In the present era the technology in communications has developed to a very large extent. The communication industries have seen a tremendous increase in last few years which have resulted in installation of large number of towers to increase the coverage area and network consistency. In wireless communication network these towers play a significant role hence failure of such structure in a disaster is a major concern. Therefore utmost importance should be given in considering all possible extreme conditions for designing these towers. In most of the studies, the researches have considered the effect of wind only on the four legged self-supporting towers. In this dissertation, a four legged lattice tower is analyzed and designed along with foundation details.
This document outlines the process for designing telecommunication towers, including site engineering surveys, preliminary design, detailed engineering drawings, and feasibility documents. For roof top sites, the design process involves verifying building columns and slab thickness, and evaluating building structural conditions. For green field sites, it involves acquiring the plot area and marking site levels. The document describes designing roof top and green field site layouts based on structural considerations. It also describes creating architectural and structural drawings, including foundation, beam, and bar bending details. Soil testing is done on green field sites to evaluate bearing capacity and groundwater levels. A building evaluation report analyzes existing structure capacity. A structure stability certificate ensures the design can withstand wind and seismic loads.
The document provides a final presentation on improving quality and productivity in the construction of telecom towers. It identifies key issues with current construction practices such as poor quality, cost overruns, and delays. The objectives are to study contracting procedures and suggest productivity improvements. Site visits found issues with materials, formwork, soil conditions, concrete, labor, and management. Process mapping is applied to identify processes for improvement like material staging. Suggestions include better supervision, equipment use, and safety practices.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a transmission tower located in Allahabad, India. It provides background on transmission towers and their components. It then outlines the scope of work, which is to design a 25m tall lattice tower that supports 7 cables using STAAD.Pro software. The objectives are to safely and economically design the tower under wind, self-weight and cable loads according to Indian codes and standards. The methodology section describes applying the loads to create a finite element model and analyzing the critical load combination.
Part 2 Self Supporting tower structures Fred Teichman
2 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
1. Tower configuration is determined by factors like insulator length, required clearances, location of ground wires, and mid-span clearance.
2. Tower height is calculated based on minimum ground clearance, maximum conductor sag, vertical spacing between conductors, and clearance between ground wire and top conductor.
3. Other factors that influence tower design include wind pressure, temperature variations, and different types of loads on the tower from reliability, security, and safety requirements.
Design and Analysis of Transmission Tower at AllahabadAbhijit Kumar
This document describes the structural analysis and design of a steel transmission tower. A group of 5 students conducted the project under the supervision of an assistant professor to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The project involved modeling a 30-meter high transmission tower in STAAD Pro, calculating loads manually, and analyzing and designing the tower members according to Indian codes. The objective was to optimize the tower design to reduce material costs.
This document provides information on the classification, dimensions, and erection of transmission line towers. It classifies towers based on the number of circuits and angle of deviation. It provides the dimensions of different types of towers for various voltages. It describes tower erection methods including the use of templates, probes, and cranes. It discusses tower accessories, insulators, conductor types, hardware, and stringing methods. Safety practices for tower erection and stringing are also outlined.
This document outlines the process for designing telecommunication towers, including site engineering surveys, preliminary design, detailed engineering drawings, and feasibility documents. For roof top sites, the design process involves verifying building columns and slab thickness, and evaluating building structural conditions. For green field sites, it involves acquiring the plot area and marking site levels. The document describes designing roof top and green field site layouts based on structural considerations. It also describes creating architectural and structural drawings, including foundation, beam, and bar bending details. Soil testing is done on green field sites to evaluate bearing capacity and groundwater levels. A building evaluation report analyzes existing structure capacity. A structure stability certificate ensures the design can withstand wind and seismic loads.
The document provides a final presentation on improving quality and productivity in the construction of telecom towers. It identifies key issues with current construction practices such as poor quality, cost overruns, and delays. The objectives are to study contracting procedures and suggest productivity improvements. Site visits found issues with materials, formwork, soil conditions, concrete, labor, and management. Process mapping is applied to identify processes for improvement like material staging. Suggestions include better supervision, equipment use, and safety practices.
The document discusses the design and analysis of a transmission tower located in Allahabad, India. It provides background on transmission towers and their components. It then outlines the scope of work, which is to design a 25m tall lattice tower that supports 7 cables using STAAD.Pro software. The objectives are to safely and economically design the tower under wind, self-weight and cable loads according to Indian codes and standards. The methodology section describes applying the loads to create a finite element model and analyzing the critical load combination.
Part 2 Self Supporting tower structures Fred Teichman
2 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
1. Tower configuration is determined by factors like insulator length, required clearances, location of ground wires, and mid-span clearance.
2. Tower height is calculated based on minimum ground clearance, maximum conductor sag, vertical spacing between conductors, and clearance between ground wire and top conductor.
3. Other factors that influence tower design include wind pressure, temperature variations, and different types of loads on the tower from reliability, security, and safety requirements.
Design and Analysis of Transmission Tower at AllahabadAbhijit Kumar
This document describes the structural analysis and design of a steel transmission tower. A group of 5 students conducted the project under the supervision of an assistant professor to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. The project involved modeling a 30-meter high transmission tower in STAAD Pro, calculating loads manually, and analyzing and designing the tower members according to Indian codes. The objective was to optimize the tower design to reduce material costs.
