2. 1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changers
3. Use of Para
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Object Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative/Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
11. Negative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing Events
13. Preterite
14. Trigger Words
15. -Car, -Gar, -Zar
16. Deber + Infinitive
17. Modal Verbs
18. Present Progressive
19. Adverbs

4. Pedir (to ask)
Duermo Dormimos Pido Pedimos
Duermes Pides
Duerme Duermen Pide Piden
Querer (to want) Jugar (to want)
Juego Jugamos
Quiero Queremos
Juegas
Quieres
Juega Juegan
Quiere Quieren

5. Indicates the
Indicates an
recipient of an Indicates a
implied purpose
item purpose
Compro el
Vamos al Tengo dinero
regalo para tu
restaurante para
mama.
para comer. (comprar)
algo.

6. **Answers**: Me Nos **Comes before the
conjugated verb.**
To Whom? Te
For Whom? Le Les
ME NOS
Ana compra un regalo a mi. Ana compra un regalo a nosotros.
A mi Ana compra un regalo. A nosotros Ana compra un regalo.
Ana me compra un regalo. Ana nos compra un regalo.
TE
Ana compra un regalo a ti.
A ti Ana compra un regalo.
Ana te compra un regalo.
LE LES
Ana compra un regalo a Elena. Ana compra un regalo a ellos.
A Elena Ana compra un regalo. A ellos Ana compra un regalo.
Ana le compra un regalo. Ana les compra un regalo.

7. 1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive
tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated
verb

8. Me
Nos **Always has an
Te Gusta indirect object
Les pronoun in front of it.**
Le IOP
_____ gusta(n) …
IOP
No _____ gusta(n) …
Gusta is used when the object
pronoun is singular. The indirect object pronoun is
Me gusta el perro. based on the subject.
Rosa le gusta el pollo. means:
Gustan is used when the object Rosa likes chicken. Or:
pronoun is plural. The chicken is pleasing to Rosa.
Me gustan los perros.
We like to dance the salsa is
written:
Nos gusta bailar la salsa.
**Me gustas tú.**

9. Algo Something Nada Nothing
Alguien Someone Nadie No one
Algùn/Alguno Some Ningùn/Ninguno None
Siempre Always Nunca Never
Tambien Also Tampoco Neither/Either
Por ahora, nada más. Me gusta nadie.
For now, nothing more. No one is pleasing to me.
¿Algo más? Nunca compro joyería. *Nunca and
Anything more/else? I never buy jewelry.
nadie are the
exception of this
rule as shown.
**Algùn y ningùn are **If is verb follows no, a
used before a singular negative word must follow.
masculine noun. All else Double negatives are
is alguno or ninguno.** required in Spanish.**

10. **extremely/very**
-ísimo -ísima -ísimos -ísimas
Malo Malísimo
Muchas Muchísimas
Alto Altísimo
Rico Riquísimo
Larga Larguísima
Feliz Felicísimo
Joven Jovencísimo
Trabajador Trabajadorcísimo

11. *A verb done to oneself*
*identified with –se at the end of a verb
that has not been conjugated
(lavar…lavarse)*
1. Take the verb that is not To say, “Alexa washes herself.”
-me -nos conjugated. 1. Lavarse (to wash oneself)
2. Remove the –se. 2. Lavar
-te 3. Add the reflexive pronoun to the 3. Se lavar.
-se -se front. 4. Se lava.
4. Conjugate the verb normally. Final: Alexa se lava.
Other Possessive Verbs:
Acostarse
Bañarse
Despertarse
Tyler shaves his beard. Dormirse
Afeitarse (to shave one’s beard, face, etc.) Ducharse
Levantarse
Tyler se afeita la barba. Peinarse
Ponerse la ropa
Quitarse la ropa
I put on make up. Secarse
Maquillarse (to put on one’s make up)
Yo maquillo.
*not possessive because
reflexives already imply
possession.*

12. For affirmative tú commands:
Conjugate the verb in tú form Eat. Walk.
Then drop the “s” Come. Camina.
Or…
Put it in Él/Ella/Ud. form
Irregulars:
Di Decir If you’re going to use an
Haz Hacer object pronoun, place it after
Ve Ir the command.
Do. Leave.
Pon Poner
Haz. Sal. Eat it. Do it.
Sal Salir
Sé Ser Comela. Hazla.
Ten Tener
Ven Vener

13. For negative tú commands:
Put it in the tú form Don’t eat. Don’t Walk.
Change –er/-ir to –a or –ar to -e No comas. No camines.
Irregulars:
Digas Decir If you’re going to use an
No hagas Hacer object pronoun, place it
No vayas Ir before the command.
Don’t go.
No pongas Poner
No vayas. Don’t eat it (the cat).
No salgas Salir
No seas Ser No lo comas.
No tengas Tener
No vengas Vener

14. Event Meaning
Primero First
Entonces Then
Luego/Después Later/After
Por fin Finally
Antes de Before
Después de After
Por la mañana/tarde/noche In/During the …
Los lunes, etc. On Mondays, etc.

15. Perfected action in the past
AR Verbs ER/IR Verbs
è amos í imos
aste iste
ó aron ió ieron
“Row, Row, Row Your Boat”
“Snapshot in Time”

17. •In preterite yo form, you must
change the ending to –Qué, -Gué,
or –Cé
Tocar Jugar
Toqué Tocamos Jugué Jugamos
Tocaste Jugaste
Tocó Tocaron Jugó Jugaron
Comenzar
Comencé Comenzamos
Comenzaste
Comenzó Comenzaron

18. •Deber means should/ought to.
•You can NEVER have two
conjugated verbs in a row.
Debo nadar. Debemos hablar.
I should swim. We should speak.
Debes escribir.
You should write.
Debe comer. Deben escuchar.
He should eat. They should listen.

19.  2 verbs in a row
 The second verb cannot be conjugated
(must be an infinite)
 Example: deber + infinitive
Deber Should
 Necesito nadar. Desear To Desire
Necesitar To Need
› I need to swim. Poder To Be Able To
 Puede escribir. Querer To Want
› She is able to write. Saber To Know How To
Soler Usually/Used To

20. * -ing words
-ar verbs are followed by –ando
**
-er/ir verbs are followed by –iendo Creer
Creiendo
Creyendo
Ir
I am walking. Iendo
Estoy caminando. Yendo
She is eating. Leer
Está comiendo. Leiendo
Leyendo

21. __ly = __mente
**NOTICE**
Adjective Adverb •Adjectives that end in –o
must be changed to –a
Cuidadoso Cuidadosamente before adding the -mente
Especial Especialmente (example: Tranquilo)
Feliz Felizmente
•Adjectives that end in a
Frecuente Frecuentemente consonant just simply add
Rápido Rápidamente –mente (Example: Feliz)
Tranquilo Tranquilamente
•Adjectives that end in –e
Reciente Recientemente just add the –mente
(Example: Reciente)
**
When using more than one
adverb (quickly and calmy), If the first adverb ends in a –o,
only the second adverb change it to an –a, but do not
needs the –mente (rápida y add –mente **
tranquilamente)