1. The document discusses social media and networks, their benefits for organizations, and challenges in leveraging them. It provides examples of how companies are using social media internally to connect employees, find expertise, and share knowledge. 2. Companies are also using virtual worlds and social networks to improve recruiting, collaboration for remote workers, and open innovation by connecting with external partners and communities. 3. While social media provides benefits like knowledge sharing and relationship building, challenges include ensuring diversity in networks and balancing organizational vs individual goals.

1. Web 2.0: Creating value through social media and virtual worlds November 2008 Dr. Robin Teigland Stockholm School of Economics [email_address] www.knowledgenetworking.org www.slideshare.net/eteigland 1-

2. Introduction to social media and networks Why the interest? What are networks? What about performance? Leveraging social media and networks Why are they of interest for organizations? Are there any benefits or is it all hype? What are some challenges? An introduction to virtual worlds Today’s discussion

3. Everyone is talking about networks National Innovation Networks Formal Networks Entrepreneurial Networks Ego Networks Regional Networks Infrastructure Networks Social Networks FAS.research Electronic Networks Informal Networks Networks of Practice Networked organization

4. A world of rapidly growing knowledge …. > A person’s lifetime in 18th century One week 2008 Fischbowl 2007

5. … that becomes quickly outdated …. 50% knowledge relevant 50% knowledge outdated First year of technical-based education Third year of education

6. Did You Know: Shift Happens http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMcfrLYDm2U Which pressures for change are presented? Which pressures are affecting your organization?

7. Knowledge is growing exponentially…. Cohen & Levinthal 1989 Growth Time Information and knowledge Human absorptive capacity

8. Yet, the world is “shrinking” family local colleagues friends old colleagues colleagues at other offices Just a click away… virtual communities local networks old classmates avatars business contacts social media contacts referrals

9. The speed of information: The power of social media http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8XxcOj3Seo Fortune, Rey 2008

10. While a new workforce is appearing….. The new generation is huge - 90 million people in USA alone Already they outnumber the baby boomers 81% of the business population age 34 or younger are gamers 56 million are old enough to be employees 7 million are already managers in the current workforce Mahaley 2008, Merrill Lynch 1999, Beck and Wade, Prensky Digital Immigrants Digital Natives

11. … with skills in using social media tools to reach out… Rey 2008 Communication Personal Media Self-expression Collective Intelligence Content Production

12. … to build relationships, find information and knowledge, solve problems, and learn Mahaley 2008

13. As well as to create new knowledge sources… Closed Expensive Complex Accurate Open Inexpensive Simple Close enough Hinton 2007

14. … and to solve unsolved problems

15. ” No one knows everything, everyone knows something, all knowledge resides in...” Mahaley 2008, Adapted from Lévy 1997

16. What is a network? A set of actors connected by ties Ties/Links Knowledge, trust, team, sit by, dislike, etc. Alliance, customer, investment, etc. Tie Actors/Nodes Individuals Teams, organizations, etc. Actor

17. Swedish hip hop artists Liljeros 2006 ?? Timbuktu

18. One of the main network principles An actor’s position in a social network, i.e., social capital, determines in part the actor’s opportunities and constraints Casper & Murray 2002 German biotech scientists

19. What about the relationship between networks and performance?

20. Two workers with the same number of contacts… B A

21. … but with very different access to resources B A

22. Performance differs based on one’s network Firm A High creative Low on-time High on-time Low creative Teigland 2003 High creative Virtual community Firm B

23. Two divisions within Sundlink (Öresund Bridge) Section 1 Section 2 Improved efficiency over time Stagnant performance over time Schenkel & Teigland 2008

24. Comparing across firms Teigland et al 2000

25. Hewlett-Packard (1990s) Networking activities recognized and rewarded at individual and unit levels Management support for informal and formal networking activities across internal and external boundaries Extensive socialization : personnel rotation, cross-office teams A visionary organization Clearly defined mission: ”To make technical contributions for the advancement and welfare of humanity” Supporting core values, e.g., teamwork Company-wide goal of World’s Best Laboratory Teigland et al 2000