This document provides information on the classification, dimensions, and erection of transmission line towers. It classifies towers based on the number of circuits and angle of deviation. It provides the dimensions of different types of towers for various voltages. It describes tower erection methods including the use of templates, probes, and cranes. It discusses tower accessories, insulators, conductor types, hardware, and stringing methods. Safety practices for tower erection and stringing are also outlined.
3 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
IRJET- Analysis of Four Legged Steel Telecommunication Tower-Equivalent Stati...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes four-legged steel telecommunication towers using the equivalent static approach. It describes modeling 3D frame models of towers with varying heights (50m, 65m, 80m) and bracing configurations in STAAD Pro software. An analysis of the towers is conducted under loads like wind, earthquake, and live loads. The results, such as joint displacements and natural frequencies, are presented. It is found that joint displacements increase with tower height and wind speed. Model 3 with XB-XX bracing has the highest displacements, while Model 1 with K-XX bracing has the lowest. Wind load governs over earthquake forces. The study provides a basis for further research analyzing different bracing
Concrete is a composite material made of cement, sand, gravel and water that is used widely in construction. It has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so steel reinforcement is often added to provide tensile strength. The document discusses the materials, properties, testing and design considerations for concrete, including standards for mix design, strength, reinforcement, placement and curing. It provides equations for estimating concrete strength based on mix proportions and curing conditions.
Comparative study of four legged self supported angular telecommunication tow...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in demand, huge number of telecommunication towers has been built in India during last few decades with the compulsion to provide efficient communication. Consequently, telecommunication sector in the country has expanded rapidly. Expanding base possesses challenges to mobile operators in terms of augmenting and upgrading infrastructure to uphold to excellence of services. A rapidly rising subscriber and a more rigorous band allocating organization may create a higher requirement of tower sites for operators to accommodate more subscribers. Hence it became an expensive and tedious task to spot ample land for construction of towers. This led to the extensive use of the rooftop of multi-storeyed buildings for installing communication towers. Formerly the majority of the buildings were not cautious to carry a roof top tower, however owing to the altered needs; buildings were rehabilitated to carry roof top towers. In this report analysis of 4 legged angular self-supporting telecommunication towers is performed. Assessment is done based on modal analysis, by comparing the results of roof top tower and ground based tower. In support of this intention, two 4 legged self-supporting telecommunication towers of 24m and 21m are modeled on roof top of a building and on the ground, considering the effects of wind loads as per Indian condition. Effects of wind on towers are employed from the IS 875 (Part 3)-1987 by using STAAD pro finite element software. The tower and building is analysed by placing towers at centre of roof. Axial forces experienced by the structures too have been obtained Keywords: telecommunication tower, roof top, ground based, dynamic analysis
The document discusses the history and composition of concrete. It explains that modern concrete has greater compressive and tensile strength than ancient Roman concrete due to the use of Portland cement and steel reinforcement. The document also outlines different concrete mixtures based on proportion ratios and their recommended uses. It provides methods for calculating concrete needs and differentiates between concrete, cement, grout, and plaster.
This document is the 2006 National Standard Plumbing Code published by the Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors–National Association. It provides definitions, regulations, and standards for plumbing systems, materials, fixtures, drainage, vents, health care facilities, testing, and more. The code is intended to establish minimum requirements to protect health and safety through proper plumbing design, installation, and maintenance. Local authorities can adopt this code which is updated annually with public review and comment.
Planning and cost analysis of the commercial buildingila vamsi krishna
This document provides information about the planning and cost analysis of a commercial building project. It discusses the site planning process, building envelope design, architectural planning of spaces, and cost estimation. The project deals with planning and cost analysis of a 3-storey commercial building with different arrangements on each floor used for functions and marriages. It outlines considerations for site planning like zoning requirements, neighborhood character, and site conditions. It also covers types of building spaces like offices, conference rooms, and employee support areas.
This document outlines the Civil Engineering Law which regulates the practice of civil engineering in the Philippines. Some key points:
- It establishes a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers to administer examinations and issue certificates to practice civil engineering.
- To be certified, one must have a civil engineering degree from an accredited institution and pass a technical examination administered by the Board.
- The law defines the scope of civil engineering practice and exempts some individuals like military personnel. It also outlines penalties for practicing without certification.
- The Board is responsible for enforcing ethical standards, investigating complaints, and suspending or revoking licenses for cause.
This document discusses electrical systems in buildings. It covers topics like electricity generation, distribution circuits, wiring systems, earthing systems, domestic supply, electrical appliances and electric installations. The key points are:
- Electricity is generated using water or fossil fuels and transmitted through transformers at high voltages to reduce losses.
- Buildings are supplied electricity through single or three phase distribution depending on the load. Wiring systems include cleat, casing, conduit and surface wiring.
- Earthing systems provide protection against faults and lightning. Two classes of protection are used.
- Electrical appliances convert electricity to light, heat and power for uses like lighting, cooking and entertainment.
