Public policy aspects of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

Public Policy for Connected &
Autonomous Vehicles
Images: Bosch 'connected car' concept (exhibited at CES 2016)

January 11th 2016 Bill Harpley2
Bill Harpley
Principal Consultant
Astius Technology
billharpley@astius.co.uk

This presentation was given to a meeting
of Brighton IoT forum ( @IoT_brighton )
January 11th
2016

Overview
The UK Experience
● Evolution roadmap
● Policy challenges
● Current programmes
The Global Experience
● U.S.A
● China
● Germany

Part 1: the UK experience

Levels of Vehicle Automation
Six levels of vehicle automation have been
defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers
(standard J3016)
L0 Driver only Conventional vehicle – driver manages all aspects of speed
and direction
L1 Assisted Driver receives support for specialised tasks (e.g. parking)
L2 Partial
Automation
Driver receives support for coping with predefined scenarios
(e.g. Traffic jam warning and avoidance)
L3 Conditional
Automation
Driver can relinquish control to automated system but must
be ready to take back control (e.g. Motorway Autopilot)
L4 Significant
Automation
Majority of journey may automated by some driver
intervention may be required (e.g. Urban motoring)
L5 Complete
Automation
Complete end-to-end journey without driver intervention

Evolution of the Connected Car
● The long timescale is a major challenge for policy makers.
● Expect multiple generations of technology to co-exist.

Policy Challenges (1 of 2)
Safety
Need to work with
EU and automotive
sector to define
safety standards.
Testing
Rules for testing
autonomous
vehicles on public
roads.
Insurance and
Liability
Need to work with
Insurance industry to
develop framework for
C&AV.
Privacy and Data
Connected cars will
produce vast amounts
of data
●
Ownership?
●
Privacy?
Digital
Infrastructure
●
Funding
●
Time-scales
●
Resilience
Rules of the
Road
Revision of Highway
Code and penalties
for infringement.

Policy Challenges (2 of 2)
Cybersecurity
'hacking' of vehicles is a
serious concern.
M2M communications
Ofcom needs to develop
policies and regulate telecoms
market to support C&AV.
Ethical considerations
C&AV is an ethical
minefield. Who will decide
how C&AVs will behave?
Electric Vehicles
Policy for Electric Vehicles
needs to be developed in
tandem with C&AV.

The role of Government
Government has a major role in guiding the evolution
of the C&AV sector
● As we saw in Slide 6, there is a need to plan over long time-scales
( 2030 and beyond ).
●
Need to build consensus as to what regulations are in the public
interest.
● Be careful not to stifle innovation with “too much” regulation.
●
Must arbitrate among many competing stakeholder views.
Overall it is a very difficult balance to get right!

Policy Responses
● There is strong global competition for
investment in the C&AV sector
● The UK Government has stated it's position:
“The UK is one of the best countries for car makers and
others to develop and test these technologies because of
our:
● permissive regulations
● thriving automotive sector
● excellent research base and innovation infrastructure”

Key policy initiatives (1 of 2)
● Summer of 2014 DoT began a regulatory
review
● December 2014 - £10m in funding from
Innovate UK for driverless car trials in Bristol,
Greenwich and Milton Keynes
● February 2015 “Pathway to Driverless Cars”
policy document published – makes case for
“light touch” regulation

Key policy initiatives (2 of 2)
● March 2015 £200m fund for 'Intelligent Mobility'
announced in budget (£100m from Government, with
£100m matched by industry)
● July 2015 DoT
– Published its “Code of Practice for Testing
Autonomous Vehicles”
– Announced a £20m competitive fund (to be matched
by industry) to stimulate R&D in C&AV technology
– Established the Centre for Connected and
Autonomous Vehicles

Mission of C-CAV
● ONE-STOP SHOP Providing a single point of contact for industry.
● STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT Devising an analytical strategy to
inform decision making for government investment in CAV and
underpinning infrastructure.
● FUNDING Co-ordinating government funded R&D to ensure that the
competitions deliver government objectives for CAVs (subject to
spending review).
● REGULATORY Working at national and international level to review
and amend domestic and international regulations including
clarification of liabilities.
● CRITICAL ISSUES Amending regulations on vehicle use to
promote safety and address the issues of data security, privacy, and
sharing to ensure a balanced approach to securing personal privacy
against the needs of insurers and OEMs.