26. Avoid creating insular networks http://www.enronexplorer.com/focus/19185#

27. Introduction to social media and networks Why the interest? What are networks? What about performance? Leveraging social media and networks Why are they of interest for organizations? Are there any benefits or is it all hype? What are some challenges? An introduction to virtual worlds Today’s discussion

28. Uncovering networks in an organization Formal organization Teigland et al. 2005 Social organization

29. Boundary spanners between locations Stockholm London Brussels Helsinki Madrid Copenhagen Transferred from Stockholm Teigland 1998 San Francisco

30. Management cannot mandate social relationships John Eva Hans Miguel Paul Jan Lars Pia Anna Nils Bill Erik Mike Al Alex

31. How can social media tools help? Finding and connecting with people Building communities Sharing information and knowledge Solving problems Learning informally Adapted from Gurteen 2008 They are personal/social Knowledge Management tools! What do people do with social media? Communication Personal Media Self-expression Collective Intelligence Content Production

32. Corporate Top down Centralized Command & control Monolithic systems Explicit knowledge - reuse Knowledge objects Taxonomies People finders Databases E-mail Newsletters Discussion forums Personal Bottom up Decentralized, distributed Facilitate, collaborate Ecosystems Tacit knowledge - mobilize Knowledge flow Social tagging Social networking Blogs & wikis Instant messaging RSS feeds & readers Blogs Social media tools facilitate KM 2.0 KM 1.0 – Repository model KM 2.0 – Networking model Gurteen 2008, Alavi, 2000 Comparison of KM tools

33. From KM 1.0 to KM 2.0 – Social KM Gurteen 2008 KM 1.0 KM 2.0 KM is extra work KM is part of my everyday work Work is behind closed doors Work is open and transparent People directories provide contact information Social Networking platforms reflect who is doing what with whom Content is centralised, protected and controlled Content is distributed freely and uncontrolled IT chooses the tools I use I have a choice & select my own tools Knowledge sharing is database centric Knowledge sharing is people centric Knowledge is captured just in case Knowledge is naturally captured as part of one’s work Best Practices Stories Efficiency and productivity Improved decision making & innovation

34. Wenger 1998, Hinton 2007 Social media enable communities of practice

35. And awareness of others’ skills Mattsson 2004 < 1 yr 1-5 yrs 5-10 yrs 10-15 yrs > 15 yrs Time at firm

36. Creating an internal “Facebook” Mahaley 2008 www.selectminds.com

37. At IBM, “BlueIQ” facilitates several functions Communities Create, find, join, and work with communities of people who share a common interest, responsibility, or area of expertise Blogs Use a weblog to present your idea and get feedback from others; learn from the expertise and experience of others who blog Dogear Save, organize and share bookmarks; discover bookmarks that have been qualified by others with similar interests & expertise Activities Organize your work, plan next steps, and easily tap your expanding professional network to help execute your everyday deliverables, faster Profiles Quickly find the people you need by searching across your organization using keywords that help identify expertise, current projects and responsibilities Poole 2008

38. Trust & reciprocity are essential for knowledge exchange in networks

39. IBM’s Atlas shows the social network of a topic and how to get to someone Poole 2008

40. But……. “ Lika barn leka bäst” People find similar people attractive and develop relations with people like themselves Our networks tend to be homogeneous and not heterogeneous Marsden 1987, Burt 1990

41. Facebook Fridays – Strengthening external relationships #1 Applications Lifecycle Management (ALM) & business mashup 96 of Fortune 100 as customers 800 employees in 18 countries across globe One hour every Friday on Facebook to find fun and connect with co-workers, customers, family, and friends Serena Software

42. When you hire someone,… … ..you “hire” his or her network.

43. Increasing job turnover Time Number of jobs in lifetime Estimated time at one organization in Silicon Valley: ~18 months CNET 2000

44. Improving recruiting efforts Job Fairs Accenture recruits in Second Life since 2006 – this recruiting has since paid for itself A manager at a high-tech multinational recruits senior level employees through Orkut, resulting in reduced turnover and headhunter fees Virtualworldnews.com 2008, Hustad & Teigland 2008