- Proper planning, design
This document provides an analysis and design overview of a cable-stayed bridge project. It introduces cable-stayed bridges and their components, including pylons, decks, cables, and bearings. The project involves the design of a three-span cable-stayed bridge with two 130m pylons and an 80-cable system arranged in a double plane configuration. The bridge deck is 28m wide with 6 lanes and consists of I-girders, X-girders, and stringers. Cables are initially 12cm in diameter and spaced 12m apart. Bridge components and construction are further described. Tests on cable-stayed bridge models are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
1. The basic principles of prestressing concrete by applying compressive stresses that counteract tensile stresses from loads. This allows for smaller member sizes.
2. The main advantages are smaller sections, reduced deflections, increased spans, and improved durability due to reduced cracking.
3. The two main methods are pre-tensioning, where strands are stressed before casting, and post-tensioning, where strands are tensioned after casting through ducts.
4. Uses include precast beams, slabs, piles, tanks, and bridges constructed with either precast or post-tensioned segments.
Design of column base plates anchor boltKhaled Eid
This document discusses the design of column base plates and steel anchorage to concrete. It covers base plate materials and design for different load cases including axial, moment, and shear loads. It also discusses anchor rod types, materials, and design for tension and shear loading based on calculations of the steel and concrete breakout strengths according to building codes.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
Structural Steel and Timber Design EV306 Project Reportherry924
This document summarizes a student's structural steel and timber design project report for a double storey steel building. The student followed British standards and used STAADPro software to analyze and design the building, which included columns, beams, trusses, and purlins made of steel sections. The student stated that the design was their original work done under guidance and checked calculations by hand to verify the STAADPro analysis results.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
This document provides information about a building technology course on alternative construction systems. It includes the course name, description, units, contact hours, prerequisites, objectives, and outline. The course aims to teach students about non-conventional construction methods, provide working details of different systems, understand advantages, and learn about latest technologies. The outline covers topics like cast-in-place and precast concrete, prestressed concrete, composite construction, tensile structures, and pre-engineered buildings. Studio equipment includes sample drawings.
Design and Analysis of Steel Tower Attachments for Domestic Wind TowerIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of steel attachments for a domestic wind tower. It aims to understand the interface between steel and concrete in the tower base and design the tower to withstand calculated forces. The methodology includes identifying loads on the tower base, testing concrete strength, designing steel components like gusset plates and bolts, creating 3D models, and analyzing the designs using ANSYS. Results show the tower foundation designs with and without concrete have negligible deformation under calculated loads, indicating the designs are stable and can withstand the forces. Fatigue analysis also provides S-N curves to evaluate component lifetimes under cyclic loading.
IRJET- Review Paper on Comparative Study of Dynamic Analysis of Transmission ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review and comparative study of the dynamic analysis of transmission line towers. It discusses modeling transmission line towers in STAAD Pro software to analyze them under different loads like dead load, wind load, and seismic load based on Indian codes and standards. Four common types of tower bracing systems - warren, horizontal, diagonal, and diamond - are analyzed and compared. Hot rolled steel sections are found to provide a lighter tower design compared to cold formed sections. The document aims to optimize the tower design to minimize weight and costs through dynamic analysis of different bracing and material options for the transmission line towers.
3 of 5 training modules created for simple understanding of types of tower structures for vertical applications used in the Wireless network development industry
IRJET- Analysis of Four Legged Steel Telecommunication Tower-Equivalent Stati...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes four-legged steel telecommunication towers using the equivalent static approach. It describes modeling 3D frame models of towers with varying heights (50m, 65m, 80m) and bracing configurations in STAAD Pro software. An analysis of the towers is conducted under loads like wind, earthquake, and live loads. The results, such as joint displacements and natural frequencies, are presented. It is found that joint displacements increase with tower height and wind speed. Model 3 with XB-XX bracing has the highest displacements, while Model 1 with K-XX bracing has the lowest. Wind load governs over earthquake forces. The study provides a basis for further research analyzing different bracing
Concrete is a composite material made of cement, sand, gravel and water that is used widely in construction. It has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, so steel reinforcement is often added to provide tensile strength. The document discusses the materials, properties, testing and design considerations for concrete, including standards for mix design, strength, reinforcement, placement and curing. It provides equations for estimating concrete strength based on mix proportions and curing conditions.
Comparative study of four legged self supported angular telecommunication tow...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in demand, huge number of telecommunication towers has been built in India during last few decades with the compulsion to provide efficient communication. Consequently, telecommunication sector in the country has expanded rapidly. Expanding base possesses challenges to mobile operators in terms of augmenting and upgrading infrastructure to uphold to excellence of services. A rapidly rising subscriber and a more rigorous band allocating organization may create a higher requirement of tower sites for operators to accommodate more subscribers. Hence it became an expensive and tedious task to spot ample land for construction of towers. This led to the extensive use of the rooftop of multi-storeyed buildings for installing communication towers. Formerly the majority of the buildings were not cautious to carry a roof top tower, however owing to the altered needs; buildings were rehabilitated to carry roof top towers. In this report analysis of 4 legged angular self-supporting telecommunication towers is performed. Assessment is done based on modal analysis, by comparing the results of roof top tower and ground based tower. In support of this intention, two 4 legged self-supporting telecommunication towers of 24m and 21m are modeled on roof top of a building and on the ground, considering the effects of wind loads as per Indian condition. Effects of wind on towers are employed from the IS 875 (Part 3)-1987 by using STAAD pro finite element software. The tower and building is analysed by placing towers at centre of roof. Axial forces experienced by the structures too have been obtained Keywords: telecommunication tower, roof top, ground based, dynamic analysis
The document discusses the history and composition of concrete. It explains that modern concrete has greater compressive and tensile strength than ancient Roman concrete due to the use of Portland cement and steel reinforcement. The document also outlines different concrete mixtures based on proportion ratios and their recommended uses. It provides methods for calculating concrete needs and differentiates between concrete, cement, grout, and plaster.
