Alma-Ata Declaration, structural adjustment policies, the Millennium Declaration and MDGs, debt relief campaigns, and the establishment of the Global Fund. The summary highlights the ongoing tension between disease-specific and comprehensive primary healthcare approaches.
The document discusses how international organizations like the WTO and treaties it has established like TRIPS and GATS impact healthcare. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and its dispute process enforces agreements. TRIPS established intellectual property standards that require drug patenting, raising prices. Some countries like Brazil and South Africa have issued compulsory licenses to produce cheaper generics, facing opposition from pharmaceutical companies but helping improve access to treatment.
Global health examines influences on health across borders, including issues like globalization, poverty, and human rights. It draws from multiple disciplines. Globalization refers to reducing barriers between countries, leading to increased trade, investment, and communication. This has effects like economic growth but also rising inequalities. Agreements like TRIPS have increased pharmaceutical patent protection globally, raising concerns about access to medicines, especially in developing countries. Networks of both commercial and civil society actors have been important in debates over balancing intellectual property with public health.
Migration of health care workers has both positive and negative effects on health. It reduces the availability of health services in source countries while increasing access in destination countries. This unequal distribution of health workers is driven by push factors like low pay and poor working conditions in source countries and pull factors like higher wages in destination countries. As a result, source countries experience worse health outcomes due to lack of health workers, while destination countries receive an indirect subsidy through the receipt and employment of trained medical professionals from poorer nations. Proposed policy responses aim to strengthen health systems in source countries, implement ethical recruitment practices, and foster partnerships between nations to promote more equitable health worker distribution.
Global institutions play major roles in health financing and policy. The key players discussed are the World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Trade Organization (WTO). The WHO is the UN agency for health, working with 192 member states. The World Bank aims to reduce poverty through loans and policy advice to developing countries. The IMF promotes international monetary cooperation and provides temporary financial assistance. The WTO, formed in 1995, ensures trade flows freely through treaties and enforcement mechanisms, which some criticize can undermine public health systems.
Haemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by excessive iron accumulation in the body. It affects around 0.5% of Caucasians and usually presents in the 40s-50s with a triad of pigmentation, diabetes mellitus, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated serum iron, transferrin saturation over 50%, and elevated serum ferritin. Liver biopsy can confirm iron deposition and damage. Treatment aims to reduce iron stores through weekly venesection of 1 unit of blood for 6-12 months followed by maintenance venesection.
Ascites is an abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, commonly caused by portal hypertension due to cirrhosis. It results from sodium and water retention triggered by vasodilation and activation of the renin-angiotensin system, as well as increased hydrostatic pressure and transudation of fluid from the liver and spleen into the peritoneal cavity. Hypoalbuminemia due to decreased liver function also contributes by reducing plasma oncotic pressure. Spironolactone is used as treatment as it is an aldosterone antagonist. Management involves dietary sodium restriction, diuretics, stopping alcohol, monitoring for complications, and procedures such as paracentesis or shunts.
The liver has two lobes, separated by veins, and is divided into sections supplied by individual blood vessels. Blood flows through hepatic arteries and portal veins into sinusoids, where waste is filtered by Kupffer cells in the space of Disse before draining into hepatic veins. The liver performs many functions including synthesizing proteins, metabolizing carbohydrates and lipids, and detoxifying hormones and drugs. Liver function can be assessed through blood tests of enzymes and proteins.
Antidepressants such as SSRIs, TCAs, and MAOIs work by increasing levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, or both in the brain. SSRIs are generally first-line treatment and safer in overdose than TCAs, but TCAs may be better for severe depression. Both classes of drugs can cause side effects like dry mouth, nausea, and sexual dysfunction. Antidepressants may take 10-20 days to work and should be continued for at least 6 months after symptoms improve to prevent relapse. Combining certain antidepressants can be dangerous due to increased serotonin levels.
Gout is caused by deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, which leads to acute inflammation. It typically presents as sudden severe pain, swelling and redness in one joint, most commonly the big toe. Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and identification of crystals in joint fluid under polarized microscopy. Treatment involves medications to reduce symptoms during acute attacks as well as long-term drugs like allopurinol or probenecid to lower uric acid levels and prevent future episodes. Without treatment, gout can progress to a chronic stage with multiple joint involvement and growth of tophi deposits in the tissues.
Review of orthopaedic services: Prepared for the Auditor General for Scotland...meducationdotnet
1. Orthopaedics is a large specialty that treats musculoskeletal conditions through surgery, medication, and rehabilitation. It accounts for a significant portion of NHS spending and activity in Scotland.