45. Proximal collaboration When people are more than 50 feet apart, the likelihood of them collaborating more than once a week is less than 10%. Allen 1984

46. Companies are turning to virtual worlds to facilitate the virtual workforce – “Immernets” Completely private virtual business worlds offering tools to conduct business and collaborate Fortune 500: IBM, Intel, Johnson & Johnson, Motorola, Novartis, Sun, Unilever

47. And to promote an open innovation attitude Not all the smart people work for us. We need to work with smart people inside and outside the company. The smart people in our field work for us. If you create the most and the best ideas in the industry, you will win. If you make the best use of internal and external ideas, you will win. Closed attitude Open attitude Chesborough 2003

48. HSB is creating tomorrow’s solutions in SL Building the house of the future in a competition with architecture students

49. Are there any b enefits from social media, or is it all hype? Poole 2008: IBM Global Technical Services Knowledge Community of Practice Business Impact Survey 2007, completed by approximately 2,300 respondents

50. Dual loyalties Loyalty Loyalty Organization Professional network Teigland 2003

51. What about business results? Driving innovation into products faster Enabling employees to be more productive, more knowledgeable, faster Harnessing the knowledge of the wise , before they retire Being more responsive to customers, with knowledge from subject experts you may or may not know Poole 2008

52. Are there any numbers to back this? Among the clients surveyed by Select Minds, corporate social networking resulted in: Productivity Contributions: Increase in productivity by an average of 10% Retention Contributions: Increase in retention by an average of 9% Increases in New Business: Increase new business by an average of 12% Rehiring Former Employees: On average, rehires made through their Corporate Social Networking program…. become fully productive 49% faster than all experienced hires became Star Performers (66%), versus 26% of experienced hires Select Minds 2008: &quot;Corporate Social Networking: Increasing the Density of Workplace Connections to Power Business Performance&quot;

53. However, there are challenges…. Resistance from top management Difficulty to measure and validate value of web 2.0 Knowledge trading and leakage outside of firm Social overload and role conflict Poor organizational stewardship Web 2.0 and social networking are typically of a more grassroots nature – their implementation in more traditional hierarchical organizations may result in tension between employees and management Hustad & Teigland 2008

54. Is knowledge trading good or bad for a firm? We pass over the nondisclosure agreements of different companies and trade company secrets all the time. Teigland 2003

55. Who owns the knowledge? Organizational information vs. Personal expertise Teigland 2003

56. Social overload and role conflict Loyalty Loyalty Organization Professional network Teigland 2003

57. Why use these new social media tools? Melcrum 10/07

58. Do employees know how to represent the company when using external social media? Statoil-Hydro Love at 150 m below sea level! Hustad & Teigland 2008

59. IBM’s blogging policy & guidance, created by the employees Policies based on IBM’s Business Conduct Guidelines Apply internally and externally Available on ibm.com “ blogging guidelines” Adapted from Poole 2008

60. Develop company guidelines for using social media internally and externally Trust your employees, and don’t ban social media Use wikis to enable employees to create the company guidelines, eg IBM Yahoo’s best practice guidelines for blogging (http://jeremy.zawodny.com/yahoo/yahoo-blog-guidelines.pdf) Be respectful of your colleagues Get your facts straight Provide context to your argument Engage in private feedback When trusted, employees feel empowered to do the right thing!