LUTZ Pathfinder
● “Low-carbon Urban Transport Zone” vehicle
● Used in trials in driverless car trials in Milton Keynes

ESPRC Funding
October 2015 – ESPRC announce £11m funding
for R&D programme between Jaguar LandRover
and 10 UK universities – aim is to develop fully
autonomous vehicles

Transport Catapult
November 2015 the Transport Catapult and the
Chartered Institution of Highways and
Transportation (CIHT) announced a competition to
accelerate the introduction of driverless cars.
“Ways in which transport systems are planned, designed, built,
operated and accessed by users have changed beyond recognition
over the last 20 years and will change even more over the next
20. Autonomous vehicles will bring huge benefits as well as
significant challenges for the sector. We look forward to seeing
the ideas and solutions that this competition gives an opportunity
to demonstrate.” - CIHT President, Sue Sharland

Part 2: the Global experience

U.S.A
Ann Arbor trials began in 2012 conducted by University of Michigan
●
Aim was to test the effectiveness of installing collision avoidance technology in vehicles to
reduce accidents on the road.
●
Motivation was to reduce traffic accident fatalities (~32,000 p.a. in U.S.).
●
Wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology employed to reduce the number of collisions
between vehicles.
– Can detect sudden braking of vehicle in front.
– Sensor units were installed in 3000 vehicles.
●
Wireless vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I ) technology was deployed at major road junctions.
– Static sensors and responders prevent collisions between vehicles and kerbside infrastructure.
●
Drivers were paid $200 at the end of the study and trial was supervised by the University
of Michigan Transportation & Research Institute.
●
Initial trial was judged to be a success and it was subsequently expanded to include 9000
cars, buses and trucks.
●
Trial cost $18m dollars to conduct.

U.S.A.
May 2015 DoT have mandated that V2V
technology be fitted into all new vehicles, starting
in 2016.
September 2015 DoT have announced budget of $42m
for a 'CV Pilot Deployment Program'
● Extension of the Ann Arbor trial to New York, Tampa, Wyoming
(east-west highway)
● New York City will install Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) technology in
vehicles that frequently travel in Midtown Manhattan, and
Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) technology throughout Midtown.
● Up to 10,000 cars and buses will be fitted with this technology
during the next year.

U.S.A.
MCity – dedicated C&AV test site
built by University of Michigan
● Cost $6.5 million to build.
● Large 32 acre site.
● Opened in July 2015.
Collaboration between:
● Transportation Research Institute
● Michigan Department of
Transportation
● automakers Ford, General
Motors and Toyota.

China
● Most of auto-industry is stated owned (often has foreign
partners)
● Boundary between “public policy” and “private projects” can
seem blurred (to an outsider!)
● Some commentators suggest that China has the potential
to overtake the U.S. in driverless car research and
development.
– China’s government has the ability to direct lots of
capital into research.
– limit or eliminate exposure of researchers and car
makers to lawsuits.
● First commercial launch of AV on public roads may happen
in China!

China
● Hongqi HQ3 driverless car - modified sedan built by
the National University of Defense Technology
● Employs cameras, sensors and onboard computer (did not
use GPS)
● In 2011 this car navigated the route between Changsha to
Wuhan
– 154 mile trip ( 248km )
– three-and-a-half-hour drive
– Included navigating through highway traffic at an average speed of
54 miles per hour
– It overtook 67 cars on the journey

China
Yutong driverless bus
(August 2015)
● Yutong a major bus/coach
maker
● Bus navigated between
Zhengzou and Kaifeng
– Distance of 20 miles
(32km)
– Bus uses laser, radar, and
camera systems on each
side of the vehicle
● YouTube video shows
passengers onboard the bus!

Germany
● Germany a significant player in the global automotive sector
– Sector spends €34 billion on R&D
– German R&D accounts for one-third of all global research
expenditure on automotive technology
● Federal Ministry of Transport launched an “Automated
Driving” Round Table in 2014
– Aim was to solicit input from broad range of stakeholders (e.g.
Insurance, Government, Auto-makers)
– Modify legal framework to permit testing on public roads (Germany
is signatory to 1968 Vienna Traffic Convention)
– Focus currently on transition from “partially automated” to “highly
automated driving”
– Emphasis on gradual evolution of technology
–

Germany
Daimler driverless truck (Sept.
2015)
● Trial conducted on specially
designated stretch of autobahn
near Baden-Wurttenberg
● Required approval from the local
state authorities
● Manually driven to trial and then
switched over to auto-drive
● Reached speeds of 50mph
(80km/h)
● Requirement that a human
operator be on board to handle
emergency situations.
Daimler organised an
Autonomous Driving
ethics conference in
Frankfurt (September
2015)

Germany
Wuppertal test zone ( starts in 2016 )
●
U.S. auto-component maker Delphi employs 700 people in the city
– Delphi is a major supplier of “Vehicle-to-Everything” collision avoidance technology
– Given approval by Wuppertal city authority to build a 17km long stretch of “test
highway”
● The special zone along public highway 418 will offer a realistic mix of driving
situations (e.g. fast stretches, traffic lights and pedestrian crossings).
● Requirement that a human operator be on board to handle emergency
situations.

Conclusions
● All major industrial nations have some form of
C&AV support programme
● There are significant differences in approach to
regulatory issues
● There are strong pressures building within the
industry for commercial launch of autonomous
vehicles on public roads
● Open question how regulators will deal with these
pressures.

Public policy aspects of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

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