PSYC 101 - General Psychology lecture slides for the memory chapter. Bowie State University, Spring 2013

1. PSYC 101 Friendly Reminders
Back from the CIAA? Make up Exam 1 today or tomorrow only!
 Appointments must be scheduled in advance with Graduate Assistant,
Ms. Whitni Richardson in person(CLT 368) or via email: BSU.PSYC101@gmail.com
 Give documented excuses for attending CIAA directly to your instructor.
Missed Lab last Friday?
 Students with an excused absence must make up quiz by this Thursday, 3/7.
 During any ULA office hours. No appointment necessary.
Writing Assignment #2 (due by 10am this Fri, March 8th)
 Missed WA1? Complete it anyway; get feedback from ULAs to help you succeed on WA2.
 Must complete survey to access dropbox.
 Last call for feedback feedback from GAs/ULAs: 4pm this Wed 3/6
Exam 2 (Chapters 5 & 6)
Next week: Mon, March 11th through Thurs., March 14th
 Check your BSU email or Bb Announcements for detailed
instructions on scheduling your exam appt.
 Appointments are on a first come basis. Note: Thursday appointments always fill up
first.
 Absolutely NO exceptions will be made for students that do not schedule or miss
their appointments.
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2. Chapter 6
Memory
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3. Memory
Remembering details or
information over time
3 Processes
1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
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4. Memory Encoding
How information enters storage
 Some enters automatically
 Others require effort
Attention
Deep processing
Elaboration
Mental imagery
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5. Attention
Encoding requires paying attention
Selective Attention
 Focusing on
specific aspects of
experience while
ignoring others
 Limitation of
brain’s resources
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6. Attention
Divided Attention
Attending to several
things simultaneously
“Multi-tasking”
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7. Depth of Processing
Deeper processing = better memory
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8. Elaboration
Making different mental connections
Deep and elaborate processing is best
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9. Mental Imagery
Most powerful encoding tool
Dual-Code Hypothesis
Our memory for
pictures is better than
memory for words
Pictures stored as
image codes and verbal
codes
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10. Memory Storage
Where and how long
information is . . .
 held over time
 placed in our memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
 Sensory memory
 Short-term memory
 Long-term memory
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11. Sensory Memory
Holds sensory details for an instant
Echoic Memory
 Auditory details
 Held for several seconds
Iconic Memory
Visual details
Held for about ¼ second
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12. Short-Term Memory
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13. Short-Term Memory
Information held up to 30 seconds
Limited-capacity
 Magic number = 7 ± 2 items
Strategies
Chunking
 Group large info into meaningful chunks
Rehearsal
 Deliberate repetition
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14. Working Memory
Temporary storage while working on a
mental task
1. Phonological Loop
 Briefly stores sounds and speech
2. Visuospatial Working Memory
 Briefly stores visual and spatial info
3. Central Executive
 Combines both types
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15. Long-Term Memory
Relatively
permanent storage
Unlimited space
1.Explicit Memory
2.Implicit Memory
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16. Long-Term Memory
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17. Explicit Memory
(aka Declarative Memory)
Intentionally remembered information
Permastore content
1.Episodic Memory
 Autobiographical
1.Semantic Memory
 General information
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18. Implicit Memory
(aka Nondeclarative Memory)
Effortless recall of info and experiences
1.Procedural Memory
1.Classical Conditioning
1.Priming
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19. Questions or Comments
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20. PSYC 101 Friendly Reminders
Missed Lab last Friday?
 Students with an excused absence must make up quiz by this Thursday, 3/7.
 During any ULA office hours. No appointment necessary.
Writing Assignment #2 (due by 10am this Fri, March 8th)
 Missed WA1? Complete it anyway; get ULA’s feedback for success on WA2.
 Must complete survey to access dropbox.
 Start early, get clarity and feedback from GAs/ULAs, turn it in early
Exam 2 (Chapters 5 & 6)
Next week: Mon, March 11th through Thurs., March 14th
Check your BSU email or Bb Announcements for detailed
instructions on scheduling your exam appt.
Consider your other midterm exams and obligations before scheduling
Reminder: Thursday appointments always fill up first.
Absolutely NO exceptions will be made for students that do not schedule
or miss their appointments.
20 Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010

21. Memory Organization
Mental organization improves memory
Schema
Helps organize and
interpret new info
Scripts
The past shapes
our expectations
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22. Memory Location
Located in several places throughout the brain
Neurons
 Specific sets
 Neurotransmitters involved
 Simultaneous neurons strengthens memory
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23. Memory Brain Structures
Explicit Memory Implicit Memory Frontal Lobe
 cerebral cortex  cerebellum  Left
 Encoding
 temporal lobes
 Right
 limbic system  Retrieval
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24. Memory Retrieval
Taking memory out of storage
Serial Position Effect
Tendency to remember
beginning or end of lists
Primacy Effect
 Better recall for items at beginning
Recency Effect
Better recall for items at end
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25. Memory Retrieval
Factors that help retrieval
Retrieval Cues
Retrieval Tasks
 Recall
 Retrieve previously learned information
 Recognition
 Identify or recognize familiar information
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26. Memory Retrieval
 Encoding Specificity Principle
 Factors present during prompts your memory
 Context-Dependent Memory
 Same context or scenario
 State-Dependent Memory
 Same psychological state or mood
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27. Memory Retrieval
Personal memories
Autobiographical memories
 Specialepisodic memories of your life
experiences
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28. Memory Retrieval
Emotional Memories
Flashbulb Memory
 Vivid memory of emotionally
significant events
 Personal not public events
 Not = photographic memory
Memory for Traumatic Events
 Vivid, detailed and accurate
Both more accurate but subject to
distortion
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29. Memory Retrieval
 Repressed Memories
 Forgotten memories of a very traumatic
 Forgot that you forgot
 May reflect motivated forgetting
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30. Eyewitness Testimony
Recalling what we saw/heard
Often involves emotional events
Errors due to:
 time
 distortion
 bias
 inaccuracy
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31. Why we Forget
Encoding Failure
 Not‘forgotten’ ~ never encoded
Retrieval Failure
 Storage problem
 Brain condition
 Fades over time
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32. Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
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33. Interference
Other information can block our memory
Proactive Interference
 Previouslylearned info disrupts
learning new information
Retroactive Interference
 Learning new info disrupts
retrieval of previous learning
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34. Interference
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35. Forgetting
 Decay
 Memory trace
fades over time
 Tip-of-the-Tongue
Phenomenon
 Can almost recall
but cannot fully
access memory
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36. Prospective Memory
 Remembering to do things in the future
 timing (when)
 content (what)
1. Time-Based Prospective Memory
2. Event-Based Prospective Memory
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37. Amnesia
Memory loss
Anterograde Amnesia
 Cannot remember new information
Retrograde Amnesia
 Cannot remember past information
 Can still form new memories
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38. Memory Tips
For studying
 Organize
 Encode
 Rehearse
 Retrieve
For your life
 Stay active as you age
 Physically and intellectually
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39. Questions or Comments
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