Abril- modal verbs

01-04-2014
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CHIMBORAZO
SHOULD
Should is an auxiliary verb, a modal auxiliary verb. We
use should mainly to:
 Give advice or make recommendations
 Talk about obligation
 Talk about probability and expectation
 Express the conditional mood
 Replace a subjunctive structure
Structure of Should
Subject + should + main verb
The main verb is always the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to").
SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB MAIN VERB
+ He should go.
- He should not go.
shouldn't
? Should he go?

02-04-2014
MUST (subjective obligation)
We often use must to say that something is essential or
necessary, for example:
 I must go.
Structure of Must
Must is a modal auxiliary verb. It is followed by a main verb.
The structure is:
Subject + must + main verb
Look at these examples:
SUBJECT AUXILIARY MUST MAIN VERB
I must go home.
You must visit us.
We must stop now.

03-04-2014
MODALS VERBS EXERCISES
Can, must, should
 Circle the correct answer.
1. Can you play / to play the guitar?
2.Ann seems be / to be very tired.
3.Peter hasn´t phoned. He must be / to be away.
 Make questions or negatives.
1. Mike can’t swim. (ski ?)
Can he ski?
2. John can play football. (poker - )
He can’t play poker.
3. Maria must play the piano. (sing - )
She mustn’t sing.

04-04-2014
Using "Should" in Present, Past, and Future
Modal Use Positive Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms
1. = Present 2.
= Past 3. =
Future
You can
also use:
should
RECOMMENDATION,
ADVISABILITY
1. People with high
cholesterol should eat
low-fat foods.
2. Frank should have
eaten low-fat foods.
That might have
prevented his heart
attack.
3. You really should
start eating better.
1. Sarah shouldn't
smoke so much.
It's not good for
her health.
2. Sarah shouldn't
have smoked so
much. That's what
caused her health
problems.
3. Sarah shouldn't
smoke when she
visits Martha next
week. Martha
hates when people
smoke in her
house.
ought to
should
OBLIGATION
I should be at work
before 9:00.
We should return the
video before the video
rental store closes.
NO NEGATIVE
FORMS
be
supposed
to

"SHOULD" CAN ALSO EXPRESS
SOMETHING BETWEEN
RECOMMENDATION AND
OBLIGATION. "BE SUPPOSED
TO" EXPRESSES A SIMILAR
IDEA AND CAN EASILY BE USED
IN THE PAST OR IN NEGATIVE
FORMS.
should
EXPECTATION
1. Susan should be in
New York by now.
2. Susan should have
arrived in New York last
week. Let's call her and
see what she is up to.
3. Susan should be in
New York by next week.
Her new job starts on
Monday.
1. Susan shouldn't
be in New York
yet.
2. Susan shouldn't
have arrived in
New York until
yesterday.
3. Susan shouldn't
arrive in New York
until next week.
ought
to,
be
supposed
to

07-04-2014
Using "Must" in Present, Past, and Future
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
You
can
also
use:
must
CERTAINTY
1. That must be Jerry.
They said he was tall
with bright red hair.
2. That must have
been the right
restaurant. There are
no other restaurants
on this street.
3. NO FUTURE FORM
1. That must not be
Jerry. He is supposed
to have red hair.
2. That must not have
been the right
restaurant. I guess
there is another one
around here
somewhere.
3. NO FUTURE FORM
have to
must not
PROHIBITION
You must not swim in
that river. It's full of
crocodiles.
You must not forget to
take your malaria
medication while your
are in the tropics.
PROHIBITION USUALLY REFER
TO THE NEAR FUTURE.

must
STRONG
RECOMMENDATION
(Americans
prefer
the form
"should.")
1. You must take some
time off and get some
rest.
2. SHIFT TO
"SHOULD"
You should have taken
some time off last
week to get some
rest.
3. SHIFT TO
"SHOULD"
You should take some
time off next week to
get some rest.
1. You mustn't drink so
much. It's not good for
your health.
2. SHIFT TO
"SHOULD"
You shouldn't have
drunk so much. That
caused the accident.
3. SHIFT TO
"SHOULD"
You shouldn't drink at
the party. You are going
to be the designated
driver.
should
must
NECESSITY
(Americans
prefer
the form
"have to.")
1. You must have a
permit to enter the
national park.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE
TO"
We had to have a
permit to enter the
park.
3. We must get a
permit to enter the
park next week.
1. SHIFT TO "HAVE
TO"
We don't have to get a
permit to enter the
national park.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE
TO"
We didn't have to get a
permit to enter the
national park.
3. SHIFT TO "HAVE
TO"
We won't have to get a
permit to enter the
national park.
have to

08-04-2014
MIGHT
"Might” is use for possibilities in present and future.
Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used
in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make
suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.
STRUCTURE:
POSITIVE FORM
Subject + might + infinitive + Complement
NEGATIVE FORM
Subject + might not + infinitive +
Complement
EXAMPLES:
 I would bring an umbrella, it might rain later.
 It might be better to finish this now, rather than wait until
tomorrow.