61. Introduction to social media and networks Why the interest? What are networks? What about performance? Leveraging social media and networks Why are they of interest for organizations? Are there any benefits or is it all hype? What are some challenges? An introduction to virtual worlds Today’s discussion

62. Within five years, the 3-D Internet will be as important for work as the Web is today. January 2008 By the end of 2011, 80 percent of active Internet users (and Fortune 500 enterprises) will have a “second life”, but not necessarily in Second Life. Steve Prentice Gartner

63. Towards 3-D Internet Level of Interaction Time Hamilton 2008 Individual - Web 1.0 Thinking Mosaic, Prodigy, Compuserve, AOL, Netscape Connected Web 2.0 Thinking Facebook, Friendster, Yahoo, Blogger, Wikipedia, eBay, Typepad, LinkedIn. Amazon, MySpace, Textamerica, Delicious, HubPages SENSORY 3D Internet Thinking SecondLife, Active Worlds, There, SimsOnline, Club Penguin, World of Warcraft, 3D planets, ToonTown, Habbo, VSlide, Protosphere

64. The number of virtual worlds is growing Wonderland

65. Second Life – one example of a virtual world Machinama film by Duke CE on SSE MBA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bi5i3UwVvbg

66. “ Clearly if social activity migrates to synthetic worlds, economic activity will go there as well.” Castranova Joe Miller, Linden Lab 16 Million members 1.1 Million active residents 350,000 Hours of use per day 87,500 Hours development time/day $1.6 Billion worth of free work per year 163 Virtual square miles (5X Boston) 520,000 Unique items traded/month

68. “ We think it has potential as a way of doing business. We’re just experimenting with it ourselves but we see massive potential in the human interaction you can bring. It’s a big browsing environment in many ways.” - IBM Director

69. Recruiting Job Fairs

70. Improving internal effectiveness Unilever is running an extensive pilot in SL

71. In-house training and education IFL at SSE and Duke Corporate Education Co-developing and running virtual team building exercise

72. MMOGs still dominate World of Warcraft 374,000 hours played each day or 50,000 man days each day 8.5 mln players worldwide Xfire.com, MMPORG.com Korean Free to Play (F2P) 4 of top 10 MMOGs in Western world Silkroad Online #1 in West MapleStory with >50 mln players

73. Increasing effectiveness in traditional industries “ Soon all fashion designers will be originating their designs and managing the production in virtual worlds ….Why such a dramatic change? Economics, pure and simple .” Shenlei Winkler, Director Fashion Research Institute

74. Improving national competitiveness China’s “virtual world where millions will work, communicate, and be in love” 7 mln local + 150 mln overseas Chinese Five virtual banking licenses auctioned for $404,000 May 2007 Financial Times , June 2007

75. The opportunities are endless……. http://static.flickr.com/47/110109290_2189217cee.jpg

76. Where are we today with virtual worlds? Business opportunities limited? Many real world firms have virtual world presence, but difficulty turning it into an effective, profitable sales channel No RoI success stories for real world firms yet - disconnect between real world companies/products and SL fantasy avatars? Multinationals now turning to internal focus, i.e., how can VWs be used to improve effectiveness (intraverses)? IBM signs agreement with Linden Lab Limited number of individual success stories ~150 other individuals making >$5000 per month “ Trapped” in real world activities? But educational and internal communication uses are taking off! Organizations across the globe are experimenting across all disciplines

77. What should you do in virtual worlds? Experiment, “play”, and learn Stay on the look-out Consider creating independent operations Don’t forget other emerging media

78. “ I think there’s a world market for maybe five computers.” Thomas Watson, Chairman of IBM, 1943 “ There is no reason anyone would want a computer in their home.” Ken Olson, President, Chairman and Founder of Digital Equipment Corporation, 1977 “ Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible.” Lord Kelvin, President, Royal Society, 1895

79. We digitized audio and video, why can’t we just digitize, you know, Earth” Philip Rosedale, CEO Linden Lab

80. Watch out! Forces converging…. People Net generation Neuroplasticity New demands Technology Social software (Web 2.0) Broadband access Mobile hardware Business Environment Globalization Pace and change Information load Mahaley 2008

81. And if you are still on the fence… By the end of 2008 At least 70% of companies without official support for blogs and wikis will have multiple unofficial deployments Enterprise social software will be the biggest new workplace technology success story of this decade Young people “demand” to have collaboration/social media - they will not want to work there otherwise Gartner: “Predicts 2007:Web 2.0 and Consumerization Forge Into Enterprise” “Wikis and Social Software, 2007”