2. Waiting times for orthopaedic services have reduced in recent years through changes to service delivery and additional funded activity. However, further improvements to meet 18-week referral targets will be challenging to sustain.
3. There is variation in orthopaedic efficiency across Scotland that is not fully explained by resources or procedures. The report finds opportunities to use existing resources more efficiently through measures like increasing day surgery and reducing hospital length of stay.
This document discusses the use of muscle relaxants in anesthesia and the potential role of sugammadex as a reversal agent. It provides background on why muscle relaxants are used, types of muscle relaxants, and current problems with reversal agents. It then summarizes research on sugammadex, which appears to be a more effective reversal agent than anticholinesterases, allowing faster recovery from neuromuscular blockade. Sugammadex may allow safer use of muscle relaxants and replace agents like suxamethonium, but economic factors will also influence its adoption.
This document contains a series of slides related to ophthalmology. It tests the reader's knowledge on topics like visual acuity measurements, refractive errors, eye abnormalities, causes of vision loss, and eye examination techniques. The slides include images showing conditions like cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachments, and more. Key details are provided about diagnoses, symptoms, investigations, and treatments.
2. Learning Objectives
1. To develop a basic knowledge of the importance of CBT in
clinical practice and the conditions for which it can be
used
2. To understand the key principles of CBT and the
Activating Event – Belief – Consequence concept
3. To develop the ability to perceive thinking errors in
oneself and others
4. To understand the basic techniques that are used for
various conditions
5. To be able to set Specific, Positive, Observable, Realistic
and Timed goals for oneself and others
3. Lesson Overview
1. Introduction to CBT
2. Principles of CBT
3. *Task 1*
4. Thinking errors
5. CBT in practice
6. *Task 2*
7. Case discussion
8. *Task 3*
9. Discussion and conclusion
4.
5. What is CBT?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is based on the idea that our
emotions are governed by our thoughts
At face value the majority of what CBT teaches is common
sense
CBT aims to encourage people to have a more objective
view of events by developing more healthy emotions
“Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which
they take of them” (Epictetus in The Enchiridion)
6. What can it be used for?
Conditions for which NICE has
issued guidance for the use of
CBT:
Schizophrenia
Eating disorders
Self-harm
Anxiety
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Depression in children
Dementia
Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
Disturbed (violent) behaviour
Other conditions for which CBT
may prove beneficial:
Addiction
Chronic fatigue syndrome
Chronic pain
Personality disorders
Phobias
Relationship problems
Psychotic disorders
7. Where’s the evidence?
CBT has one of the strongest evidence bases of
all psychotherapies.
The vast majority of this research related to the
implementation of CBT for the treatment of
anxiety and depression
Many randomised controlled trials have shown
CBT to be more effective or equivalent to
medication for their management
To take the example of depression, a one-year
follow up of a recent trial indicates that patients
undergoing CBT were less likely to relapse than
patients taking antidepressants alone.
9. People are different
Many people assume that an event makes them
feel a certain way e.g. someone who treats them
inconsiderately makes them feel angry.
Some people may even say that this makes them
behave in a certain way.
However, many people will react differently to the
same event
This is because different people will have had
different thought processes at the time
It is these thought processes which determine
how we act
10. Example
Imagine someone close to you treats you inconsiderately. How do
you feel?
Person 1: Angry “That idiot has no right to treat me that way”
Person 2: Depressed “This lack of consideration means they don’t love
me”
Person 3: Jealous “This means they care more about someone else”
Person 4: Hurt “I don’t deserve to be treated poorly because I am
always considerate”
Person 5: Guilty “I must have done something to upset them”
Person 6: Anxious “This must mean they’re losing interest in me”
Person 7: Happy “Great now I can use this as an excuse to end our
relationship”
Person 8: Annoyed “I’m not prepared to put up with this behaviour”
Person 9: Disappointed “I wish they had been more considerate”
Person 10: Ashamed “They must have found out something about me”
11. Learning your ABCs
A is the Activating event:
It may refer to a real external event, an external event
that is anticipated to happen in the future or an internal
event in the subject’s own mind (e.g. image, memory,
dream)
B refers to the Beliefs of the subject:
These include thoughts, personal expectations of
yourself, the world and other people and the meanings
attached to events
C refers to the Consequences:
These include emotions, behaviours and the physical
sensations related to certain emotions.
12.