09-04-2014
MAY
As "could", "may" is used to indicate future possibilities. We use May to say that it is
possible that something will happen or is happening. May is formal and is often found in
writing.
EXAMPLES:
 I would bring an umbrella, May it rain later.
 It May be better to finish this now, rather than wait until tomorrow.
STRUCTURE:
Modal Verb + Base Verb
May + Base Verb
1. It can also be used to give permissions or instructions.
 Examples:
 You May leave if you like.
 You may use your cell phones now.
2. In interrogative sentences, the use of "May" is more polite than "can" or
"could".
 Examples:
 May I have a glass of water?
 May I leave now?

10-04-2014
Using “May” in present, past and future
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. =
Future
Negative Forms
Future
You
can
also
use:
may
POSSIBILITY
1. Jack may be upset. I can't
really tell if he is annoyed or
tired.
2. Jack may have been upset. I
couldn't really tell if he was
annoyed or tired.
3. Jack may get upset if you
don't tell him the truth.
1. Jack may not be upset. Perhaps
he is tired.
2. Jack may not have been upset.
Perhaps he was tired.
3. Jack may not get upset, even if
you tell him the truth
might
may
GIVE
PERMISSION
1. You may leave the table now
that you're finished with your
dinner.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED
TO"
You were allowed to leave the
table after you finished your
dinner.
3. You may leave the table when
you finish your dinner.
1. You may not leave the table.
You're not finished with your
dinner yet.
2. SHIFT TO "BE ALLOWED
TO"
You were not allowed to leave the
table because you hadn't finished
your dinner.
3. You may not leave the table
until you are finished with your
dinner.
can

11-04-2014
Using “Might” in present, past and future
Future
Negative Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
You can
also use:
might
POSSIBILITY
1. She might be on the bus. I think
her car is having problems.
2. She might have taken the bus. I'm
not sure how she got to work.
1. She might not be on the
bus. She might be walking
home.
2. She might not have taken
the bus. She might have
walked home.
could,
may
might
CONDITIONAL
OF MAY
1. If I entered the contest, I might
actually win.
2. If I had entered the contest, I
might actually have won.
3. If I entered the contest
tomorrow, I might actually win.
Unfortunately, I can't enter it.
1. Even if I entered the
contest, I might not win.
2. Even if I had entered the
contest, I might not have
won.
3. Even if I entered the
contest tomorrow, I might
not win.
might
SUGGESTION
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. You might have tried the cheese
cake.
3. You might try the cheesecake.
1. NO PRESENT FORM
2. PAST FORM
UNCOMMON
3. You might not want to eat
the cheese cake. It's very
calorific.
could
might
REQUEST
(British form)
Might I have something to drink?
Might I borrow the stapler?
REQUESTS USUALLY REFER TO THE NEAR
FUTURE.
NEGATIVE FORMS
UNCOMMON
could,
may,
can

14-04-2014
HAD BETTER
 We use “had better” plus the infinitive without “to” to give advice.
Although “had” is the past form of “have”, we use “had better” to give
advice about the present or future.
 STRUCTURE:
Affirmative form is “had better”
You'd better tell her everything.
I'd better get back to work.
We'd better meet early.
The negative form is “had better not”.
You'd better not say anything.
I'd better not come.
We'd better not miss the start of his presentation.

 USES:
1. We use “had better” to give advice about specific situations, not
general ones. If you want to talk about general situations, you must
use “should”.
2. When we give advice about specific situations, it is also possible to
use “should”.
3. And we use “had better” there is a suggestion that if the advice is
not followed, that something bad will happen.

15-04-2014
HAVE GOT TO
 Have (got) to: in the affirmative/positive form to talk
about an obligation, or something that is necessary to do.
 STRUCTURE:
1. Have got to: is NOT commonly used in American English, in
the negative form.
 Use don’t and doesn’t with have to.
2. Have got to: is NOT commonly used in American English in
a question.
 Use: do/don’t and does/doesn’t in a question.

 USES:
 You can use “have (got) to” to talk about
the future if you have already made plans to do
something, or if you are now obligated to do
something in the future.
 “Have got to” can also be used as an exclamation.
 Use “have got to” when you are certain about
something (in the simple present tense):
For example:
o You can’t be serious. You have got to be
kidding me!

