4. Footing
The lowest load-bearing part of a building, typically
below ground level is called footing
Types of Footing
There are three main types of foundation
• Strip footing
• Raft/Mat footing
• Isolated/Pad footing
7. Strip Footing
A continuous strip of
concrete under a
continuous wall carrying
a uniformly distributed
load
Footing spread is usually
provided
8. Strip Footing
Footing spread (150mm on each side) is usually
provided:
i. To facilitate bricklayer a “working space” for
building the lower courses of walls
ii. To provide “stability” to the load-bearing walls
before it is tie down by floors and roof
iii. To provide “working space” for the hand excavation
operation in deeper trench excavation
9.
10. Wide Strip Footing
Use in a situation where
the load bearing capacity
of the soil is low
(e.g. soft clay silt, made
ground)
Site which may be
subjected to “unequal
settlement” (mining
areas), or where the
subsoil is “not uniform”
in character
11.
12. Inverted “T” Beam Strip Footing
Use in a situation where
there is a danger of the
foundation failing as a
beam in the longitudinal
direction
13.
14. Deep Strip Footing
A deep strip footing is a
narrow footing which is
used for normal soil and
normal loads and is made
0.9m deep.
15. Deep Strip Footing
In a deep, narrow trench
Excavation by hand is
not possible
Brickwork cannot be
built up from the bottom
Excavation by
mechanical means is
possible
16.
17. Stepped Strip Footing
A stepped strip foundation
is often used on a sloping
site where the steps allow
the foundation to follow
the slope without too
much excavation, when
compared with excavations
and retaining walls.
20. Raft/Mat Footing
Raft footing is a
continuous footing that
supports an entire
structure, such as a floor
also known as
foundation mat.
21. Raft/Mat Footing
Best suited in the following conditions:
Column loads are extremely heavy, thus requiring
large bases
Columns are closely spaced in both directions and if
pad footings are used, it would overlap and may
almost cover the whole building area
Ground bearing capacity is low, such as in
compressible soft natural
22. Types of Raft/Mat Footing
Solid Slab Raft-flat concrete slabs have uniform
thickness over whole raft area, with pedestals or
without pedestals
Beam and Slab Raft Footing-beam and slab rafts
are alternatives to the solid slab raft and are used
where poor soils are encountered, have pedestals
Cellular/Framed Raft Footing-these type of
foundations are used on soft compressible subsoil such
as soft clay or pit.
23.
24. Isolated/Pad Footing
Pad footing is the
support used at a point
load such as columns or
framed structures. They
may be circular, square
or rectangular and
consist of a block or slab
of the thickness.
25. Isolated/Pad Footing
The pad footing may be stepped if they are required to
spread the load from a heavy column. The pads are
usually shallow but deep ones can be found depending
on the structure.
Isolated or independent slab of concrete foundation to
support concrete columns or steel pillars, detached
brick or masonry piers
The pier or column bearing on the centre point of the
slab
26. Isolated/Pad Footing
Variation of pad footings:
Combined Footings – used where the bearing areas
of closely spaced columns overlapped
Cantilever Footings – designed to accommodate
eccentric loads