The document summarizes the challenges of Indian independence and partition in 1947 as seen through Nehru's speech from the Red Fort on August 15th. It outlines 3 challenges: 1) uniting a diverse society, 2) establishing democracy, and 3) ensuring development and well-being for all. It then discusses the two-nation theory that divided India into Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, which led to the painful partition along religious lines. However, implementation was difficult as Muslim populations were not confined to single areas. Partition resulted in massive displacement, violence, and deaths as millions migrated across the new borders.

1. INDIAN INDEPENDENCE
& PARTITION

2. NEHRU SPEAKING FROM RED FORT ON AUGUST 15th
1947
15 August 1947

3. Three Challenges
• The first and the immediate challenge was to
shape a nation that was united , yet
accommodative of the diversity in our society.
• The second challenge was to establish
democracy
• The third challenge was to ensure the
development and well-being of the entire
society and not only of some sections.

4. TWO NATION THEORY
• India consisted of not one but two ‘people’
,Hindus and Muslims.
• ‘India’ would be divided into two countries,
‘India’ and ‘Pakistan’. Such a division was not only
very painful, but also very difficult to decide and
to implement
• It was decided to follow the principle of religious
majorities . This basically means that areas where
the Muslims were in majority would make up the
territory of Pakistan. The rest was to stay with
India.

6. Partition: displacement and
rehabilitation
• The idea might appear simple, but it presented all kinds of
difficulties.
• First of all, there was no single belt of Muslim majority areas in
British India. There was no way these two parts could be joined. So
it was decided that the new country, Pakistan, will comprise two
territories, West and East Pakistan separated by a long expanse of
Indian territory.
• Secondly, not all Muslim majority areas wanted to be in Pakistan.
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, the undisputed leader of the North
Western Frontier Province and known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’, was
staunchly opposed to the two-nation theory.
• The third problem was that two of the Muslim majority provinces of
British India, Punjab and Bengal, had very large areas where the
non-Muslims were in majority

7. A TRAIN FULL OF REFUGEES

8. Gandhi in Noakhali

9. 1000000 people killed in partition
related violence

10. 80,000000 people migrated across the
border

13. Thousands of women were abducted
and were forced to marriage

14. The refugees were attacked , killed or
raped during their journey

18. MOHAMMAD ALI JINNAH

19. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

21. THE END
• THE POWER POINT PRESENTATION
BASED ON N.C.E.R.T TEXT BOOK
• DESIGNED BY JOSE FRANCIS ISAAC