Reservoir Primary Recovery Mechanisms
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The document discusses various primary recovery mechanisms for oil and gas reservoirs. It describes the natural depletion drive mechanism where natural reservoir energy is used initially. Solution gas drive and gas cap drive are discussed where gas expansion provides the energy. Water drive mechanisms are also explained, where an aquifer provides the pressure to produce hydrocarbons. Different characteristics of depletion drive, gas cap drive, and water drive on pressure behavior, gas-oil ratio, water production and oil recovery percentages are compared. The document also briefly touches on gravity drainage drive and combination drive mechanisms.
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This document is about a group project on late life water flooding in an oil reservoir with a gas cap. It lists the group members and provides an outline that will include an introduction discussing water flooding as a secondary recovery method, a scope of work and objectives section, a literature review, and a methodology section.
Artificial lift method
Artificial lift technology uses mechanical devices like pumps or velocity strings to increase the flow of liquids like oil or water from production wells. Artificial lift is needed when reservoir pressure is insufficient to lift fluids to the surface. Common artificial lift systems include reciprocating rod lift, progressing cavity pumping, hydraulic lift, gas lift, plunger lift, and electric submersible pumping. The appropriate system depends on factors like well characteristics, reservoir properties, fluids, surface constraints, and economics. Key components include pumping units, motors, sucker rods, pumps and accessories. Benefits include flexibility and ability to optimize production levels. Limitations depend on the specific system but may include depth rating, temperature sensitivity, fluid properties, or need for a
Eor in Tight Oil Plays
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Waterflooding seminar (www.mpetro.ir)
This document summarizes a presentation on waterflooding techniques. It discusses how waterflooding works to increase oil recovery compared to primary production methods. It outlines different types of natural and induced waterflood operations, including vertical, edge, and pattern floods. The document also discusses factors that impact the effectiveness of waterflooding, including reservoir heterogeneity, permeability contrasts, and wettability. Wettability is highlighted as a major microscale issue, with the presentation examining how different wettability types like water-wet and oil-wet affect relative permeability curves and waterflood performance.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 6
This document provides an overview of well completion and stimulation. It discusses the key steps in well completion including setting production casing, installing tubing and a Christmas tree. It also covers types of well completions, factors influencing selection, perforating, and well stimulation techniques like acidizing and fracturing to improve flow from low permeability formations. The overall goal of well completion is to prepare an oil or gas well so it can safely and controllably produce petroleum.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Sucker Rod Pump (SRP)
Sucker rod pumps are a type of artificial lift used in oil wells that involves components both above and below ground. The surface pumping unit is connected via sucker rods to the subsurface pump located downhole. The pumping cycle involves the plunger moving up and down inside the barrel, using the traveling or standing valves to draw fluid into the barrel on the upstroke and push it up on the downstroke. Sucker rod pumps are suitable for shallow wells producing 10-1000 bbl/day but become less effective at greater depths or in wells with high gas levels.
Well completion and stimulation
After drilling is completed, wells undergo completion procedures to prepare them for production. This involves setting production casing and cementing it through the target zone. Tubing is run inside the casing with a packer to isolate the production zone. A Christmas tree is installed to control flow. Completion types include open hole, liners, and perforated casing. Perforating creates holes through casing into the formation. Some formations require stimulation like acidizing to improve permeability or fracturing to create conductive fractures held open by proppant. This increases flow into the wellbore.
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Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods aim to increase the amount of crude oil extracted from oil fields. There are three main EOR categories - thermal, which uses heat to extract oil; miscible, which uses gases like CO2 or nitrogen to extract oil; and chemical, which uses polymers, surfactants or alkalis. Common EOR techniques include gas injection, thermal injection like steam flooding, and chemical injection like polymer flooding. EOR selection depends on factors like reservoir depth, viscosity, and permeability. Thermal methods recover additional 20-30% of oil, while chemical/miscible methods recover additional 20-30% of oil remaining after primary/secondary recovery.
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Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques are implemented to increase the amount of oil extracted from a field beyond what is produced using primary and secondary recovery methods. EOR can recover 30-60% of a reservoir's original oil compared to 20-40% for primary and secondary recovery. Reservoir recovery involves three phases - primary recovery using natural reservoir drives like water drive and gas cap drive, secondary recovery using waterflooding, and tertiary recovery using EOR techniques like miscible gas flooding, chemical flooding, and thermal injection to further increase oil production. Each reservoir has unique characteristics that determine the primary recovery mechanism and resulting production performance.
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- Factors that make reservoirs better candidates such as permeability, depth, and oil properties
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- Potential for waterflooding to recover 10-40% of additional oil beyond primary recovery
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The document discusses enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods, focusing on steam injection. It defines EOR as techniques for extracting more crude oil from reservoirs beyond primary and secondary recovery methods. Steam injection is a thermal EOR method that involves injecting steam into reservoirs to lower oil viscosity and produce more oil. There are two main steam injection techniques - cyclic steam stimulation (also called huff-and-puff) which alternates between steam injection and production from single or multiple wells, and steam flooding which continuously injects steam into reservoirs to displace oil towards production wells. The document outlines some advantages and disadvantages of steam injection and economic considerations.
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
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Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surface
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
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#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
一比一原版(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Reservoir Primary Recovery Mechanisms
- 1. PRIMARY RECOVERY MECHANISMS BY: KUSIIMA PATRIC
- 2. Reservoir PRIMARY Natural reservoir energy SECONDARY Water flooding TERTIARY Enhanced Oil Recovery
- 3. PRIMARY RECOVERY MECHANISMS Liberation and expansion of solution gas Influx of aquifer water Contraction of reservoir rock skeleton Expansion of original reservoir fluids - Free gas, if present - Interstitial water - Oil, if present • Gravitational forces The natural energy of the reservoir is utilized during the initial production of hydrocarbons.
- 4. •Solution gas drive / Depletion drive •Gas-cap drive •Water drive •Gravity-drainage drive •Combination drive Ultimate oil and gas recoveries vary depending on the drive mechanism. RESERVOIR EFFECTIVE DRIVE RECOVERY RANGE ,% OIL WATER DRIVE DEPLETION DRIVE 25-40 GAS WATER DRIVE 80% Gas Reservoir Drive Mechanisms Volumetric reservoir (gas expansion drive) Water drive Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
- 5. • Gas liberation from the crude oil and the subsequent expansion of the solution gas as the reservoir pressure is reduced CP LIQUID GAS P T 20%40% 60%80% X PiA B C A. Original Conditions B-C. Partially depleted SOLUTION GAS DRIVE Pr
- 6. Oil A. Original Conditions B-C. Partially depleted Oil producing wells Oil producing wells SOLUTION GAS DRIVE
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- 8. GAS CAP DRIVE MECHANISM • Expansion of gas cap and solution gas as it is liberated. Cross Section Oil producingwell Oil zone Oil zoneGas cap
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- 15. COMBINATION DRIVE In combination-drive reservoirs, • Depletion drive and a weak water drive, • Depletion drive with a small gas cap and a weak water drive. The example shows a combination of natural water influx and gas cap drive.Water production Increasing water production rates Reservoir pressure Increasing water production Gas-Oil ratio Continually increasing Gas- Oil ratio
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