This document is the 2006 National Standard Plumbing Code published by the Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors–National Association. It provides definitions, regulations, and standards for plumbing systems, materials, fixtures, drainage, vents, health care facilities, testing, and more. The code is intended to establish minimum requirements to protect health and safety through proper plumbing design, installation, and maintenance. Local authorities can adopt this code which is updated annually with public review and comment.
Planning and cost analysis of the commercial buildingila vamsi krishna
This document provides information about the planning and cost analysis of a commercial building project. It discusses the site planning process, building envelope design, architectural planning of spaces, and cost estimation. The project deals with planning and cost analysis of a 3-storey commercial building with different arrangements on each floor used for functions and marriages. It outlines considerations for site planning like zoning requirements, neighborhood character, and site conditions. It also covers types of building spaces like offices, conference rooms, and employee support areas.
This document outlines the Civil Engineering Law which regulates the practice of civil engineering in the Philippines. Some key points:
- It establishes a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers to administer examinations and issue certificates to practice civil engineering.
- To be certified, one must have a civil engineering degree from an accredited institution and pass a technical examination administered by the Board.
- The law defines the scope of civil engineering practice and exempts some individuals like military personnel. It also outlines penalties for practicing without certification.
- The Board is responsible for enforcing ethical standards, investigating complaints, and suspending or revoking licenses for cause.
This document discusses electrical systems in buildings. It covers topics like electricity generation, distribution circuits, wiring systems, earthing systems, domestic supply, electrical appliances and electric installations. The key points are:
- Electricity is generated using water or fossil fuels and transmitted through transformers at high voltages to reduce losses.
- Buildings are supplied electricity through single or three phase distribution depending on the load. Wiring systems include cleat, casing, conduit and surface wiring.
- Earthing systems provide protection against faults and lightning. Two classes of protection are used.
- Electrical appliances convert electricity to light, heat and power for uses like lighting, cooking and entertainment.
- Proper planning, design
This document provides an analysis and design overview of a cable-stayed bridge project. It introduces cable-stayed bridges and their components, including pylons, decks, cables, and bearings. The project involves the design of a three-span cable-stayed bridge with two 130m pylons and an 80-cable system arranged in a double plane configuration. The bridge deck is 28m wide with 6 lanes and consists of I-girders, X-girders, and stringers. Cables are initially 12cm in diameter and spaced 12m apart. Bridge components and construction are further described. Tests on cable-stayed bridge models are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to prestressed concrete, including:
1. The basic principles of prestressing concrete by applying compressive stresses that counteract tensile stresses from loads. This allows for smaller member sizes.
2. The main advantages are smaller sections, reduced deflections, increased spans, and improved durability due to reduced cracking.
3. The two main methods are pre-tensioning, where strands are stressed before casting, and post-tensioning, where strands are tensioned after casting through ducts.
4. Uses include precast beams, slabs, piles, tanks, and bridges constructed with either precast or post-tensioned segments.
Design of column base plates anchor boltKhaled Eid
This document discusses the design of column base plates and steel anchorage to concrete. It covers base plate materials and design for different load cases including axial, moment, and shear loads. It also discusses anchor rod types, materials, and design for tension and shear loading based on calculations of the steel and concrete breakout strengths according to building codes.
This document discusses the design of beams. It defines different types of beams like floor beams, girders, lintels, purlins, and rafters. It describes how beams are classified based on their support conditions as simply supported, cantilever, fixed, or continuous beams. Commonly used beam sections include universal beams, compound beams, and composite beams. The document also covers plastic analysis of beams, classification of beam sections, and failure modes of beams.
Structural Steel and Timber Design EV306 Project Reportherry924
This document summarizes a student's structural steel and timber design project report for a double storey steel building. The student followed British standards and used STAADPro software to analyze and design the building, which included columns, beams, trusses, and purlins made of steel sections. The student stated that the design was their original work done under guidance and checked calculations by hand to verify the STAADPro analysis results.
This document discusses different methods of prestressing concrete, including pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before placing concrete around them, while post-tensioning involves stressing tendons after the concrete has cured using hydraulic jacks. Post-tensioning allows for longer spans, thinner slabs, and more architectural freedom compared to conventional reinforced concrete or pretensioned concrete. Common applications of post-tensioning include parking structures, bridges, and building floors and roofs.
