This paper examines the intersection of cars and mobile technologies. It discusses three phases of "cars and mobiles": 1) bulky 1G mobiles that needed to be installed in cars; 2) issues around using mobiles in cars that led to research on safety and etiquette; and 3) smartphones and apps allowing drivers and passengers to continue mobile media use in cars. The paper also explores connected car technologies from manufacturers and questions around the social implications of increasing mobile integration in vehicles.

1. Cars as Mobile Media:
New Directions in Australian
Culture & Policy
Gerard Goggin (@ggoggin) &
Jonathon Hutchinson (@dhutchman)
Dept of Media & Communications, University of Sydney
paper for
Australian and New Zealand Communication
Association (ANZCA)
Melbourne, 2014

2. cars + mobiles (encore)
• present conjuncture see new phase of articulation of 2
mobility technologies: cars + cellular mobile
• cars as cultural technologies are designed around
technology, protocols, design and development, use,
global economies and regulation producing particular
kinds of technological affordances
• exploring several car manufacturers, this paper
highlights the mediation processes currently impacting
on mobile phone, applications and driverless
technology use within the car manufacturing industries
• creation of new socio-political relations through the
spatio-temporal lens of the politics of mobilities
• the paper will also raise question of how mobile
technologies are woven into the social imaginaries of
inclusion, exclusion & exchange

3. 3
Cars + Mobiles 1.0
big bulky 1G
mobiles, needed to
be installed in cars to
be usable

4. cars + mobiles 2.0
people like using mobiles in cars, but this raises
risk & safety issues – requiring research,
evolution of new social norms (q.v. ‘etiquette’),
behaviour modification, risk management,
‘hands-free’ kits
See: Jessop, Glenn. ‘A Brief History of Mobile Telephony: The Story of
Phones and Cars’ Southern Review: Communication, Politics & Culture,
Vol. 38, No. 3, 2006: 43-60

5. cars + mobiles 3.0
• mobile phone is a ‘social fact’, ‘taken-for-granted’ (Ling,
2012)
• with mobile Internet —smartphones, apps, Wi-Fi, and
households ecologies of convergent media — cars designed
for drivers and passengers to segue from work, home, play
etc into car & continue mobile, social, and locative media use
(Goggin, 2012); cars fast becoming a mobile comms
environment in own right.
• mobiles + Internet — + associated network technologies —
are key to ‘driver-assist technologies’ (by car manufacturers)
or ‘driverless cars’ (e.g. Google); such ‘autonomous’ vehicles
rely upon mix of networked tech & communicative tech + road
& others infrastructures + different kinds of labour

6. Cars + Mobiles 3.0:
Internet of mobilities

7. Moving Media
• this research is part of Australian Research Council
Discovery project Moving Media: Mobile Internet and
New Policy Modes (CIs: Gerard Goggin, Tim Dwyer,
Fiona Martin; researcher: Jonathon Hutchinson); see
blog http://mobileinternetresearch.net/latest/
• mapping responses of policy institutions and actors
to the range of forms of mobile Internet and the new
kinds of governance these are eliciting
• Using IAMCR Mapping Global Media Policy project
database to do this -
http://www.globalmediapolicy.net/
• Case studies on: news diversity; locative media;
connected cars; wearable computers (Google Glass);

9. brief history of Internet in cars
1st phase (2003-07): academic, technical & political
work to develop technologies, protocols and
standards for internet in cars
2nd phase (2008-09): first wave of connected cars
from car manufacturers - proprietary operating
systems pre-installed in the car information and
entertainment systems
3rd phase (2010-2012): sophistication in mobile
internet, entertainment and information systems - car
manufacturers align with tech companies to develop
articulated systems that promote improved
communication, & also locative technologies
4th era (2013-14): car manufacturing companies shift
towards complementing & designing apps for car
owner/passenger mobile phone use & systems (shift

10. key moments in connected cars
2003: German Ministry of Education research into FleetNET, ad hoc
network b/w cars + objects
2006: call for IPv6 to be protocol for internet in automobiles
2008: BMW uses Autonet (dongle in the cigarette lighter) to connect
and mobilise their iDrive in-dash internet browser; Autonet adds media
storage to become Delphi/Autonet Mobile System; UConnect system
emerges from Chrysler,
2009: Toyota Prius consortium develops ng (Next Generation) Connect
system (uses 3G); also employs LTE (long term evolution) as wireless
hotspot
2010: Ford integrates API system Sync (app technologies like
OpenBeak, Pandora & Stitcher); GM uses OnStar (built in car phone
service using sensory technology like iRadar & CARbonga)
2011: Ford Sync implemented into 10 European models, move away
form embedded technology to enable users to connect their devices;
subscription based at US$395+; GM offers MyLink (apps to access
Pandora, Stitcher and eventually Facebook, email etc)