16-04-2014
Using "Had Better" in Present, Past, and
Future
"Had better" is often simply pronounced as "better" in spoken English.
Use Positive Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
You can
also use:
had better
RECOMMENDATION
1. SHIFT TO
"SHOULD" OR "OUGHT
TO"
People should unplug
toasters before they
clean them.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD
HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO
HAVE"
You should have
unplugged the toaster
before you tried to
clean it.
3. You had better
unplug the toaster
before you try to clean
it.
1. SHIFT TO
"SHOULD" OR "OUGHT
TO"
People shouldn't clean
toasters without
unplugging them first.
2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD
HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO
HAVE"
You shouldn't have
cleaned the toaster
without unplugging it
first.
3. You had better not
clean the toaster until
you unplug it.
should,
ought to
had better
DESPERATE HOPE,
WARNING
The movie had better
end soon.
They had better be
here before we start
dinner.
DESPERATE HOPES AND
WARNINGS USUALLY
REFER TO THE NEAR
FUTURE.
They had better not be
late.
They had better not
forget Tom's birthday
gift.
DESPERATE HOPES AND
WARNINGS USUALLY
REFER TO THE NEAR
FUTURE.

17-04-2014
Using "Have Got to" in Present, Past, and
Future
Use Positive Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms
1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future
You
can
also
use:
have got to
NECESSITY
1. People have got to be on
time if they want to get a
seat in the crowded
theater.
2. SHIFT TO "HAVE TO"
You had to be on time if
you wanted to get a seat
in the crowded theater.
3. You have got to be
there on time tonight if
you want to get a seat in
the crowded theater.
People don't have to be there on time to
get a seat.
You didn't have to be there on time to
get a seat.
You won't have to be there on time to
get a seat.
have
to,
must
haven't got
to
FUTURE
OBLIGATION
Haven't you got to be there by
7:00?"HAVEN'T GOT TO" IS PRIMARILY
USED TO ASK ABOUT FUTURE OBLIGATIONS.
IT CAN BE USED IN STATEMENTS, BUT THIS
IS LESS COMMON.
Don't
you
have to

18-04-2014
Have to
We often use “have to” to say that something is obligatory, for
example:
 Children have to go to school.
Note: we can use the have to expression in all tenses, for
example:
I have to, I had to, I have had to, I will have to
Structure of Have to
“Have to” is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for
convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an
auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb.
The structure is:
Subject + Auxiliary
verb
+ have + Infinitive
with to

Look at these examples in the simple tense:
Subject Auxiliary
verb
Main
verb
have
Infinitive
(with to)
+ She has to work.
- I do not have to see the
doctor.
? Did you have to go to
school?
Use of Have to
In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation.
The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate,
external power for example:
 the Law
 Or the school rules.
And ’’Have to’’ is objective.

21-04-2014
Ought to
Ought is a modal auxiliary verb. There is no –s in the third person singular.
Ought is different from other auxiliary verbs. It is used with to
 We ought to respect our parents.
 We ought to help the poor.
Ought is rarely used in questions and negatives; should is generally used
instead. A structure with think … ought is also common.
 We ought to help them, shouldn’t we?
(More natural than ought not we?)
 Do you think I ought to consult a doctor?
(More natural than Ought I to consult a doctor?)
 Should we tell her?
(Less formal than Ought we to tell her?)

Forms of ought to
The verb ought to only exists in simple present and present perfect forms
ALL PERSONS PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT
AFFIRMATIVE ought to ought to have
NEGATIVE ought not to, oughtn't to ought not to have, oughtn't to
have
Ought: Meaning
“Ought to”: express duty, necessity, desirability and similar ideas. It is
often used to advise people – to tell them that they have a duty to do
things. The meaning is similar to should
Ought is not as forceful as must.
Uses of ought
“Ought to” can express logical probability and to express probability.
 If he started an hour ago, he ought to be here soon.

22-04-2014
Using "Have to" in Present, Past, and Future
Use Positive Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms
1. = Present 2. = Past 3.
= Future
You
can
also
use:
have to
CERTAINTY
1. That has to be Jerry.
They said he was tall with
bright red hair.
2. That has to have been
the right restaurant.
There were no other
restaurants on the
street.
3. NONE
1. SHIFT TO "MUST"
That must not be Jerry. They
said he has blond hair, not red
hair.
2. SHIFT TO "MUST"
That must not have been
the right restaurant. I
guess there was another one
around there somewhere.
3. NONE
must,
have
got to
have to
NECESSITY
1. She has to read four
books for this literature
class.
2. She had to finish the
first book before the
midterm.
3. She will have to finish
the other books before
the final exam.
1. She doesn't have to read
"Grapes of Wrath." It's
optional reading for extra
credit.
2. She didn't have to write a
critique of "The Scarlet
Letter." She had to give a
presentation to her class.
3. She won't have to take
any other literature classes.
American Literature 101 is
the only required course.
must