Structural Analysis And Design is a structural analysis and design software. It includes tools for 3D modeling, analysis, and design of structures according to various international codes. The software was originally developed by Research Engineers International and later acquired by Bentley Systems. It allows engineers to generate models using different elements like frames, plates, and solids. Various types of structures like trusses, planes, and spaces can be modeled and analyzed. The software provides tools for assigning properties, loads, boundary conditions, and performing analysis to calculate member forces and deflections. The results can then be used for structural design of elements like beams, columns, slabs, and foundations.
This document provides information about a building technology course on alternative construction systems. It includes the course name, description, units, contact hours, prerequisites, objectives, and outline. The course aims to teach students about non-conventional construction methods, provide working details of different systems, understand advantages, and learn about latest technologies. The outline covers topics like cast-in-place and precast concrete, prestressed concrete, composite construction, tensile structures, and pre-engineered buildings. Studio equipment includes sample drawings.
Design and Analysis of Steel Tower Attachments for Domestic Wind TowerIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of steel attachments for a domestic wind tower. It aims to understand the interface between steel and concrete in the tower base and design the tower to withstand calculated forces. The methodology includes identifying loads on the tower base, testing concrete strength, designing steel components like gusset plates and bolts, creating 3D models, and analyzing the designs using ANSYS. Results show the tower foundation designs with and without concrete have negligible deformation under calculated loads, indicating the designs are stable and can withstand the forces. Fatigue analysis also provides S-N curves to evaluate component lifetimes under cyclic loading.
IRJET- Review Paper on Comparative Study of Dynamic Analysis of Transmission ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review and comparative study of the dynamic analysis of transmission line towers. It discusses modeling transmission line towers in STAAD Pro software to analyze them under different loads like dead load, wind load, and seismic load based on Indian codes and standards. Four common types of tower bracing systems - warren, horizontal, diagonal, and diamond - are analyzed and compared. Hot rolled steel sections are found to provide a lighter tower design compared to cold formed sections. The document aims to optimize the tower design to minimize weight and costs through dynamic analysis of different bracing and material options for the transmission line towers.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Dynamic Analysis of Transmission TowersIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that compares the dynamic analysis of transmission towers with different bracing systems and materials. Four transmission line tower models were developed using hot-rolled steel sections. The towers were analyzed according to Indian standards to calculate loads from dead weight, wind, sag tension, and other factors. Warren, horizontal, diagonal and diamond bracing patterns were evaluated based on weight to determine the most economical and sustainable design. Hot-rolled steel sections provided a lighter weight design compared to other materials.
The document analyzes and compares three different configurations of 220kV transmission line towers: a square base self-supporting tower, a triangular base self-supporting tower, and a square base guyed mast tower. Each tower is modeled and analyzed using STAAD software. The triangular tower has the heaviest member sections for the legs to handle the same loads with fewer legs. The guyed mast tower has the lowest forces in the leg members due to load transfer through guy ropes. The triangular tower experiences the highest forces in the leg members. Overall, the triangular tower requires the heaviest member sections to support the same loads as the other tower configurations.
The document proposes a design for UniArc Residences, a student residence building at Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur using shipping containers. The 16-level building would house 990 rooms across 3 blocks using different sized containers. Structural analysis using STAAD.Pro shows the steel structure of columns, beams, and bolted connections can support the container loads. Shipping containers provide cost and construction benefits over traditional materials.
The document discusses the design of lattice towers, specifically high voltage transmission towers. It outlines the common structural design problems for towers, including establishing load requirements and ensuring consistency between loads, overall design, and structural detailing. The document then focuses on the specific design of high voltage transmission towers, describing their functional requirements, typical loads, overall truss configurations, structural analysis approaches, and considerations for joint detailing.
Analysis and Design of Power Transmission Lines Steel Towers.docxAdnan Lazem
This document provides an overview of the analysis and design of transmission towers. It discusses different tower types and configurations. It describes the typical components of a tower, including the legs, cross-arms, and bracing members. It also outlines the factors that determine tower dimensions, such as electrical and mechanical considerations. Furthermore, it discusses the Indian Electricity Rules regarding minimum ground clearances for conductors of different voltages. The document is presented as the introduction and literature review for a graduation project on transmission tower analysis and design.
Design of cell transmission tower with different bracing patternsIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a cell transmission tower with different bracing patterns. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of analyzing and designing a cell tower using various bracing designs. The introduction then provides background on cell towers and the typical materials and bracing systems used. It describes the objectives of the study, which are to design a cell tower including foundation details, analyze it considering factors like height, bracing system, and soil properties. The document then reviews several other studies on transmission tower design and analysis, focusing on variables like tower height, bracing type, and their impacts on stresses and displacements. It concludes by outlining the methodology to be used, including configuring the tower, applying loads like wind and
IRJET- Response of Multistorey Building with Rooftop Telecommunication To...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the response of a multistory building with a rooftop telecommunication tower placed in different positions. Seven cases were modeled in Staad Pro with the tower placed at corner, side, and middle locations of the roof. The objectives were to compare structural responses like beam shear, moments, and torsion based on tower position, and identify the most efficient position. Load combinations were applied based on Indian seismic design codes. Results showed that tower position significantly impacted structural response, with certain positions producing lower stresses and being more efficient under seismic loads.