82. Tomorrow’s workers building skills today World of Warcraft Collaborating and leading across geographies, demographics, and cultures Creating and executing strategies in self-organizing teams Collaborative decision making under pressure All virtually with no face-to-face interaction

83. What one listener emailed me after…. When I got home last night, my 17 year old son was doing what he usually does – sitting at the computer online with his friends…But after hearing this presentation, I couldn’t help but be interested in what he really was doing. So, when I looked more closely, I saw that he was involved in three separate conversations - all at the same time, and not only that, he was also following the discussions on one of the school’s forums. Then he said, “Mom, you grown-ups are sooooo behind…..think how much you could get done if you worked like this!”

84. “ The rate at which individuals and organizations learn may become the only sustainable competitive advantage, especially in knowledge-intensive industries.” Ray Stata, Chairman Analog Devices

85. Introduction to social media and networks Why the interest? What are networks? What about performance? Leveraging social media and networks Why are they of interest for organizations? Are there any benefits or is it all hype? What are some challenges? An introduction to virtual worlds Today’s discussion

86. Thanks and see you in world! Karinda Rhode aka Robin Teigland [email_address] www.knowledgenetworking.org www.slideshare.net/eteigland

87. Sources and acknowledgements Books Barabási, Linked: The New Science of Networks . Perseus, 2002 Burt, Structural Holes, 1992 Castells, The Rise of the Network Society . Blackwell, 2000 Cross & Parker, The Hidden Power of Social Networks . Harvard Business School, 2004 Gladwell, The Tipping Point . Abacus, 2001 Scott, Social Network Analysis . Sage, 2000 Teigland, Knowledge Networking , SSE, 2003 Teten & Allen, The Virtual Handshake . American Management Assoc., 2007 Homepages Wayne Baker, webuser.bus.umich.edu/wayneb/ Stephen Bird, people.bu.edu/sbird Steve Borgatti, www.socialnetworkanalysis.com Rob Cross, www.robcross.org International Network for Social Network Analysis http://www.insna.org/ David Krackhardt, www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/krack/index.shtml Valdis Krebs, www.orgnet.com Fredrik Liljeros, www.sociology.su.se/home/Liljeros/index.html Steve Mahaley, www.dukece.com James Moody, www.soc.duke.edu/~jmoody77/presentations/index.htm Giancarlo Oriani, www.informalorg.eu (In Italian) Barry Wellman, www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/

88. Sources and acknowledgements (cont’d) Articles and Research Papers Cross, Baker, & Parker, “What creates energy in organizations?”, Sloan Management Review , Summer 2003. Cross, Parise, & Weiss, “Driving Strategic Change with a Network Perspective”, Network Roundtable working paper, 2006. Kleinbaum, Stuart, Tushman, Communication (and Coordination?) in a Modern, Complex Organization, HBS working paper, http://www.hbs.edu/research/pdf/09-004.pdf Ibarra & Hunter, “How Leaders Create and Use Networks”, HBR, 2007. Coleman, D. Virtual Team Spaces, 2006. Connaughton, SL & Daly, JA, “Leading from Afar: Strategies for Effectively Leading Virtual Teams” in Virtual Collaborative Teams: Process, Technologies, & Practice (S. H. Godar & S. P. Ferris, Eds.). Lipnack, J. & Stamps, Virtual Teams: Reaching Across Space, Time, and Organizations with Technology . John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1997. Maznevski, M. High performance from global virtual teams, 2001. Ruuska, I. & Teigland, R. 2009 (Forthcoming). “Ensuring Project Success through Collective Competence and Conflict Management in Public-private Partnerships: A Case Study of a Swedish Triple Helix e-government Initiative”. International Journal of Project Management . Schermerhorn, Jr., J., Management , 2004.

89. Sources and acknowledgements (cont’d) Presentations Gurteen, Online Information 2007: KM goes Social, http://www.slideshare.net/dgurteen/km-goes-social-194717 Poole, IBM: Web 2.0 goes to work, http://www.slideshare.net/jward5519/ibm-web-2-0-goes-to-work-presentation’