Emerging Trends in Scholarly Communication and the coming Decade of Open Access
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This document discusses emerging trends in open access scholarly communications over the coming decade. It outlines key issues like changing research contexts in the digital environment, tensions between openness and quality/impact measures, and the need to rethink how impact is measured. Open access is presented as important for disseminating research relevant to development. The current system of scholarly publishing is described as dysfunctional, commodifying public knowledge. The document advocates aligning research incentives with open access values and recognizing collaborative outputs from networked scholarship.
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Emerging Trends in Scholarly Communication and the coming Decade of Open Access
- 1. Emerging Trends in Scholarly Communications and the Coming Decade of Open Access Indian Institute of Information Technology and Leslie Chan Management- Kerala (IIITM-K) Center for Critical Development Studies Technopark, Trivandrum Bioline International Kerala, INDIA University of Toronto Scarborough
- 4. Key issues • Changing contexts of research discovery and dissemination in the digital environment • Why Open Access is important for “development” • Open Access as a philosophical principle and a set of practical tools • “Journal” no longer serves the needs of networked scholarship • Why greater openness is good for science • Tensions between openness, quality measures, impact, and policies
- 5. Key Issues • From “Wealth of Nations” to “Wealth of Networks” • Need to rethink measurements of “impact” and values, especially for research relevant to development • Innovations are happening in the “peripheries” but there are gatekeepers and social barriers • Towards a convergence of key values and policy goals
- 6. The Dysfunctional Economy of Scholarly Communications • Commodification of public knowledge Bundling • Oligopoly • Artificial scarcity • Homogeneity of forms and functions • Reputation management
- 9. The World of Scientific Output According to Thomson’s ISI Science Citation Index Data from 2002 http://www.worldmapper.org/display.php?selected=205
- 11. Has the Internet become an avatar Has the Internet become an avatar of Gandhi’s charkha? Can its many of Gandhi’s charkha? Can its many marvels—social media, participative marvels—social media, participative democracy, collaborative science, democracy, collaborative science, etc., have the transformative energy etc., have the transformative energy of the spinning wheel? of the spinning wheel? MUSIC OF THE SPINNING WHEEL MUSIC OF THE SPINNING WHEEL by Sudheendra Kularni by Sudheendra Kularni PUBLISHED BY AMARYLLIS || PUBLISHED BY AMARYLLIS
- 12. “An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good.” Budapest Open Access Initiative http://www.soros.org/openaccess/read.shtml
- 13. arXiv began its operations before the World Wide Web, search engines, online commerce and all the rest, but nonetheless anticipated many components of current 'Web 2.0' methodology… It continues to play a leading role at the forefront of new models for scientific communication."
- 15. OA does not only remove or reduce price barriers for researchers in developing countries, it offers a more equitable model for the exchange of knowledge as a global public good (the philosophical dimension)
- 18. Open Access week BOAI Bioline
- 20. “Ten years of experience lead us to reaffirm the definition of OA introduced in the original BOAI: By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited.”
- 21. “The BOAI is distinctive in its scope and its “The BOAI is distinctive in its scope and its insistence on author consent. (1) BOAI focuses insistence on author consent. (1) BOAI focuses specifically on peer-reviewed research literature, specifically on peer-reviewed research literature, and does not apply to software, music, movies, or and does not apply to software, music, movies, or anything else. anything else. (2) For BOAI, free access should depend on (2) For BOAI, free access should depend on author consent, not just user need or desire.” author consent, not just user need or desire.” Peter Suber Peter Suber http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm# http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#
- 22. Modes of Open Access User Rights Gratis Libre Green Green-Gratis Green-Libre Author Self- Archiving of Venues published papers or and pre-prints in Institutional Delivery Repositories Vehicles Gold Gold-Gratis Gold-Libre Author publish in journals that are open access
- 25. • OA benefits research and researchers, and the lack of OA impedes them. • OA for publicly-funded research benefits taxpayers and increases the return on their investment in research. It has economic benefits as well as academic or scholarly benefits. • OA amplifies the social value of research, and OA policies amplify the social value of funding agencies and research institutions. • The costs of OA can be recovered without adding more money to the current system of scholarly communication. • OA is consistent with copyright law everywhere in the world, and gives both authors and readers more rights than they have under conventional publishing agreements. • OA is consistent with the highest standards of quality.