Large Span Lattice Frame Industrial Roof StructureIOSR Journals
This document presents the design of a large span lattice frame roof structure for an industrial building in India. It analyzes different configurations and member sizes for roof spans ranging from 30 to 60 meters under various load combinations, including dead load, live load, and wind load. Tables of results show bending moments and shear forces in the roof members for different roof slopes and column heights under a unit loading of 10 kN. The 60 meter span design case study is for a coal storage shed with a sloped lattice frame roof supported by columns. STAAD analysis software was used to optimize the structural system and select the most economical design.
Large Span Lattice Frame Industrial Roof StructureIOSR Journals
This document summarizes the design of a large span lattice frame roof structure for an industrial building in India. Key points include:
- The structure is a 60m span by 100m length roof for a coal storage shed.
- Various structural systems were analyzed using STAAD software to determine the most economical design.
- Load combinations considered dead load, live load, and wind loads according to Indian standards.
- Preliminary member sizing was conducted using a unit loading method, with the governing load combination being 10kN total at nodes from dead and live loads.
- Results of the analysis showed minimum moments and shears occurred for a roof slope between 7-9 degrees and a
This document presents the design of a large span lattice frame roof structure for an industrial building in India. It analyzes different configurations and member sizes for roof spans ranging from 30 to 60 meters under various load combinations, including dead load, live load, and wind load. Tables of results show bending moments and shear forces in the roof members for different roof slopes and column heights under a unit loading of 10 kN. The 60 meter span design with a slope of 8 degrees and column height of 5 meters is found to have the lowest bending moments and shear forces, making it the most economical solution.
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Final Paper on Study and Design of Footbridge to connect the first floor of C...IRJET Journal
This document presents the design of a footbridge to connect the first floors of the Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering Departments at JCOET college. It first describes conducting a site survey to obtain dimensions for the bridge. It then details the design of the RCC bridge slab and beams using the limit state method according to Indian code IS 456:2000. The slab depth was initially 100mm but had to be increased to 150mm to satisfy deflection requirements. Reinforcement ratios and bar spacings were calculated. A rate analysis and 3D model of the bridge in AutoCAD were also developed.
IRJET- A Study on Seismic Analysis of RC Framed Structures on Varying Slo...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the seismic analysis of reinforced concrete framed structures located on varying slope angles, with and without shear walls. 12 models of a 10-story building were developed with slope angles of 0°, 11.25°, 22.5°, and 45° to analyze seismic performance. The models were analyzed using ETABS software for equivalent static and response spectrum analysis according to Indian seismic codes. Results for parameters like base shear, story shear, story displacement, and story drift were obtained and compared for models with shear walls at corners, corners and edges, and without shear walls. In general, models with shear walls performed better in reducing seismic demands.
IMPROVING THE STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF STEEL TRUSSES BY COMPARATIVE STUDYIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses analyzing the structural efficiency of different types of steel trusses (Warren, Patt and Howe) through modeling in STAAD Pro software.
2) A Warren truss bridge model is analyzed under dead load, live load, and seismic load conditions. Displacement over time is highest for the Warren truss.
3) Natural frequencies are calculated, with Warren and Patt trusses having higher frequencies than the Howe truss.
4) The Warren truss experiences the greatest displacement under seismic loads, while the Patt and Howe trusses displace less.
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1. Guided by;
D Sreehari Rao,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engg.
By;
G Sireesha ( 11202012),
P Hari Krishna (11202024),
S Sri Hari (11202030).
2. In the present era the technology in communications has developed to a very
large extent. The communication industries have seen a tremendous increase in last few
years which have resulted in installation of large number of towers to increase the
coverage area and network consistency. In wireless communication network these towers
play a significant role hence failure of such structure in a disaster is a major concern.
Therefore utmost importance should be given in considering all possible extreme
conditions for designing these towers. In most of the studies, the researches have
considered the effect of wind only on the four legged self-supporting towers. In this
dissertation, a four legged lattice tower is analyzed and designed along with foundation
details.
3. BASED ON STRUCTURAL ACTION
SELF SUPPORTING
TOWERS
The towers that are supported
on ground or on buildings are
called as self-supporting
towers. Though the weight of
these towers is more they
require less base area and are
suitable in many situations.
Most of the TV, MW, Power
transmission, and flood light
towers are self-supporting
towers.
GUYED TOWERS
Guyed towers are normally
guyed in three directions. These
towers are much lighter than self
supporting type but require a
large free space to anchor guy
wires. Whenever large open
space is available, guyed towers
can be provided. There are other
restrictions to mount dish
antennae on these towers and
require large anchor blocks to
hold the ropes.
MONOPOLE
It is single self-supporting
pole, and is generally placed
over roofs of high raised
buildings, when number of
antennae required is less or
height of tower required is less
than 9m.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION TOWERS
5. Based on the type of material sections :
Based on the sections used for fabrication, towers are classified into angular and hybrid
towers (with tubular and angle bracings). Lattice towers are usually made of bolted angles.
Towers with tubular members may be less than half the weight of angle towers because of the
reduced wind load on circular sections. However the extra cost of the tube and the more
complicated connection details can exceed the saving of steel weight and foundations.
