The document provides an introduction and background about Joe Hlavin, a physician assistant with extensive experience in neurosurgery. It then outlines the objectives and topics to be covered in a lecture on tumors of the brain and spine, including anatomy, imaging, lesion types, treatment approaches, and case studies. Examples and descriptions of various brain and spinal lesions are also provided.
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Neuro oncology
1. Tumors of the Brain and Spine
Joe Hlavin PA-C, MS
Texas Brain and Spine Institute
Bryan, TX
jhlavin@txbsi.com
2. Introduction/Bio
US Navy – Corpsman – 1984 to 1989
Cuyahoga Comm College – 1991 – surgical PA
◦ Went right into private practice neurosurgery
22 years of neurosurgery experience
BS in Education – BGSU
MS in Organizational Learning – TAMU
PhD Student - Organizational Design - TAMU
Designer & director of the TAMHSC/TBSI Postgraduate
PA Residency in Neurosurgery
3. Objectives
• For this lecture:
• Review of the normal brain and spine anatomy and
physiology, including CT and MRI
• Review neurological exam
• Discuss selected intracranial and intraspinal lesions
• Provide current treatment schemes
• Discuss reasoning for treatment decisions
• Case studies
9. Spinal Cord
• Understanding the medullary
component
• Simply – relay station for input
and output of transmissions
• Important to know:
• Medial to lateral IS:
• Cervical to Sacral
10. Spinal Cord
• Focusing for function
• Keys
• Ascending – sensory
• Lesions are not as
easily identified due
to subjective nature
• Descending – motor
• Easier to find level
due to objectiveness
of the exam
12. CT
• Usually the first study performed
• Fast
• Easy
• Least expensive
• Consists of 60 to 70 – 5mm slices
• Can be done with dye
13. MRI
preferred for brain and a must for
spine
• Most detailed
• Used with Gadolinium
(“dye”)
• No radiation
• But
• Expensive
• Tight space
• Takes more time
• Cannot do with some
implanted devices
16. Lesion Types
• Benign
• Non-aggressive but can be devastating based on size and
location
• Meningioma is most common – ARISE FROM?
• less common
• Neuromas – acoustic
• Dermoid
• Pituitary adenomas
17. Lesion types
• Metastatic
• The primary cancer: lung, breast, colon, kidney, or skin
(melanoma), but can originate in any part of the body
18. Malignant lesions
Glial tumors
• World Health Organization grading (WHO) scale
ASTROCYTOMAS, I – VI
• Grade – I – e.g. Pilocytic and Subependymomas
• Grade – II – low grade astrocytoma and
oligodendrocytoma
• Grade – III – medium, anaplastic astrocytoma
• Grade – VI – high, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
19. Examples
• Four different astrocytic lesions, four different looks
Sub-ependymoma
GBM – grade VI
Oligodendroglioma
Anaplastic
astrocytoma
20. Cerebellar Lesions
• Very similar to CEREBRAL lesions
• Have increased risks with compression of
essential component of CSF drainage
• Primarily noted in children, e.g.
medulloblastoma, PNET (prim. neuroecto.
Tumor)
• Will present in adults as astrocytoma and
cystic
• Common area for metastatic seeding
22. General Descriptions
for Brain and Spinal Lesions
• For the brain
• Extra-axial
• Intra-axial
• For the spinal cord
• Extra-dural vs. Intra-dural
• Extra-medullary vs. Intra-medullar
• For both
• Non-enhancing vs. enhancing (MRI)
23. General Descriptions
for Brain and Spinal Lesions
• Location, location, location
• For the brain
• What lobe? Size? Edema? Shift? Obstructive?
• For spinal cord
• What level? Size? Syrinx?