- 26. • 1.5. We discourage the use of journal impact factors as surrogates for the quality of journals, articles, or authors. We encourage the development of alternative metrics for impact and quality which are less simplistic, more reliable, and entirely open for use and reuse. • We encourage research on the accuracy of the new metrics. As the research shows them to be useful and trustworthy, we encourage their use by universities (when evaluating faculty for promotion and tenure), funding agencies (when evaluating applicants for funding), research assessment programs (when assessing research impact), and publishers (when promoting their publications). http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations
- 27. • 3.14. We encourage experiments with new forms of the scholarly research “article” and “book” in which texts are integrated in useful ways with underlying data, multimedia elements, executable code, related literature, and user commentary. • We encourage experiments to take better advantage of the digital medium, and digital networks, for the benefit of research. http://www.soros.org/openaccess/boai-10-recommendations
- 28. And there are obvious synergies And there are obvious synergies between Open Access and other between Open Access and other “open” movement: Open Educational “open” movement: Open Educational Resources, Open Science, Open Resources, Open Science, Open Source, Open Innovation, etc. Source, Open Innovation, etc.
- 29. Hacking the bundle Explore ways by which new practices can be coded (codified) so that the key functions of scholarly communication – authoring, certification, quality control, archiving, and rewarding - can be decoupled and better served by emerging tools for collaborative authoring, sharing, and reputation management.
- 30. But Open Access is only the Substrate of the Research Life Cycle
- 31. Scholarly Primitives “…basic functions common to scholarly activity across disciplines, over time, and independent of theoretical John Unsworth. "Scholarly Primitives: What Methods Do Humanities Researchers Have in Common and How Might Our Tools Reflect This?" orientation.” "Humanities Computing, Formal Methods, Experimental Practice" Symposium, Kings College, London, May 13, 2000. http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/~jmu2m/Kings.5-00/primitives.html
- 32. The JIF is appallingly open to manipulation; mature alt-metrics systems could be more robust, leveraging the diversity of of alt- metrics and statistical power of big data to algorithmically detect and correct for fraudulent activity. This approach already works for online advertisers, social news sites, Wikipedia, and search engines. http://altmetrics.org/manifesto/
- 35. The IF is negotiable and doesn’t reflect actual citation counts http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030291
- 36. The IF cannot be reproduced, even if it reflected actual citations http://jcb.rupress.org/content /179/6/1091.full
- 37. The IF is not statistically sound, even if it were reproducible and reflected actual citations http://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/IMU/Report/CitationStatistics.pdf
- 38. The IF are more eff http://iai.asm.org/content/early/201 1/08/08/IAI.05661-11.full.pdf+html? view=long&pmid=21825063
- 42. Reputation is nested in social network Understanding influence and engagement in the open digital knowledge environment
- 43. Commons-based peer production in the networked economy
- 44. "commons-based peer production refers to any coordinated, (chiefly) internet-based effort whereby volunteers contribute project components, and there exists some process to combine them to produce a unified intellectual work. CBPP covers many different types of intellectual output, from software to libraries of quantitative data to human-readable documents (manuals, books, encyclopedias, reviews, blogs, periodicals, and more)” Krowne, Aaron (March 1, 2005). "The FUD based encyclopedia: Dismantling the Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt aimed at Wikipedia and other free knowledge sources". Free Software Magazine.
- 45. From “Big” science to Networked science Knowledge for local problem solving
- 46. Conclusions • Leverage the various Open movement • Align the values of research with appropriate incentives and recognition • Also need to align policies that are emerging from the top with initiatives are rising from the bottom • Support for metadata standards and open licences • Recognition of non-proprietary and collaborative research output from networked scholarship • Reward dissemination of research findings through multiple means – beyond the journal • Move Prestige to Open Access • Participation in scholarly exchanges will be far more inclusive and democratic ?
- 47. http://www.openoasis.org http://www.bioline.org.br http://www.openaccessmap.org Thank You! chan@utsc.utoronto.ca
Editor's Notes
- Consequences of publishing in “ internatioanlly ” indexed journals
- metrics of total publications and citations. Top 15 countries account for 82% of total publications Author with African institutional affiliation account for less than 1% of global output, and S. Africa has the highest output. The rest are “invisible” Consequence of trying to publish in “International” journal results in neglect of important local problems and solutions that are appropriate for local conditions.
