2. Timeline 1945 February 4-11: Yalta Conference 'Big Threeā July17- August 1: Potsdam Conference 1947 March 12 : Truman Doctrine June : Marshall Plan is announced Ā 1948 February 25 : Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia June 24 : Berlin Blockade begins lasting 11 months 1949 April 4 : NATO ratified May 12 : Berlin Blockade ends. 1952A-bombs developed by Britain 1953 March 17-June 4 Nuclear Arms Race atomic test series of 11 explosions at Nevada Test Site April 15: RAND report on the "Vulnerability of U. S. Strategic Air Power" July : Korean War ends December 8: Ike's Atoms for Peace speechĀ 1954 March 1: H-bomb Castle-Bravo test March : KGB establishedCIA helps overthrow unfriendly regimes in Iran and Guatemala July : Vietnam split at 17th parallelĀ 1955 May : Warsaw Pact formed 1956 June 29: USSR sent tanks into Poznan, Poland, to suppress demonstrations by workers September 4: USSR sent military aid to Afghanistan October - November : Rebellion put down in Communist Hungary. October 29: Suez Crisis began with Israeli attack led by Moshe Dayan against Egyptian forces in the Sinai Egypt took control of Suez CanalĀ 1957 August 26: Vostok rocket launched 1st ICBM October 4 : Sputnik launched into orbit November 3: Sputnik II launched - Laika died in spaceĀ 1958 January 31: Explorer I launched July : NASA began Mercury project using Atlas rocket November : Khrushchev demands withdrawal of troops from BerlinĀ 1959 January : Cuba taken over by Fidel CastroSeptember : Khrushchev visits United States; The Kitchen DebateĀ 1960 A-bombs developed by France May : Soviet Union reveals that U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet territoryNovember : John F. Kennedy elected President of USA December 19: Cuba openly aligns itself with the Soviet Union and their policies.Ā 1961 April : Bay of Pigs invasion see Cuban Missile Crisis TimelineAugust 13 : Berlin border is closedAugust 17 : Construction of Berlin Wall beginsĀ 1962 U.S. involvement in Vietnam increases see Vietnam War Timeline October : Cuban Missile Crisis see Cuban Missile Crisis TimelineĀ 1963 1963: July : Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ratified1963: November : President Kennedy assassinated in Dallas, TexasĀ 1964 August : Gulf of Tonkin incident - see Vietnam War Timeline October: A-bombs developed by ChinaĀ 1965 April : U.S. Marines sent to Dominican Republic to fight CommunismJuly : Announcement of dispatching of 200,000 U.S. troops to VietnamĀ 1966 B-52s Bomb North Vietnam 1967 The US Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara admits that the US bombing raids had failed to meet their objectivesĀ 1968 January : North Korea captured U.S.S. Pueblo President Johnson does not run for the presidency and Richard Nixon Elected President of the USAAugust : Soviet Red Army crush Czechoslovakian revoltĀ 1969 July 20 : Apollo 11 lands on the moon 1970 April : President Nixon extends Vietnam War to Cambodia 1971 Publication of the Pentagon Papers 1972 February: President Richard Nixon visits China July : SALT I signedĀ 1973 January : Cease fire in Vietnam between North Vietnam and United StatesSeptember : U.S. supported coup overthrows Chilean governmentOctober : Egypt and Syria attack Israel; Egypt requests Soviet aidĀ 1974 1974: August : President Nixon resigns 1975 April 17 : North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam which falls to Communist forces 1976 February: Soviet and Cuban forces help to install Communist government in Angola. 1979 January: U.S. and China establish diplomatic relations. July : SALT II signedNovember : Shah of Iran overthrown; Iranian Hostage Crisis December: Soviet forces invade Afghanistan Ā 1980 August: Polish shipyard workers strike Solidarity Union formed. Strike leader Lech Walesa is elected as the head of SolidarityĀ 1983 President Reagan proposes Strategic Defence Initiative1983: October : U.S. troops invades and overthrows regime in Grenada Ā 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union initiating a campaign of openness called "glasnost" and restructuring called "perestroikaā Ā 1986 October : President Reagan and Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe 1987 October : Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove all medium and short-range nuclear missiles 1989 June : Poland becomes independent September : Hungary becomes independent November : Berlin Wall is demolished and East Germany allows unrestricted migration to West Germany December : Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Rumania Decline of the Soviet empire 1990 October 3 : Germany reunited Ā 1991 August : End of Soviet Union and the Cold War Ends
