This document provides information on pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It discusses exogenous pigmentation caused by substances like amalgam, graphite, and heavy metals deposited in tissues. It also covers various types of endogenous pigmentation related to hematological disorders, vascular lesions, and increased melanin deposition from factors like smoking or medications. A wide range of pigmented lesions are described including amalgam tattoos, varices, hemangiomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. The causes, clinical features, and treatments of these conditions are summarized.
This document discusses red and white lesions of the oral cavity, focusing on oral candidiasis. It describes the various types of oral candidiasis including pseudomembranous, erythematous, chronic plaque-type, and median rhomboid glossitis. Predisposing factors, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment with antifungal medications or surgery, and prognosis are summarized for each type. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis may require long-term antifungal therapy or surgery due to risk of recurrence. Overall prognosis is generally good if predisposing factors can be addressed.
This document discusses odontomas, which are benign odontogenic tumors composed of dental tissue like enamel, dentin, and pulp. There are two main types: compound odontomas, which appear like small tooth structures, and complex odontomas, which have a disorganized appearance. Odontomas are usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on x-rays during dental exams. On x-rays, they appear as radiopaque masses surrounded by a radiolucent rim. Treatment involves simple surgical removal, with an excellent prognosis and no recurrence.
This document discusses pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by explaining that pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous in origin, with the main endogenous pigments being melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin and carotene. It then discusses several specific conditions that can cause oral pigmentation, including physiologic pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, heavy metal exposure, Kaposi's sarcoma, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, vascular lesions, melanotic macules, pigmented nevi, blue nevi, melanoacanthoma, and oral melanoma. Differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions involves considering
This document provides an overview of oral pigmentation and pigmented lesions. It begins by defining pigment and describing normal oral mucosal color. Melanin is identified as the primary pigment producing brown coloration in the body. Factors that can affect melanogenesis are discussed such as sun exposure, drugs, hormones and genetic constitution. The document then classifies pigmentation into endogenous (originating from within the body such as melanin pigmentation) and exogenous (from external sources). Specific endogenous and exogenous pigmented lesions are described. The document concludes by discussing malignant melanoma, describing its clinical presentation and treatment which primarily involves wide local excision surgery.
This document summarizes fibro-osseous lesions (FOLs), which are characterized by the replacement of bone by a benign connective tissue matrix displaying varying degrees of mineralization. FOLs include fibrotic dysplasia, cemental lesions arising from the periodontal ligament, and fibro-osseous neoplasms. Fibrotic dysplasia is caused by a GNAS1 gene mutation and can be monostotic (single bone) or polyostotic (multiple bones). Polyostotic fibrotic dysplasia can occur with skin pigmentation and endocrine disorders. Treatment depends on symptoms and may include observation, medication such as bisphosphonates, surgical remodeling, or radical excision.
The document provides information about Pindborg tumor, also known as calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). It defines CEOT as a locally invasive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm characterized by the presence of amyloid material that may become calcified. The document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathological features including epithelial cells, amyloid-like material and calcific deposits, immunohistochemical findings, differential diagnosis and treatment of CEOT. It also mentions the recurrence rate of CEOT is typically 10-15% but can be higher in certain variants.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
This document summarizes the effects of radiation therapy on oral tissues. Radiation is commonly used to treat oral cancers. It is delivered in small daily doses over 6-7 weeks for a total of 60-70 Gy. This causes damage to oral mucosa, taste buds, salivary glands, teeth, bone, and muscles. Oral mucositis is a common side effect, along with loss of taste, xerostomia, and rampant dental caries due to changes in saliva. Teeth may have arrested development. Long term risks include osteoradionecrosis and trismus. Management involves oral hygiene, pain control, fluoride application, and sometimes surgery.
This document discusses red and white lesions of the oral cavity, focusing on oral candidiasis. It describes the various types of oral candidiasis including pseudomembranous, erythematous, chronic plaque-type, and median rhomboid glossitis. Predisposing factors, clinical findings, diagnosis, treatment with antifungal medications or surgery, and prognosis are summarized for each type. Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis may require long-term antifungal therapy or surgery due to risk of recurrence. Overall prognosis is generally good if predisposing factors can be addressed.