• Lesion consistency PA circa 1989
• Heterogenous vs. homogenous
• Ring enhancing (w/ cyst) vs. diffuse
enhancement
27. Neuro Exam
• Tenets of the approach to the NS patient
• DO NOT BELIEVE ANYONE ELSES EXAM –
• DO YOUR OWN
• LOOK at the studies yourself, NOT just the report
• SEE the patient as MORE THAN the studies
28. Neuro exam
• The mental status
• “normal” or “Sleeping” is not a good descriptor. Use:
• Awake/alert/talking
• Less than alert – obtunded
• Unresponsive – comatose, stupor
• In this case, give the Glasgow Coma Scale as
descriptor
29. Neuro exam
• Glasgow Coma Scale
• Eyes – 4, spontaneous, 3, to voice, 2, to pain, 1, none
• Motor – 6, obeys, 5, localizes, 4, w/drawls, 3, flexion
response, 2, extension to pain, 1, none
• verbal – 5, oriented, 4, confused, 3, inappropriate words, 2,
incomprehensible words, 1, none
• PEARL – if pt is brought in by EMS – GET THE GCS NOTED
AT THE SCENE
• Remember, everything has a GCS – even a rock has a GCS of
3
30. Neuro exam
• Cranial nerves
• LOOK AT THE EYEs
• Symmetry – light response,
movements, gaze pref
• LOOK AT THE FACE
• Symmetry – right = left, pay
attention to motor
• LOOK IN THE MOUTH
• Symmetry – tongue and pharynx
31. Neuro exam
• Motor exam
• Abbreviated evaluation
• Look for: (KEEP IN MIND – Right cortex = left body)
• Right vs. left strength – if equal then
• Check individual groups – start with upper extremities
• Keep level of any deficit in mind
• example: bilateral weakness from biceps down = C6 level
32. Neuro exam
• Reflexes
• Know the difference between UMN and LMN reflex
changes
33. Neuro exam
• Upper motor neuron reflexes
• Cranial nerve reflexes are considered normal and loss of reflex
is concerning – e.g. pupillary response
• Primitive Reflexes – found in newborns, but can present in
patients with neurological disease due to loss of blunting of
reflexes.
• Hyper-reflexia and ankle clonus – unsustained/sustained
• Babinski Reflex – blunted by myelination of SC
• Hoffman Reflex – blunted also
34. Neuro exam
• Lower motor neuron reflexes
• Spinal reflexes
• Relay station in the medullary cord
• E.g. knee jerk, triceps jerk
• Loss: indicative of root irritation/compression, e.g. HNP,
tumor
• May be associated with motor group deficit
35. Neuro exam
• Cerebellar exam
• Coordination
• Rapid movements
• Finger-to-nose
• KEEP IN MIND – RIGHT cerebellum = RIGHT body
• Docusates twice – once at peduncle and then medulla
37. Treatment
• Initial treatment plan – generally speaking
• Dependent on the patient presentation and clinical status
• Steroids – Decadron
• H2 blocker du jour
• Admission to hospital for continued treatment, w/u, and
neurosurgical consultation (UNLESS THAT IS YOU)
38. Treatment
• The treatment is based on clinical exam, age, comorbidities, and
patient’s/family’s wishes – KNOWING risk/complications and
outcomes.
• Benign lesions can be followed, treated with surgical
decompression (if clinically warranted), and/or radio-surgical
techniques, e.g. Gamma knife, Linear accelerator, etc.
39. Treatment
• Metastatic Lesions
• Based on original lesion,
location, and clinical picture
• Surgical resection for
symptomatic lesions AND
diagnosis
• Also based on surgical safety
• Some metastatic lesions are
very hemorrhagic – risk
outweighs reward
40. Treatment - Survival
• Astrocytomas
• Grade I – surgery based on clinical picture, location, and
risk but considered benign and can be followed with serial
MRIs for growth. Stereotactic bx can also be considered or
even total resection
• Survival is quite acceptable and may have complete remission
after surgical removal
• Grade II – Same as above but consider the incidence of
conversion to more aggressive lesion.
• Can consider serial MRIs, bx, surgical resection. Survival
based on diagnosis
41. Treatment - Survival
• Astrocytomas
• Grade III – these are considered malignant and are likely
to convert to higher grade. Clinic picture likely to require
surgical intervention.
• Gross total resection, radiation therapy, possible include
chemotherapy – Tamodar
• Survival is tenuous based on lesion type, resection, and
response to treatment
42. Treatment - Survival
• Astrocytomas
• Grade VI – most aggressive, Glioblastoma Multiforme, high mitotic
changes, low percentage of overall cancers in the US but very
devastating.