3. Communism and Capitalism communism capitalism Communists believe that wealth should be divided equally between the population, regardless of skill level, egg a doctor and a factory worker would be equally paid, even though the doctor has a greater knowledge. Censorship was implemented in the press, and the radio stations. There were secret police to prevent people expressing opinions and religious views. Communism was ruled by a 1 party state, and the leader was not elected by the people, they had no influence so the leadership did not care about public opinion Communist were interested in production of heavy duty goods, and industry, they set high targets to generate wealth, but had little time for the production of consumer goods. Capitalist believed that we should be paid in accordance with our skill level, and effort. The harder you work richer you become , and if you don't work you are not paid. For example a doctor is more educated than a factory worker so they are paid more. People could say and believe what they wanted, and capitalists believed that people could publish whatever they wanted and hold any religious view. Capitalists elect new leaders regularly, and the leader is elected to put forward the views of the public so they had to listen to the public or not be re-elected Capitalists produced a range of products, and thrived on the sale of consumer goods, there were many opportunities to make a business, and there were many competing companies. The USA was a capitalist country and the USSR was a communist country so there was much disagreement in policy, so mistrust grew between them. The USA feared communism, as it went against their policy of competition in business, and freedom of speech. The USSR also mistrusted the USA as they felt that the USA wanted to destroy them . These conflicting ideologies were key in the decent into the cold war.
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5. He suspected that the west had been encouraging the Hitler in the 1930s to destroy the USSR
10. USSR ā StalinAt Yalta relationships were reasonable and they had been able to reach many decisions, without distrust and paranoia getting in the way. Agreements Germany was to be divided into four zones, between Brittan, France, the USA, and the USSR. Berlin was to be divided similarly, as is in the east of Germany, and was deemed too important to be ruled by only one power. Stalin promised free elections in the eastern European countries that the soviet union had enter to liberate them from the Nazis. The war still continued in Japan, and the USSR promised to declare war on them within three months of Germanys defeat. The borders of Germany, and Poland would be rearranged. Disagreements The reparations which were to be paid. The USSR wanted them to be high, and to totally cripple the economy, as their army had suffered greatly in the fighting, and many lives had been lost. The USA disagreed, as they believed that this high sum would only anger the Germans, as the treaty of Versailles had. There were also disagreements over Poland, as Stalin wanted to alter the elections, but the USA persuaded him to allow free elections. The borders of Poland were also caused disagreement, so were postponed until the next conference.
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12. USA ā Truman President Roosevelt had been ill and between conferences had passed away and his vice president took over.
13. USSR ā StalinRelationship changes At Yalta relationships had been reasonable and they had been able to reach many decisions. Roosevelt had been sympathetic to communism so there had been some trust. At Potsdam the relations had fallen considerably however they were still able to cooperate on many decisions. Stalin had gone against his promise to offer free elections in eastern europe, misinterpreting what was meant by sphere of influence . Truman was much more hostile against communism than Roosevelt had been, raising the suspicion between the powers. The USSR was angry, as the USA had developed the Atomic bomb and not told Stalin about it. Agreements They still agreed on the division of Germany and Berlin into four sections between the USA, USSR, UK and France . The Nazi party was to be dissolved, and war criminals to be arrested and tried for their crimes. Germany would have free elections, freedom of speech, and free religion, like a capitalist country. Poland would have free elections Germany was to pay reparations, most of this was to the USSR, as they suffered worse In the fighting of world war two. They all agreed to join the united nations so they could help retain the fragile state of peace.
27. The fact that both sides had military alliances showed neither side could see cooperation in the near future.
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32. There was a controlled media, so east Berliners had no way of finding out what was happening on the other side of the iron curtain.
33. There was a secret police force (the Stasi) who controlled peoples actions.
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35. It reflected badly ob the USSR, as it showed that they had to physically force people to stay within their state if they wanted them to stay, and that many people would choose capitalism over communism.
36. It became a symbol of what people hated about the USSR.