This document discusses odontomas, which are benign odontogenic tumors composed of dental tissue like enamel, dentin, and pulp. There are two main types: compound odontomas, which appear like small tooth structures, and complex odontomas, which have a disorganized appearance. Odontomas are usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on x-rays during dental exams. On x-rays, they appear as radiopaque masses surrounded by a radiolucent rim. Treatment involves simple surgical removal, with an excellent prognosis and no recurrence.
This document discusses pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins by explaining that pigmentation can be exogenous or endogenous in origin, with the main endogenous pigments being melanin, hemoglobin, hemosiderin and carotene. It then discusses several specific conditions that can cause oral pigmentation, including physiologic pigmentation, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, heavy metal exposure, Kaposi's sarcoma, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, vascular lesions, melanotic macules, pigmented nevi, blue nevi, melanoacanthoma, and oral melanoma. Differential diagnosis of pigmented lesions involves considering
This document provides an overview of oral pigmentation and pigmented lesions. It begins by defining pigment and describing normal oral mucosal color. Melanin is identified as the primary pigment producing brown coloration in the body. Factors that can affect melanogenesis are discussed such as sun exposure, drugs, hormones and genetic constitution. The document then classifies pigmentation into endogenous (originating from within the body such as melanin pigmentation) and exogenous (from external sources). Specific endogenous and exogenous pigmented lesions are described. The document concludes by discussing malignant melanoma, describing its clinical presentation and treatment which primarily involves wide local excision surgery.
This document summarizes fibro-osseous lesions (FOLs), which are characterized by the replacement of bone by a benign connective tissue matrix displaying varying degrees of mineralization. FOLs include fibrotic dysplasia, cemental lesions arising from the periodontal ligament, and fibro-osseous neoplasms. Fibrotic dysplasia is caused by a GNAS1 gene mutation and can be monostotic (single bone) or polyostotic (multiple bones). Polyostotic fibrotic dysplasia can occur with skin pigmentation and endocrine disorders. Treatment depends on symptoms and may include observation, medication such as bisphosphonates, surgical remodeling, or radical excision.
The document provides information about Pindborg tumor, also known as calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT). It defines CEOT as a locally invasive epithelial odontogenic neoplasm characterized by the presence of amyloid material that may become calcified. The document discusses the pathogenesis, histopathological features including epithelial cells, amyloid-like material and calcific deposits, immunohistochemical findings, differential diagnosis and treatment of CEOT. It also mentions the recurrence rate of CEOT is typically 10-15% but can be higher in certain variants.
Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is the cyst arising from the cell rests of dental lamina. It can occur anywhere in the jaw, but commonly seen in the posterior part of the mandible. Radiographically, most OKCs are unilocular when presented at the periapex and can be mistaken for radicular or lateral periodontal cyst.
This document summarizes the effects of radiation therapy on oral tissues. Radiation is commonly used to treat oral cancers. It is delivered in small daily doses over 6-7 weeks for a total of 60-70 Gy. This causes damage to oral mucosa, taste buds, salivary glands, teeth, bone, and muscles. Oral mucositis is a common side effect, along with loss of taste, xerostomia, and rampant dental caries due to changes in saliva. Teeth may have arrested development. Long term risks include osteoradionecrosis and trismus. Management involves oral hygiene, pain control, fluoride application, and sometimes surgery.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
This document classifies and describes various oral white lesions. It discusses hereditary lesions such as leukoedema and white sponge nevus. Reactive lesions including frictional keratosis and nicotine stomatitis are covered. Preneoplastic lesions like actinic cheilitis and idiopathic leukoplakia are summarized. Other white lesions such as geographic tongue and lichen planus are also described. Non-epithelial lesions including candidiasis and Fordyce's granules are briefly outlined. Definitions of histopathological features and guidelines for differential diagnosis are provided.
This document discusses various types of oral pigmentation. It defines pigmentation as the deposition of pigments in oral tissues. Pigmentation can be endogenous, arising from within the body due to increased melanin or melanocytes, or exogenous, arising from external sources. Endogenous pigmentation includes conditions like freckles and oral melanotic macules. Exogenous pigmentation includes amalgam tattoos. Other causes discussed include drug-induced melanosis, smoker's melanosis, melasma, and systemic diseases. Diagnosis, clinical features, pathology, and treatment are described for different conditions presenting as oral pigmentation.