13. Dispute and Effect
CBT encourages people to think about
what thoughts and beliefs they attach to
events
They are then encouraged to question
these beliefs and generate new healthy
alternatives
This is often done by filling in “ABCDE”
forms where D stands for Dispute and E
stands for Effect
14. *Task 1*
Write down on a slip of paper the last time that
you felt angry
Now write down the last time that you felt upset
Now, for each of these, write down your thoughts
at the time of the incident
Many people find that the times that they felt
angry they criticised the actions of other people,
whereas the times that they felt upset they
criticised themselves
Was this also what you found?
15. Thinking errors
These are errors in thinking that we all make from time to time i.e. they are normal
However, it is these thinking errors that prevent us from thinking rationally about our situation
By working out which thinking errors people are prone to, we can work out how to
prevent/correct this:
1. Catastrophising: Taking a relatively minor negative event and imagining disasters resulting
from this one event.
2. All-or-nothing thinking: Extreme thinking that can lead to extreme emotions.
3. Fortune telling: Trying to predict what might happen in the future.
4. Mind-reading: Assuming that other people have negative thoughts.
5. Emotional reasoning: Relying too heavily on our feelings as a guide to our thoughts.
6. Overgeneralising: Drawing global conclusions from events (“always”, “never”, “people are …”,
“the world is ….”).
7. Labelling: Globally rating things that are too complex for a definitive label.
8. Making demands: Thoughts and beliefs that contains words like “must”, “should”, “need”,
“ought”, “got to” and “have to”.
9. Mental filtering: Acknowledging only information that fits with your particular belief system.
10. Disqualifying the positive: Transforming a positive event into a neutral or negative event in
your mind.
11. Low frustration tolerance: Magnifying discomfort and not tolerating it even temporarily.
12. Personalising: Interpreting events as relating to you personally.
16. Thinking errors - examples
1. "Nobody likes me."
2. "I'm the worst student in the world."
3. "I missed the bus, I'm such an incapable person."
4. "I should study longer."
5. "I'm causing problems for a lot of people."
6. "I didn't remember to get a Christmas present for Cassandra's
kid, hence I'm useless (even though I remembered presents for
all others)."
7. "I'll never get a job."
8. "I'm a jerk."
9. "It's always my fault."
10. "I must get a Distinction in my exam or else I'm worthless."
11. "So I scored the goal that won the match, anyone could do it."
12. "If I haven't had sex by the time I'm 20 I may as well give up
thoughts of intimate relationships forever."
13. "Although I got high distinctions in all my subjects, I failed PE,
hence I'm a failure."
14. "I'm angry, so somebody must be trying to take advantage of
me."
15. "I failed to put out the garbage bins again, the world will end."
16. "So I got the University Medal in physics, anyone could do it."
17. "I should do better at my work."
18. "I'm miserable so I must be a miserable person."
19. "So what if David said he was proud of me, he doesn't mean it."
20. "I'm so fat I could never succeed in life."
1. Mind-reading
2. Labelling
3. All-or-nothing thinking
4. Making demands
5. Personalising
6. Mental filtering
7. Fortune telling
8. Labelling
9. Personalising
10. Making demands
11. Disqualifying the positive
12. Fortune telling
13. Mental filtering
14. Emotional reasoning
15. Catastrophising
16. Disqualifying the positive
17. Making demands
18. Emotional reasoning
19. Disqualifying the positive
20. All-or-nothing thinking
19. Anxiety
FEAR = Face Everything And Recover
Exposure/desensitisation – facing up to
anxiety
Habituation – becoming accustomed to
anxiety
Wait until anxiety reduced by half before
ending the exposure
20.
21. Depression
CBT encourages depressed people to do the exact
opposite of what their depression makes them
feel like doing
This may seem enormously hard, but CBT
encourages people to take small steps towards a
greater goal
Many people find that, although they do not
enjoy activities as much as they would have done
before becoming depressed, they are glad to
have done something
CBT also helps depressed individuals to recognise
their depressed thoughts and prevent rumination
22. OCD
Experiment – reduce/increase compulsions
and see how this affects their obsessions
Patients normally find that they become
more preoccupied with their obsessions,
the more they carry out the compulsions
(and vice versa), thus proving that there is
a plausible link between the two
Patients are also encouraged to create
“responsibility pie charts” to help them see
that they are not entirely responsible for
the outcome of events
23. Example – woman who is obsessed about harm coming to her children from
poisonous substances (believes she herself would be entirely to blame if
something were to happen)
Responsibility pie chart
The children
Other people for keeping
things clean and
uncontaminated
My partner sharing
responsibility for the
children's well-being
Government and Council
for protecting us from
toxis substances
Me
toxic substances
Responsibility pie chart
The children
Other people for keeping
things clean and
uncontaminated
My partner sharing
responsibility for the
children's well-being
Government and Council
for protecting us from
toxis substances
Me
toxic substances
24. *Task 2*
You can save this task for later if you want!
