A peptic ulcer is a breach in the stomach or duodenal lining caused by stomach acid and pepsin. Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use are common causes. Symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting of blood in severe cases. Complications can include bleeding, perforation, and scarring that obstruct the stomach. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori, reducing acid production, and avoiding ulcer-causing factors like NSAIDs and smoking.
Explanation of what splenomegaly is in relation to its dimension deviation from normal spleen.Classification of splenomegaly according to it's size in adult and pediatric. The causes of splenomegaly along with the symptom that would manifest as a result of this anomaly. Lastly, diagnosis of splenomegaly
esophageal varices are the second most common cause of upper GI bleed after PUD.These are actually the dilated veins which occur secondary to increase in the pressure in the portal circulation called as Portal Hypertension..
Explanation of what splenomegaly is in relation to its dimension deviation from normal spleen.Classification of splenomegaly according to it's size in adult and pediatric. The causes of splenomegaly along with the symptom that would manifest as a result of this anomaly. Lastly, diagnosis of splenomegaly
esophageal varices are the second most common cause of upper GI bleed after PUD.These are actually the dilated veins which occur secondary to increase in the pressure in the portal circulation called as Portal Hypertension..
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
CHRONIC DYSPEPSIA
Seminar Prepared by :-
Ali Abdulazeem
Shilan Adnan Abdulrahman
Alaa Shamil
Guldan Hameed
Internal Medicine
College of Medicine - University of Kirkuk
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus in the anal or rectal region.
It may be caused by infection of an anal fissure, sexually transmitted infections or blocked anal glands.
An anorectal abscess is a collection of pus that builds up in the rectum and anus.
With prompt treatment, client with this condition usually recover very well.
Complications tend occur when treatment is delayed.
CHRONIC DYSPEPSIA
Seminar Prepared by :-
Ali Abdulazeem
Shilan Adnan Abdulrahman
Alaa Shamil
Guldan Hameed
Internal Medicine
College of Medicine - University of Kirkuk
Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lowest part of your rectum and anus. Sometimes, the walls of these blood vessels stretch so thin that the veins bulge and get irritated, especially when you poop. Hemorrhoids are also called piles.
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Apresentação de Ari Lovera, Diretor de Previdência do Ipergs, durante Painel “Os desafios do regime próprio de previdência do RS”, organizado pela Fundação de Economia e Estatística.
Os resultados do estudo “Jovem Mobile.BR”, realizado pela E.life a pedido da Pagtel, demonstram a relação do jovem brasileiro com os dispositivos móveis, (smartphones, tablets e notebooks), bem como a adesão desse público ao m-commerce, ao consumo de mídia mobile e ao mobile payment.
Realizado entre os meses de maio e junho de 2013, com cerca de 530 jovens brasileiros das classes A, B e C, o “Jovem Mobile.BR” mostra que 95,6% dos participantes já possuem smartphones e 51,7% têm seus próprios tablets. Além disso, 48,7% dos jovens já concretizaram uma transação financeira por meio de tablet e 27,4% por celular. Mesmo assim, o notebook ainda é a ferramente mais utilizada entre os entrevistados.
Should we give a PPI IV before endoscopy in patients with upper GI bleeding?Waleed Mahrous
Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding - SIGN , BSG , NICE , ACG , AGA , ASGE Guidelines
Should we give a PPI IV before endoscopy in patients with upper GI bleeding?
Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Disease - Does Practice Meet Evidence?Jarrod Lee
Bleeding peptic ulcer is a common medical emergency. Today many good studies and evidence based guidelines have provided doctors with a strong evidence based approach to manage this condition. However, how much of daily practice actually follows the evidence? The presentation goes through common scenarios in hospital medicine, and covers the latest evidence through a case based approach.
I am a professional pharmacist. These slides provide for pharmacy department students. These slides describe pathology some topics.
Such as peptic ulcer disease, Immunity etc.
Our Orlando Gastroenterologists are the leading experts when it comes to evaluating, diagnosing, and treating GI conditions and diseases.
http://gastro-specialists.com/
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. A peptic ulcer is a distinct breach in the mucosal
lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or the first part
of the small intestine (duodenal ulcer), a result of
caustic effects of acid and pepsin in the lumen.
Histologically, peptic ulcer is identified as necrosis
of the mucosa which produces lesions equal to or
greater than 0.5 cm.
It is the most common ulcer of an area of the
gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus
extremely painful.
Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common
causes of peptic ulcer. Ulcers can also be caused or
worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and
other NSAIDs.
3. Gastric ulcers that occur on the
inside of the stomach
Esophageal ulcers that occur
inside the hollow tube
(esophagus) that carries food
from your throat to your
stomach
Duodenal ulcers that occur on
the inside of the upper portion
of your small intestine
(duodenum)
4. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) may be due to any of the
following:
H pylori infection
Drugs
Lifestyle factors
Severe physiologic stress
Genetic factor
Excess acid production from gastrinomas, tumors of
the acid producing cells of the stomach that increases
acid output
5. PUD affects between 3.5 and 7.5 million people in the U.S., with
approximately 0.5 million new cases diagnosed every year.
Despite improvements in treatment, widespread use of NSAIDs
and low-dose aspirin means that the economic burden of PUD
remains significant
The incidence of PUD has declined significantly in the U.S.,
Europe, and Australia. From 1992 to 1999, the annual rate of
hospitalization for PUD decreased from 205 admissions per
100,000 people to 7.7 admissions per 100,000 people.
During the same period, the annual mortality rate for PUD
decreased from 165 deaths per 100,000 people to 6 deaths per
100,000 people. This observed trend may be attributable to a
consistent decrease in H. pylori infection in several populations,
especially in wealthy western societies.