Radicular cysts originate from epithelial cell rests of Malassez and form through three phases: initiation, cyst formation, and growth/enlargement. They are usually painless unless infected and associated with nonvital teeth. Calcifying odontogenic cysts contain ghost cells, which represent abnormal keratinization and have an affinity for calcification. They may also induce dental tissue formation. Keratocystic odontogenic tumors initiate from dental lamina proliferation and enlarge through factors like osmolality, inflammatory exudate, glycosaminoglycans, and collagenolytic/bone resorbing molecules. Their thin fragile linings and intrinsic growth potential contribute to high recurrence rates.
This document discusses the history, definition, etiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, and treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). Some key points:
- MPDS is a pain disorder caused by trigger points in the muscles of mastication that refer pain to the head and neck. It is the most common cause of masticatory pain.
- Etiology may include occlusal factors, prosthetic problems, malocclusion, psychophysiologic factors, and trauma.
- Clinical characteristics include pain in the head/neck, limited jaw motion, joint noises, and tender muscles.
- Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications, trigger point injections, physical
This document discusses several pathologies that can affect the jaws, including:
1. The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, which presents as a swelling in young patients around unerupted teeth and consists of epithelial cells and calcifications.
2. The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, which occurs in the mandible or maxilla as a radiolucent lesion containing radiopacities from calcification.
3. Odontomas, which are hamartomas containing dental tissues like enamel and dentin that appear as radiopaque masses and require conservative excision.
MPDS, or myofascial pain disorder syndrome, is a pain disorder characterized by unilateral pain referred from trigger points in muscles of the head and neck. These trigger points are localized tender areas within taut muscle bands caused by micro- or macro-trauma to the musculoskeletal system. Accumulation of chemicals like lactic acid and prostaglandins in the muscles lowers the pain threshold, leading to MPDS symptoms like pain, limited jaw motion, and joint noises. Diagnosis involves assessing range of motion, palpating muscles for tenderness, and grading joint clicks. Treatment aims to inactivate trigger points, prevent recurrence, and correct perpetuating factors through therapies like physical modalities, anesthesia, pharmacotherapy, and occasionally
Oral lichen planus is a common chronic mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiology that may undergo malignant transformation. It typically presents as white reticulated lines on the oral mucosa but can also appear as erosive, atrophic, bullous or other lesions. A confirmed diagnosis requires characteristic histopathology. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms like pain with topical or systemic corticosteroids and maintaining oral hygiene to reduce cancer risks.
Oral pigmentation can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors. Exogenous factors include black hairy tongue caused by overgrowth of pigment-producing bacteria on the tongue, and amalgam tattoo caused by fragments of dental amalgam becoming embedded in the oral mucosa. Endogenous pigmentation can be due to racial pigmentation which is common in blacks and Asians, pigmented nevi which are benign lesions that should be biopsied, or conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, and malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a rare but dangerous oral cancer that requires wide local excision and neck dissection followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of red lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It discusses normal variations in oral mucosa color and various factors that can affect color. Red lesions are classified and several common types are described in detail, including traumatic erythematous macules, purpuric macules, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, nicotine stomatitis, erythroplakia, carcinoma, and candidiasis. Diagnostic features, histopathology, differential diagnoses, and management are covered for key red lesions. The document aims to guide clinicians in identifying and diagnosing different oral red lesions.
The presentation explain white lesions in oral cavity and the classification the demonstrate the etiology, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment for each one.
This document discusses fibro-osseous lesions, which replace normal bone with fibrous tissue containing newly formed mineralized structures. It describes several types of fibro-osseous lesions including fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasias like periapical cemental dysplasia, and fibro-osseous neoplasms like ossifying fibroma. For each type, it covers definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
Mr. Ayaz Baig, a 25-year-old male, presented with a chief complaint of restricted mouth opening and burning sensation in the mouth when consuming spicy foods for the past 1-2 months. On examination, fibrous bands were seen bilaterally on the buccal mucosa, mouth opening was limited to 15mm, and pit and fissure caries were detected. A provisional diagnosis of stage III oral submucous fibrosis bilaterally was made. The treatment plan included stopping tobacco use, nutritional supplements and intralesional injections to reduce inflammation, followed by restorative treatment and regular follow ups.