Grab a partner and sit back to back
Ask your partner to tell you a story for one minute
Now recall as many points from the story as you can
Now ask them to tell you a story again, but this time,
deliberately distract yourself and refocus your attention
Now again, recall as many points from the story as you can
It is likely that you will find that you remembered a lot less
the second time, but with practice, you can train yourself to
refocus successfully
This technique can be very useful in day-to-day activities
when you find yourself distracted
26. Case scenarios
For the following 3 cases, attempt to
answer the following questions:
What is the condition is this patient likely to be
suffering from?
What is the thinking error discussed?
What different techniques might be useful for
this patient?
27. Case 1
Mrs. Olivia Catherine Denton has been feeling “on
edge” and anxious for some time. You see her at
home, and she says that she constantly thinks
about the possibility of her house burning down
and feels the need to check and re-check various
electrical appliances and has to come home from
work several times each day just to check it’s still
there. When asked further about the most recent
time she felt on edge (not long before this
consultation), she describes how her husband put
some toast on and she had to stand and watch it.
She says she thought “If I look away for a split
second there will be a fire, which will spread to
the rest of the house, and it will all be my fault”.
28. Case 2
Mr. B. Down has been feeling particularly
low for some time. He spends most of his
time in bed, and when he does get up, he
does not feel he has the energy to do
anything. He tells you that he was feeling
particularly “low” this morning when his
wife informed him that she was taking the
children out for the day. He said that he
thought “She didn’t bother to invite me.
I’m a useless pathetic failure and my wife
and kids agree”.
29. Case 3
Ms. Ann X has an immense fear of social
situations, particularly events such as large
parties involving lots of people. She says that she
was invited to an event last weekend but was
unable to go. She says she imagined herself
making a fool of herself (e.g. falling over and
exposing herself) in front of everyone and being
ridiculed by the other guests. This gave her an
overwhelming sense of fear that manifested as a
fast heart rate, wobbly knees, dry throat and
butterflies in the stomach. She said she thought
“If I go to this party, then I am bound to draw
attention to myself and be hugely embarrassed”.
30. *Task 3*
The best goals use a “SPORT” format
This means that they are Specific,
Positive, Observable, Realistic and Timed
Use this format to set yourself your own
goal – it can be anything that you want to
achieve
Remember this format for the future when
setting yourself goals and objectives
31. Conclusion
CBT is an evidence-based therapy that has been
shown to be useful in the management of many
psychological conditions including depression,
anxiety and OCD
The main principle of CBT is that our thoughts
control our emotions and how we react to events
(Activating event – Beliefs – Consequences)
CBT encourages people to recognise errors in
their thinking, in order to help them to react
healthily to events
32.
33. References:
1. Wilson R & Branch R. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for
Dummies, John Riley & Sons, Edition 1, 2005
2. National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists. History of
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy. Available via URL:
http://www.nacbt.org/historyofcbt.htm [Accessed 8 Nov 2009]
3. Dimidjian, S., Hollon, S.D., Dobson, K.S., et al. (2006)
Randomized trial of behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, and
antidepressant medication in the acute treatment of adults with
major depression. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 74,
658-670.
4. Fava, G.A., Ruini, C., Rafanelli, C., et al. (2004) Six-year outcome
of cognitive behavior therapy for prevention of recurrent
depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1872-1876.
5. Nice Guidelines. CG90 Depression in adults 28 Oct 2009
6. Willson R & Branch R. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy For
Dummies. Wiley Publishing 2006
Editor's Notes
This presentation provides a basic overview of the principles behind cognitive behavioural therapy and its clinical uses. In order to gain the most out of this presentation, I suggest you access the written document entitled “Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: A basic overview”, which accompanies this presentation.
These are the learning objectives that you should expect to have achieved by the end of this presentation.
I will begin by introducing the concept of CBT and the basic principles that surround it. I will then move on to discuss thinking errors in more detail. I will then discuss the clinical use of CBT and work through some clinical scenarios. Throughout this presentation, I will set tasks that will help you to further your understanding of CBT.