- internet as an avatar of the charkha Excerpts from a new book, to be released by former president A.P.J. Abdul Kalam on September 4 at Gandhi Smriti in New Delhi the Gandhian vision seeks to relocate the place of science and its practical uses in the overall terrain of human affairs where it can promote mankind’s holistic progress, and not be used for exploitation and violence. The Mahatma elevates science to a higher level of human pursuit and imparts to it a nobler purpose that is consistent with both mankind’s needs and the Divine Law this simple machine by imparting a mass and moral character to India’s struggle for freedom. He also used it as a powerful symbol for his advocacy of a new global order, based on the ideals of truth, non-violence, justice, universal brotherhood, respect for nature and ethically guided socio-economic development. However, he was by no means dogmatic about the charkha remaining the sole instrument of his economic philosophy forever and everywhere. He repeatedly urged both his followers and his critics to understand what khadi and the charkha stood for , what they connoted . Khadi, he insisted, was not merely a vastra (cloth) but a vichaar (an idea and an ideal). And he was realistic enough to know, and also to explicitly acknowledge, that new historical circumstances would need new tools and technologies to promote his vichaar. Indeed, towards the end of his life, he had contemplated a ‘better substitute’ for the charkha and even anticipated the birth of a new technological device, a non-violent machine that “ helps every individual ” everywhere in the world. ----- Meeting Notes (12/16/12 20:32) ----- this simple machine by imparting a mass and moral character to India’s struggle for freedom. He also used it as a powerful symbol for his advocacy of a new global order, based on the ideals of truth, non-violence, justice, universal brotherhood, respect for nature and ethically guided socio-economic development. However, he was by no means dogmatic about the charkha remaining the sole instrument of his economic philosophy forever and everywhere. He repeatedly urged both his followers and his critics to understand what khadi and the charkha stood for, what they connoted. Khadi, he insisted, was not merely a vastra (cloth) but a vichaar (an idea and an ideal). And he was realistic enough to know, and also to explicitly acknowledge, that new historical circumstances would need new tools and technologies to promote his vichaar. Indeed, towards the end of his life, he had contemplated a ‘better substitute’ for the charkha and even anticipated the birth of a new technological device, a non-violent machine that “helps every individual” everywhere in the world.
- Green OA is OA delivered by repositories, regardless of peer-review status, gratis/libre status, funding model, embargo period, and so on. Gold OA is OA delivered by journals, regardless of peer-review methods, gratis/libre status, business model, and so on. It should be clear that the green/gold distinction is not the same as the gratis/libre distinction. Green/gold is about venues or vehicles, while gratis/libre is about user rights. For better or worse, there are four cases to keep distinct: gratis green, gratis gold, libre green, and libre gold.
- 1.5. We discourage the use of journal impact factors as surrogates for the quality of journals, articles, or authors. We encourage the development of alternative metrics for impact and quality which are less simplistic, more reliable, and entirely open for use and reuse. Insofar as universities, funding agencies, and research assessment programs need to measure the impact of individual articles, they should use article-level metrics, not journal-level metrics. We encourage research on the accuracy of the new metrics. As the research shows them to be useful and trustworthy, we encourage their use by universities (when evaluating faculty for promotion and tenure), funding agencies (when evaluating applicants for funding), research assessment programs (when assessing research impact), and publishers (when promoting their publications). We encourage the development of materials to explain how journal impact factors have been misused, and how alternative metrics can better serve the purposes for which most institutions have previously used impact factors. As impact metrics improve, we encourage further study into the question whether OA and OA policies increase research impact.
- Open access models are proliferating, not only for sharing traditional forms of scholarly production (peer-reviewed papers), but also among new forms of content, especially databases and media archives. Data are increasingly born digital
- he New Invisible College, Caroline Wagner combines quantitative data and extensive interviews to map the emergence of global science networks and trace the dynamics driving their growth. She argues that the shift from big science to global networks creates unprecedented opportunities for developing countries to tap science's potential. Rather than squander resources in vain efforts to mimic the scientific establishments of the twentieth century, developing country governments can leverage networks by creating incentives for top-notch scientists to focus on research that addresses their concerns and by finding ways to tie knowledge to local problem solving. T