11. • BMW seems to be the leader with a strong
connection between the MyBMW app and the
iDrive operating system
• Sync (Ford and Microsoft) operates both ways
- phone to control car and car to control phone
apps; Sync (Microsoft) has the lion's share of the
manufacturers through Ford and its many brands
• Audi Connect is most sophisticated version of
both approaches: it provides multiple forms of
connectivity, produces a wifi hotspot, integrates
information and location services, can integrate
social media (manually or automatically)
• all of these technologies are rarely included
and become part of pre-booked/paid packages
to install in the car

12. Ford Pandora app

13. Volvo on board information systems

14. 2 broad approaches
1:car-as-sim/router: installation of a sim card or
physical router interfaced through the car’s operating
system – effectively converts the car into a mobile
internet server, & provides wireless connectivity for
the car’s operating system & users within vehicle
2. smartphone-drives-car-connectivity: User
smartphone as interface between car & internet -
onboard operating system acts as an interface to
integrates mobile applications of the phone into the
operating systems of the car; apps are either stand
alone (broad info, social media, games apps) or
integrated (apps related to/gathering info on vehicle)

15. Policy
actors in
connected
cars

16. Mapping policy actors in cars + mobiles 3.0 using IAMCR Mapping Global
Media Policy project database visualisations -
http://www.globalmediapolicy.net/node/6307

17. ICT in Creative Arts, Business
and Science, Mitchell et al. 2003
Invention:
“Manufacturers”
Application:
“Consumers”
Leadbeater, 2008
Innovation Policy
Moment

18. The Australian Policy Push
OECD
Research on Road Transport and Intermodal Linkages (RTR)
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

19. autonomous automobility
• impact of global financial crisis has seen many
automobile manufacturing behemoths rethink their
global approach to production & distribution of
general purpose vehicles
• number of automobiles manufactured globally in
the past ten years has maintained a steady
increase – consumers in new urban centres in
majority world/global south
• goodbye (post) Fordism (US, Japan, UK,
Germany, Australia) - hello shift to production in
‘emerging’ economies (Indonesia, Malaysia,
Hungary, Russia, China)

20. new imaginaries of automobility
• cultural shift towards more environmentally friendly
automobiles
• consumers are also focusing on vehicles that enhance
connectivity to continue their digital, social, mobile,
locative media activities
• along with increase of information and communication
technologies within vehicular information systems is
push for increased driver safety tech
• increased technological advancements of in-car
instruments and operating systems alongside
connected infrastructure which enables cars to gossip
to each other and to their environments.

21. ‘THINKING BEYOND THE CAR
What you are looking at here is not a 'car'. For us, this is what comes after the car.
Just as the internal combustion engine enabled the car to replace the carriage, we
believe autonomous technology will enable us to replace the car, and in doing so
create a new class of mobility known as 'Level 4'.’
Zoox, Melbourne-based autonomous car company, http://zoox.co/design.html

23. materialities of new automobility
• tension b/w manufacturers + governments and the co-
relation between automobile manufacturing development
and increased infrastructure
• cars must remain affordable for consumers,
manufactures have lead time of 5-7 years to test and
implement new technologies
• local councils cannot afford to upgrade existing road
infrastructures to accommodate experimental
transportation systems that may not work/be sustainable
for large numbers of people
• autonomous vehicles being protoyped (e.g. Google
Driverless cars), with great promises (e.g. allowing Blind
to drive), but accompanied by many concerns/anxieties

24. Driving – which
exclusions/exchanges?
• new forms of mobile media – especially mobile,
social, locative media & mobile Internet – playing
crucial role in development & design of connected,
assisted & autonomous cars
• what ultimately will be their infrastructures &
affordances? What will be the values they encode
& support? Who participates in design of these
complex systems? What are the social imaginaries
– esp. visions of inclusion & exchange – that
accompany & shape cars + mobiles 3.0?

25. References
Gerard Goggin. ‘Driving the Internet: Mobile Internets, Cars, and the
Social’. Future Internet 4.1 (2012): 306-321
Gerard Goggin, Tim Dwyer, Fiona Martin. ‘Moveable Media: Mobile
Internet and New Policy Modes,’ in Creativity, Innovation and
Interaction: Public Media Management Fit for the 21st
Century, Michał Głowacki & Lizzie Jackson (eds) (Routledge, 2013)
Gerard. Goggin, ‘Mobile Communication Law and Regulation.’ In
International Encyclopedia of Digital Communication and Society,
ed. Ang Peng Hwa and Robin Mansell (Wiley-Blackwell, 2014)
Gerard Goggin & Larissa Hjorth, eds Routledge Companion to
Mobile Media (2014)
Jessop, Glenn. ‘A Brief History of Mobile Telephony: The Story of Phones
and Cars’ Southern Review: Communication, Politics & Culture, Vol. 38, No.
3, (2006): 43-60
Rowan Wilken & Gerard Goggin, ed. Locative Media (Routledge,
2014)
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