So to start of with – what is CBT? Well firstly, CBT stands for “cognitive behavioural therapy”. It is based on the idea that our emotions are governed by our thoughts. In fact, a lot of what CBT teaches can in fact be considered to be common sense; but I’m sure even the most intelligent individual would agree how easy it is to forget our own common sense. CBT simply teaches individuals to rationalise their thoughts and to view events from an objective viewpoint. The quote shown provides a useful summary of the viewpoint of CBT; that men are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them.
CBT is recognised by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence as an appropriate management technique for various conditions including depression, anxiety and OCD. However, there is evidence that suggests that CBT may in fact be beneficial for further conditions including addiction, chronic fatigue syndrome or perhaps even personality disorders.
CBT has been around for many years and, therefore, has one of the strongest evidence bases of all psychotherapies. The majority of this research relates to its use in the management of anxiety and depression. In terms of the management of depression, it is generally accepted that CBT is as effective or, if not, more effective than treatment with medication alone.
One of the first things that CBT teaches is that people are different and that people think and react differently to events to other people. Many people often say that an event “made” them feel a certain way and some people would go so far as to say that this “made” them behave in a certain way. Realising that it was in fact their own thought process that led to their emotion or behaviour is key to the concepts behind CBT.
Imagine someone close to you treats you inconsiderately. How would you feel in this situation? It is likely that you thought of just one emotion, but as you can see, many different people would have different reactions to this same scenario. Some people might be angry, others might be anxious, whilst another person might feel depressed. We all have different thought processes, meaning that we are all likely to feel different emotions.
The principles behind CBT are often thought of in an “ABC” format, where “A” stands for the “Activating event”, “B” stands for the “Beliefs” of the individual and “C” stands for the “Consequences”. The activating event is the thing that triggers the thought process and this can be both external and internal. An external event is a real event that has happened or that is anticipated to happen, whereas an internal event is an image created in the individual’s own mind. The beliefs of the individual include their thoughts, their personal expectations and the meanings that they attach to events. Consequences include emotions, behaviours and in some circumstances, physical sensations.
This diagram shows the ABC concept more clearly. Additionally, this diagram shows how the three areas have a lot of interplay between each other and can lead to a vicious cycle. Identification of the existence of this cycle can help the individual to break it.
In order to help break the ABC cycle individuals are encouraged to question their thoughts an beliefs and to generate new healthy alternatives. One way of doing this is to fill in an “ABCDE” form, where D stands for Dispute, and E stands for effect. After identifying their own detrimental beliefs, they are encouraged to question it – which is the dispute. The effect of this is the impact that is has upon them. This might be feeling a different emotion, or it might be feeling the same emotion, but to a lesser extent.
This is the first task that I would like you to complete. Grab a pen and a slip of paper. Firstly, write down the last time that you felt angry. Now, write down the last time that you felt upset. Now, for each of these, write down your thoughts at the time of the incident. Pause this presentation at this point if you would like time to think. Many people find that the times that they felt angry they criticised the actions of other people, whereas the times that they felt upset, they criticised themselves. Was this also what you found?
Thinking errors are a key principle in CBT – they are the sorts of thoughts that prevent people from thinking and reacting rationally about a situation. However, thinking errors are normal, in that, everyone experiences from time to time, it’s just that some people experience them more than others or put too much emphasis on them. Certain people are more prone to certain types of thinking errors. By identifying these thinking errors, people can work out hoe to prevent or correct this. There are 12 main types of thinking errors, as shown above. The first of these is catastrophising, which fits with the saying of “making mountains out of mole-hills” – that is turning something minor into something more serious. The second of these is all-or-nothing thinking; this is where an individual thinks that if something isn’t true or hasn’t been achieved, then the opposite must be true. Fortune telling is when people try to make assumptions about the future. Mind-reading is when people make assumptions about other people’s thoughts. Emotional reasoning applies to situations where individuals rely too heavily on their emotions as a guide to their thoughts. That is, they think that if they feel in a certain way, then a certain idea must be true. The 6th thinking error is overgeneralising. Here, people use phrases such as “always” or “never” – anyone who has ever sat a medicine mcq should know that these types of phrases are “never” the right answer! Labelling means assuming that things with certain features are all the same. The thinking error of making demands applies to any belief that uses words such a must, should or need. Mental filtering is a process by which individuals ignore any information that does not fit with their own belief system. Disqualifying the positive is similar and involves transforming a positive event into a neutral or negative event. The 11th thinking error is having a low frustration tolerance. Finally, the last thinking error is personalising, where an individual interprets an event as relating to them personally.