• Best quality of life, ~ one (1) year, is w/ gross total resection,
radiation, and Tamodar
• Other treatments have been, or are being, studied:
• Gene therapy
• Immunotherapy
• Novel delivery methods
43. Case Studies
• 22 y/o WM presents to the ER with focal RUE seizures
• No prior history – very healthy
• Student at local university
• Exam – mild “drift” of the RUE and ? Mild weakness, no
UMN findings, gait not tested
• Next step?
45. Case 1
• Notify the NS service – UNLESS that’s you
• Admit to the hospital
• Start steroids
• Start Dilantin
• Order MRI w/ GAD
46. Case 1
Describe
Is this extra-axial, intra-axial, infiltrative, edematous?
47. Case 1
• Next treatment course?
• Surgery?
• Watch?
• Medicine?
• Other studies?
48. Case 1
• What we did:
• Continued the steroids and Dilantin
• Family discussion and surgical planning as outpatient
• Craniotomy for biopsy and debulking
• Initial postoperative course was uneventful
• Awaited final diagnosis
49. Case 1
• Final Diagnosis
• Glioblastoma Multiforme
• High grade lesion – aggressive
• Oncology and radiation therapy involved
• Family made one trip to MD Anderson for second opinion
• Started treatment – We will be following up this month
50. Case 2
• 30 y/o female presented to outlying clinic with progressive
thoracic pain – ONLY
• No significant PMHx
• Exam was essentially normal
• What would be your initial study if conservative medical
treatment failed?
51. Case 2
Describe this MRI
of the Thoracic
spine w/
Gadolinium:
Level?
Extra-dural?
intra-dural?
extra-medullary?
Intra-medullary?
Enhancing?
53. Case 2
• What we did:
• Surgical discussion with patient and husband
• Remember that patient’s only problem was pain
• Thoracic laminectomy for partial resection and biopsy
• Steroid treatment in post op phase
• Stable post op exam w/ minor sensory changes
54. Case 2
• Final diagnosis
• Ependymoma – Grade II
• High likelihood of future neurological dysfunction
• Completed radiation treatment and first post radiation
MRI was stable – exam also stable
• Due for f/u with new MRI of the Tspine
55. Case 3
• 63 y/o BM presented after struck in the head and pelvis by a
toolbox
• w/u by ER and trauma service was, initially, just the abd and
pelvis
• Head CT done as inpatient to complete work up
• No neurological complaints or exam findings
59. Case 3
• This is what we did:
• Discharged from hospital after recovery from pelvic injury
• Took to surgery for craniotomy and excision of the tumor
• Excellent postoperative course with discharge w/ in 3 days
to home – no loss of function
60. Case 3
• Diagnosis
• Meningioma – benign lesion – total resection with
attachment to the dura upon entry
• No need for aggressive post op treatment
• Follow up MRI in 6 months
• Return to normal activity
61. Case 4 – Last one
• 50 y/o WF well known to our practice with multiple
intracranial CAVERNOMAs
• In 2008, developed new symptoms of neck and arm pain that
progressed to gait instability
• Her exam fits with parasthesias and UMN findings in
extremities
• What is the next step? Medications, studies?
65. Case 4
• What we did:
• Surgical decompression
• Steroids – short term
• PT
• F/U w/ serial MRIs
• Last study in Sept. 2012 – stable
• Very mild neurologic sequelae
67. Wrap up
• Tumor types of the CNS are numerous but are categorized
for description, correlation to clinical picture, and treatment
strategies
• Current imaging techniques are quite useful in identifying
and predicting CNS lesions
• Take the time to gather a history, obtain your own exam,
and look at the actual studies (use the radiology report as
reference)
68. Wrap up
• The clinical picture of the patient upon presentation
coupled with the studies is paramount to the development
of a treatment strategy
• Studies and new treatments of aggressive CNS lesions, e.g.
GBMs, remain at the forefront of cancer research
• Finally, all of you should endeavor to be neurosurgical PAs