Based on cross section of tower:
Towers can be classified, based on their cross section, into square, rectangular, triangular,
delta, hexagonal and polygonal towers. Triangular Lattice Towers have less weight but offer less
stiffness in torsion. With the increase in number of faces, it is observed that weight of tower
increases. The increase is 10% and 20% for square and hexagonal cross sections respectively.
Based on the number of segments:
The towers are classified based on the number of segments as Three slope tower; Two
slope tower; Single slope tower; Straight tower.
6. OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to design a Telecommunication tower, along with
foundation details, and to analyze it, below mentioned basic parameters are considered :
• Base width.
• Height of tower.
• Soil Bearing Capacity.
• Configuration of Tower.
Following research has to be carried out for meeting the above objectives:
• Soil exploration studies.
• Terminology of communication tower and its components.
• Different behaviors of towers.
• Methodology for analysis and design of communication towers.
7. To meet these objectives the following work has to be done:
• Towers are configured with keeping in mind all field and structural constraints on
AutoCAD 2015.
• Loading format including reliability, security and safety pattern are to be evaluated.
• Wind loading is calculated on the longitudinal face of the towers.
• Now all the towers are modelled and analyzed as a three dimensional structure
using STADD.Pro V8i and STAAD(X) Tower V8i.
• Finally tower members are designed as an angle sections.
8. DESIGN OF COMMUNICATION TOWERS
The following are the steps involved in design of communication tower:
• Selection of configuration of tower.
• Computation of loads acting on tower.
• Analysis of tower for appropriate loading conditions.
• Design of tower members according to codes of practices.
• Design of foundation according to codes of practices.
9. CONFIGURATION
A communication tower, like any other exposed structure, has a super
structure shaped, dimensioned and designed to suit the external loads and self-
weight
Selection of configuration of a tower involves fixing of top width, bottom
width, number of panels and their heights, type of bracing system and slope of
tower. The following are key parameters in configuration of tower.
• Width at bottom level = 4.00 m
• Width at top level = 1.20 m
• Overall Height = 30.00 m
• No. of levels = 09 levels
• Slope of outline of tower = 87º 8’ 15.34” (with horizontal)
10.
11. ELEVATION OF LEVELS
LEVELS HEIGHT (M) BASE WIDTH (M) BRACING PATTERN OF
FACE
0 0 4 K2 Brace Down
1 6 3.3 Double K1 Brace Down
2 10.5 2.775 Double K1 Brace Down
3 14 2.367 Double K1 Brace Down
4 17 2.017 XX Bracing
5 19 1.783 XX Bracing
6 21 1.55 XX Bracing
7 22.5 1.375 XX Bracing
8 24 1.2 XX Bracing
9 30 1.2 XX Bracing
12. LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
In case of communication towers self-weight of tower is most important component
of tower design. The tele communication steel tower is a pin-jointed light structure, It is
still assumed that their behavior is similar to simple truss.
The percentage of openings in Tower structure will be more than 30%, so wind
loads acting on the tower will be of less magnitude compared to chimneys, but the major
cause of failures of telecommunication tower throughout the world though still remains to
be high intensity winds (HIW). The major problem faced is the difficulty in estimating
wind loads as they are based on a probabilistic approach. There has been several studies in
telecommunication towers taking into consideration the wind as well as dynamic effect.
13. The loadings which are considered during this project are:
1. Dead loads or Vertical loads
( i.e. self weight of tower members, Self weight of antennas, labour and
equipment during construction and maintenance.)
2. Transverse loads
(Wind load on exposed members of the tower and antenna.)
Wind load on tower:
The wind load on tower can be calculated using the Indian standards IS: 875(Part 3)-
1987[3] and BS: 8100 (Part 1)-1996[4].
Wind load on antennae:
Wind load on antennae shall be considered from Andrew’s catalogue. In the Andrew’s
catalogue the wind loads on antennas are given for 200kmph wind speed. The designer
has to calculate the antenna loads corresponding to designwind speed.
14. DESIGN WIND PRESSURE
•At Tirupati region, the design wind speed = 39 m/s
•Design speed at the site = Vz = K1K2K3Vb
Risk co-efficient = K1 for 100 years life = 1.08
K2 , terrain factor for 30 m and class B of Terrain category 3 = 1.03
Topography factor (K3) = 1+ Cs
For the given plain topography K3 = 1 ( As C=0 )
• Vz = 1.08*1.03*1*39 = 55.62 m/s
• Design wind pressure = Pz = 0.6 Vz
2 = 1.86 KN/m2
15. Similarly the design wind pressures for different levels are calculated and tabulated as
follows:
Height (m) Design wind pressure
(KN/m2 )
0 0
10 1.36
12 1.44
15 1.55
18 1.63
21 1.70
24 1.75
27 1.81
30 1.86
16.
17.
18. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
The lattice tower model was analyzed in ANSYS as well as in STAAD. Pro
V8i and STAAD(X) Tower V8i software package. The model was created using the
coordinate data for the points and the element connectivity table and suitable cross
sectional properties were assigned to the elements created. The boundary condition
was stimulated in the model by fixing the three lowermost nodes of the modeled
structure. The loads calculated above are applied at appropriate nodes and the stress
parameters, deformation of the structure under the effect of the applied load is
studied.
19.