23-04-2014
Using "Ought to" in Present, Past, and Future
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
Negative Forms
1. = Present 2. =
Past 3. = Future
You
can
also
use:
ought to
RECOMMENDATION,
ADVICE
1. Margaret ought to
exercise more.
2. Margaret ought
to have exercised
more so she would
be better prepared
for the marathon.
3. Margaret ought
to come to the
fitness center with
us tonight.
1. Margaret ought not
exercise too much. It
might cause injury.
have run the marathon.
She wasn't in good
shape.
stay at home in front of
the TV. She should go to
the fitness center with
us.
should
ought to
ASSUMPTION,
EXPECTATION,
PROBABILITY
1. She ought to have
the package by now.
2. She ought to
have received the
package yesterday.
3. She ought to
receive the package
tonight.
"OUGHT NOT" IS USED
PRIMARILY TO EXPRESS
NEGATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS.
(SEE ABOVE.)
should
Notice "Ought not"
Remember that "ought to" loses the "to" in the negative. Instead of
"ought not to," we say "ought not." "Ought not" is more commonly used
in British English. Americans prefer "should not."

24-04-2014
Shall
1. "Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most
commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is
often found in suggestions:
Such as "Shall we go?"
2. "Shall" is also frequently used in:
Promises or voluntary actions.
3. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future
events, often expresses inevitability or predestination.
4. "Shall" is much more commonly heard in British English
than in American English.
Americans prefer to use other forms; although they do
sometimes use "shall" in suggestions or formalized
language.

25-04-2014
Will
"Will" is used with promises or voluntary actions that take place
in the future. "Will", can also be used to make predictions about
the future.
Examples:
I promise that I will write you every single day. Promise
I will make dinner tonight. Voluntary action
He thinks it will rain tomorrow. Prediction
Shall forms:
Modal Use Positive Forms Negative Forms You
can
also
use:
will
FUTURE
ACTION,
PREDICTION
The marketing director will be
replaced by someone from the
New York office.
Fred will be there by 8:00.
The marketing director
will not be replaced
after all.
Fred will not be there.
He has a previous
obligation.
shall
will
VOLUNTEERING,
PROMISING
I will take care of everything for
you.
I will make the travel
arrangements. There's no
need to worry.
I will never forget you.
I will never give up
the fight for freedom.
shall

29-04-2014
Review modal verbs
1) Can
Use Examples
Ability to do, in the present (substitute form: to
be able to)
I can speak English.
Permission to do, in the present (substitute form:
to be allowed to)
Can I go to the cinema?
request Can you wait a moment, please?
offer I can lend you my car till tomorrow.
suggestion Can we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility It can get very hot in Arizona.
2) Could
Use Examples
ability to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to
be able to)
I could speak English.
permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form:
to be allowed to)
I could go to the cinema.
polite question * Could I go to the cinema, please?
polite request * Could you wait a moment, please?
polite offer * I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
polite suggestion * Could we visit Grandma at the weekend?
possibility * It could get very hot in Montana.

3) May
Use Examples
possibility It may rain today.
permission to do sth. in the present (substitute
form: to be allowed to)
May I go to the cinema?
polite suggestion May I help you?
4) Might
Use Examples
possibility (less possible than may) * It might rain today.
hesitant offer * Might I help you?
5) Must
Use Examples
force, necessity I must go to the supermarket today.
possibility You must be tired.
advice, recommendation You must see the new film with Brad Pitt.
6) Must not/may not
Use Examples
prohibition
You mustn't work on dad's computer.
You may not work on dad's computer.

30-04-2014
Review modal verbs
7) Need not
Use Examples
not necessary
I needn't go to the supermarket; we're going to
the restaurant tonight.
8) Ought to
Use Examples
advice You ought to drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation
You ought to switch off the light when you
leave the room.
9) Shall
Instead of will in the 1st person
Use Examples
suggestion Shall I carry your bag?

10) Should
Use Examples
advice You should drive carefully in bad weather.
obligation
You should switch off the light when you leave
the room.
11) Will
Use Examples
wish, request, demand, order (less polite than
would)
Will you please shut the door?
prediction, assumption I think it will rain on Friday.
promise I will stop smoking.
spontaneous decision Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will.
habits She's strange; she'll sit for hours without talking.
12) Would
Use Examples
wish, request (more polite than will) Would you shut the door, please?
habits in the past Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.
* No past forms - future forms

Abril- modal verbs

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (20)

Similar to Abril- modal verbs

Similar to Abril- modal verbs (20)

More from Isabela Alvaro

More from Isabela Alvaro (6)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Abril- modal verbs