Here are 10 examples of different thinking errors. For each of these, have a think about what you think the thinking error being described is and click to find out if you are right. If you are incorrect, make sure you understand why the phrase applies to the thinking error being discussed. Under certain circumstances, certain phrases might include multiple thinking errors.
The next slides explain how CBT is used for some of the most common condition for which it is used.
The basic principle used behind the management of different types of anxiety is FEAR, which stands for face everything and recover. The basic idea behind this is to face up to the fear and realise that it is not as bad as they had thought it might be. Generally, this is not performed through flooding, but rather through a graded exposure desensitisation pattern and habituation. Individuals are often advised to face up to their fear and wait until their anxiety has reduced by half before ending the exposure. Ending the exposure too soon will not help the individual to overcome their anxiety.
This graph demonstrates more clearly the general principles behind the management of anxiety by CBT. At the first exposure, the anxiety is greatest and lasts longest but through continued exposure anxiety levels are reduced in both the period of time that they last and their intensity.
The principles behind the management of depression by CBT are actually fairly simple. Individuals are encouraged to do the exact opposite of what their depression makes them feel like doing. For instance, if they feel like they want to spend all day in bed, they are encouraged to get out of bed and do something. In a similar manner to the management of anxiety the individual is encouraged to take small steps so that each small step can be felt as an achievement. Normally individuals are glad to have done something, although they might not enjoy it as much as they did before they were depressed. Another way that CBT is used in the management of depression is to encourage individuals to recognise their negative thoughts and to break the cycle of rumination that often ensues. Rumination is the process of repetitively focussing on negative aspects of their life. They concentrate on their symptoms and the causes and consequences of these, which ultimately makes them feel worse.
Obsessive compulsive disorder is another condition where CBT is commonly employed. Individuals with CBT experience both compulsive behaviour and obsessive thoughts but they may not be aware of the link between the two. One way of demonstrating this to the individual is to perform an experiment. Ask them to reduce or increase their compulsions and see how this affects their obsessions. Normally, they will find that their obsessions increase if their compulsions are increased and their obsessions decrease if their compulsions decrease. The opposite of this is also true. Once the individual is aware of this link, a plan can then be made in the steps that can be taken to reduce both their compulsions and their obsessions. Again, this is likely to involve taking small steps towards their greater goal. Another technique that is particularly useful for OCD is to encourage individuals to create responsibility pie charts. This is shown more clearly on the next slide.
This is an example of a responsibility pie chart for a woman who is obsessed about harm coming to her children from poisonous substances. Before creating this pie chart, she felt that she would be entirely to blame if something were to happen. They are encouraged to think of other people or factors that might be responsible and to add these to the pie chart with an estimated distribution. They add their own responsibility in last. In this example, the individual has still given themselves the greatest responsibility but they can recognise that they would not be entirely to blame and that in fact they have attributed less than half of the responsibility to themselves.
This is the second task that I would like you to complete. You can save this task for later if you prefer! You will need a partner for the purpose of this task. Sit back to back with your partner and ask them to tell you a story for one minute. Now try to recall as many different points from the story as you can. Now ask them to tell you a story again, but this time, deliberately distract yourself and refocus your attention. Now again, recall as many points from the story as you can. It is likely that you will remember a lot less the second time, but with practice, you can train yourself to refocus successfully. This technique can be useful in day-to-day activities when you find yourself distracted.
I have created 3 case scenarios that I would like you to work through. I will not be narrating on these scenarios as I would like you to work through them in your own time. For each scenario, try to answer the following questions. Firstly, what is the condition this patient is likely to be suffering from? Secondly, what is the thinking error discussed in the case? Lastly, what different techniques might be useful for this patient?
This is the final task that I would like you to complete. It is purely for your own benefit. I would like you to think of something that you would like to achieve, however, big or small. Now I would like you to write this goal down but ensure that your goal is specific, positive, observable, realistic and timed. For instance, instead of saying “I don’t want to do badly in my exams” you could say “I would like to get above 60% in my end of year examinations”. Use this tool in the future when setting yourself goals and objectives.
The main points that I hope you take away from this presentation are that CBT is an evidence-based therapy that has been shown to be useful for many different conditions, that the main principle behind CBT is that our thoughts control our emotions and how we react to events and that CBT helps people to recognise errors in their thinking in order to help them react healthily to events. I hope that you have found this presentation useful. Please leave me feedback on what you enjoyed about this presentation and how you think it might be improved.