20. DESIGN OF MEMBERS
Suitable steel sections are initially assumed as members of the tower for
analyzing the structure. Once the analysis is done members are finalized based on the
stresses developing in them, following the codal provisions provided by Indian
Standards.
• The maximum allowable stresses in the members are given in IS 802 (Part-1).
• Limiting slenderness ratios for members are given in IS 802(Part-1).
• Effective Length of compression members should be assumed as per IS
806(1968).
23. DESIGN OF SLAB BASE
As per IS 800:2007,
• Bearing strength of concrete = 0.6fck
• But for practical consideration bearing strength = 0.45fck
∴ Area of plate required =
𝑃𝑢
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
• Where Pu = Factored load
• Load on each leg is = 400KN
• Factored load on each leg = 600KN
• Area of plate required =
600
0.45×25
= 53333.33 mm2
∴ Side of each base plate = 300 × 300 mm2
24. • Minimum thickness required (ts) = (
2.5𝑤(𝑎2−0.3𝑏2)𝛾𝑚𝑜
𝑓𝑦
)0.5
Where W =
𝑃𝑢
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
=
600×1000
300×300
= 6.66 N/mm2
a = 95 mm and b = 95 mm
∴ ts = (
2.5×6.66×(952−0.3×952)×1.1
250
)0.5
∴ ts =25 mm
(As ts >
tf (truss angle thickness ts = 12mm), hence safe.)
Connect base plate to foundation concrete using 4 No’s 20mm diameter and
300mm long anchor bolts.
If weld is to be used for connecting column to base plate check the weld length of
filler weeds.
26. Initially assume footing size = 5m × 5m
Uniform load on footing (W) =
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
=
800
25
= 32 KN/m2
Consider per meter width then load is = 32 KN/m
Maximum bending moment at center of footing = 100 KNm
Bending moment required Mu = 0.138fckbd2
100×106 = 0.138 × 25 × 1000 × d2
d = 170.25 mm
∴ d = 200 mm.
Area of steel required:
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-
𝐴𝑠𝑡×𝑓𝑦
𝑏𝑑×𝑓𝑐𝑘
)
100×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×200×(1-
𝐴𝑠𝑡×415
1000×200×25
)
27. Assume concrete grade = M20
Steel grade = Fe415
Ast required = 1596.36 mm2
Assume diameter of bars = 12 mm
No. of bars required =
1596.36
(
𝜋
4
)×122
= 15 bars
Spacing of bars =
5000
20
=250 mm
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 20 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 12𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎 @ 250𝑚𝑚
𝐶
𝐶
𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠.
Design of concrete column for slab base:
Axial load on the column = 600KN.
According to code axial load on column = 0.4fckAc + 0.67fyAst
(As per IS 456:2000)
600×103 = 0.4fckAc + 0.67fyAst
600×103 = 0.4×25×Ac + 0.67fyAst
28. Assume 1% of steel of concrete area.
600×103 = 0.4×25×Ac + 0.67× 415 ×
1
100
Ac
∴ Ac = 46946.6 mm2 = 216.67 × 216.68 mm2
.
∴ Ac = 220 × 220 mm2
.
Hence provide 300 × 300 mm2 square column at 350mm from edge.
Height of this column above the raft footing = 450 mm
Area of steel = 1% of column cross section
= 0.01 × 300 × 300 = 900 mm2
Assume 20mm dia bars then No. of bars =
900
(
𝜋
4
)×202
= 3 bars
∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 4 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 20𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 8𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
29.
30. RESULT
A Telecommunication tower of 30m high is analyzed and
designed.
1. The configuration of the tower is as follows:
• Height of tower = 30m
• Base width = 4m
• Top width = 1.2m
• Type of tower = Four legged lattice tower with two slopes.
• Number of members = 564
31. 2. Wind load is calculated using STADD.Pro V8i using IS: 875(Part 3)-
1987[3].
The total wind load acting on the structure is 2719 Kg.
3. Design has been done according to IS: 802 using STADD.Pro and
following results are obtained:
• a. Total weight of steel required in superstructure = 9758 Kg.
• b. Materials required in super structure:
S. No Profile Length(m) Weight(Kg)
1. ISA 100x100x12 120.33 2130
2. ISA 80x80x10 170.63 2019
3. ISA 90x90x10 418.69 5609
Total = 9758
32. 4. Raft foundation of 5m x 5m has been designed along with slab base
and column base to transfer the loads to raft. The details of foundation are:
a. Allowable Bearing Pressure = 250 KPa
b. Thickness of slab base = 25 mm
c. Thickness of column base = 450 mm
d. Thickness of Raft foundation = 22 mm
33. CONCLUSION
In the present era, technology is growing at a rapid phase which
require adequate communication means like mobile phones, internet, radio
communication etc. So there is need for proper communication systems
including radio stations, Communication towers. If we could optimize the
design of towers and use less resources, it will save a lot of money and
resources. In olden days angle sections are used in making of truss in
towers, currently tubular sections are preferred as they are more
economical.
The wind load acting on the telecommunication towers will be
comparatively less in magnitude as it is open structure with more openings,
but failure of the towers is mainly due to High Intensity Winds and
Earthquakes. So high factor of safety should be given to wind loads and
seismic loads.