6. In the United States about four million people have active peptic ulcers
and about 350,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. Four times as
many duodenal ulcers as gastric ulcers are diagnosed. Approximately
3000 deaths per year in the United States are due to duodenal ulcer
and 3000 to gastric ulcer.
In the past, duodenal ulcer was 10 times as common in men as in
women and gastric ulcer had a male preponderance of 3:2.
PUD affects between 3.5 and 7.5 million people in the U.S., with
approximately 0.5 million new cases diagnosed every year.
In the U.S., the prevalence of H. pylori among patients over age 60 is
reported to range from 40% to 60% compared to only 10% among
patients aged 20 years
7. An ulcer may or may not have symptoms. When symptoms
occur, they may include:
A gnawing or burning pain in the middle or upper stomach
between meals or at night
Bloating
Heartburn
Nausea vomiting
In severe cases, symptoms can include:
Dark or black stool (due to bleeding)
Vomiting blood (that can look like "coffee-grounds")
Weight loss
Severe pain in the mid to upper abdomen
8.
9.
10. Esophageal Erosions
The characteristic
histological finding of PUD
is full ulceration of the
gastric or small intestinal
mucosa to the level of the
sub-mucosa.
Although the term
ulceration typically refers to
any erosion of the surface
epithelium, the term "Peptic
Ulcer" is reserved for deeper
extents of erosion, into the
sub-mucosa.
11. This is a more typical
acute gastritis with a
diffusely hyperemic
gastric mucosa. There
are many causes for
acute gastritis:
alcoholism, drugs,
infections, etc.
12. Gross
usually less than 20 mm in diameter but
they may > 100 mm in diameter.
The classic peptic ulcer is a round to
oval, sharply punched-out defect
In contrast, heaped-up margins are more
characteristic of cancers
Microscopy
the base consists of necrotic tissue and
polymorph exsudate overlying inflamed
granulation tissue which merges with
mature fibrous (scar) tissue.
13.
14. A 1 cm acute
gastric ulcer is shown
here in the upper
fundus. The ulcer is
shallow and sharply
demarcated, with
surrounding hyperemia
and some smaller
ulcers. It is probably
benign.
15. The endoscopic appearance of a
similar acute peptic ulcer in the
pre-pyloric region is seen .
16. Here is a large 3 x 4 cm gastric ulcer that led to the resection
of the stomach shown here. This ulcer is quite deep with
irregular margins. Complications of gastric ulcers (either
benign or malignant) include pain, bleeding, perforation,
and obstruction.
17. These are gastric ulcers of small, medium, and large size on
upper endoscopy.
18. Microscopically, the ulcer
here is sharply demarcated,
with normal gastric
mucosa on the left falling
away into a deep ulcer
whose base contains
infamed, necrotic debris.
An arterial branch at the
ulcer base is eroded and
bleeding.
19.
20.
21. This has allowed corrosive stomach acid to splash upward into
the lower esophagus causing the red inflammation and white
ulcers to form
22.
23. Chronic peptic
ulcer
Histologic
section through
the ulcer shows
layers of acute
inflammatory
exudate
including fibrin,
acute
inflammation,
chronic
inflammation,
and fibrosis.
24. The ulcer at the right is
penetrating through the
muscularis and
approaching an artery.
Erosion of the ulcer into
the artery will lead to
another major
complication of ulcers--
hemorrhage. This
hemorrhage can be life
threatening.
25. Helicobacter gastritis
Helicobacter organisms
may be tested for urease
activity.
Staining of the gastric
biopsy shows
the characteristic curved
rods embedded in the
mucin layer of the
stomach.
26. Peptic ulcer
Peptic ulcer can be
identified with a
barium study which
outlines
the penetrating
ulceration.
27. "Hourglass" stomach
Due to chronic peptic
ulceration there is
fibrosis and contracture
of
the stomach leading to
an hourglass shape as
well as altered mobility.
28. The following factors raise your risk for peptic ulcers:
Drinking too much alcohol
Regular use of aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, or other non
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Taking
aspirin or NSAIDs once in a while is safe for most people.
Smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco
Being very ill, such as being on a breathing machine
Having radiation treatments
A rare condition called Zollinger-Ellison syndrome causes
stomach and duodenal ulcers.
29. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a condition in which there is increased
production of the hormone gastrin.
Most of the time, a small tumor (gastrinoma) in the pancreas or
small intestine produces the extra gastrin in the blood.
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is caused by tumors. These growths are
most often found in the head of the pancreas and the upper small
intestine.
The tumors produce the hormone gastrin and are called gastrinomas.
High levels of gastrin cause production of too much stomach acid.
30. The mortality rate is 1 in 100,000, a figure which has decreased modestly in
the last few decades.
When the underlying cause for peptic ulcer disease is successfully treated,
the prognosis (expected outcome) for patients with the condition is
excellent. To help prevent peptic ulcers, avoid the following:
Alcohol
Common sources of Helicobacter pylori bacteria (e.g., contaminated food and
water, floodwater, raw sewage)
Long-term use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Smoking
31. Severe blood loss
Scarring from an ulcer may make it harder for the stomach to empty
Perforation or hole of the stomach and intestine
perforation - A hole develops in the lining of the stomach or small
intestine and causes an infection. Signs of a perforated ulcer include
sudden, severe abdominal pain.
internal bleeding - Bleeding ulcers can result in significant blood loss
and lead to hospitalization. Signs of a bleeding ulcer
include lightheadedness, dizziness, and black stools.
scar tissue - thick tissue that develops after an injury. This tissue
makes it difficult for food to pass through your digestive tract. Signs
of scar tissue include vomiting and weight loss.
melaena are associated with erosion of a large blood vessel