This document discusses various types of pigmentation that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins with an introduction and classification of pigmentation as physiologic, pathologic, exogenous, or endogenous. It then describes several types of focal melanocytic pigmentation including freckles, oral melanotic macules, oral melanoacanthomas, melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanoma. It also discusses various types of multifocal and diffuse pigmentation including physiologic, smoker's melanosis, drug-induced melanosis, melasma, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Finally, it covers exogenous pigmentation sources, heavy metal pigmentation, hemoglobin and iron-associated pigmentation, and melanosis associated with
Oral mucosa reflects the health of the whole human body at a first glance.If any disorder is present in the system it will first appear in oral cavity. Here is an overview of certain pigmented lesions.
Carranza 2015, 12th edition, Chapter 20, The Periodontal PocketMostafa Montazeri
Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th edition, Chapter 20, The Periodontal Pocket
The periodontal pocket, which is defined as a pathologically deepened gingival sulcus, is one of the most important clinical features of periodontal disease. ....
This document describes vesiculo-bullous lesions, which present clinically as vesicles or bullae that often rupture early, appearing as ulcerated or erosive areas. Some key points:
- Vesicles are fluid-filled lesions less than 1 cm, while bullae contain fluid and are over 1 cm.
- Causes include trauma, infection, autoimmunity, and genetic factors.
- Examples described include herpes simplex infection, varicella zoster infection, and hand foot and mouth disease. Clinical features, pathogenesis, management are provided for each. Classification is discussed based on acute vs chronic presentation, clinical presentation, and histopathological location.
Red lesions of the oral mucosa can be caused by a variety of factors including trauma, infections, inflammatory conditions, and systemic diseases. Erythematous candidiasis presents as erythematous patches or areas on the tongue and palate caused by Candida infections. Lichen planus causes erythematous lesions that may be difficult to distinguish from other conditions like erythema multiforme. Reactive lesions like pyogenic granulomas and peripheral giant cell granulomas develop in response to local irritation or trauma. Geographic tongue appears as migrating erythematous lesions surrounded by white borders on the dorsal tongue.
This document discusses gingival pigmentation from a historical, physiological, and clinical perspective. It begins by covering the historical descriptions of pigmentation in various populations dating back to the early 1900s. It then describes the structure and function of melanocytes and melanin, as well as the genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that regulate melanin synthesis. The document classifies different types of pigmentation and pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral mucosa. Finally, it reviews various surgical and non-surgical methods that can be used to depigmentate abnormal gingival pigmentation.
This document summarizes common lesions of the oral cavity, including ulcers caused by infections (viral like herpes, bacterial like Vincent's infection, fungal like candidiasis), immune disorders (aphthous ulcers, Behcet's syndrome), trauma, skin disorders (lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris), and submucous fibrosis caused by chewing areca nut. It describes the etiology, clinical features, and management of each condition. Major types of oral ulcers and lesions are infections, immune disorders, trauma, neoplasms, and skin disorders that may manifest in the oral cavity.
The document discusses different types of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial region. It defines cysts and classifies them based on their origin and location. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, radiographic appearance and histology of specific cysts such as dentigerous cysts and odontogenic keratocysts. Dentigerous cysts are defined as cysts originating from the separation of the dental follicle from around the crown of an unerupted tooth. Odontogenic keratocysts are distinctive cysts that arise from cell rests of the dental lamina and have more aggressive behavior than other cysts. Complications of cysts include recurrence, development of
This document classifies and describes various oral white lesions. It discusses hereditary lesions such as leukoedema and white sponge nevus. Reactive lesions including frictional keratosis and nicotine stomatitis are covered. Preneoplastic lesions like actinic cheilitis and idiopathic leukoplakia are summarized. Other white lesions such as geographic tongue and lichen planus are also described. Non-epithelial lesions including candidiasis and Fordyce's granules are briefly outlined. Definitions of histopathological features and guidelines for differential diagnosis are provided.
This document discusses various types of oral pigmentation. It defines pigmentation as the deposition of pigments in oral tissues. Pigmentation can be endogenous, arising from within the body due to increased melanin or melanocytes, or exogenous, arising from external sources. Endogenous pigmentation includes conditions like freckles and oral melanotic macules. Exogenous pigmentation includes amalgam tattoos. Other causes discussed include drug-induced melanosis, smoker's melanosis, melasma, and systemic diseases. Diagnosis, clinical features, pathology, and treatment are described for different conditions presenting as oral pigmentation.
Radicular cysts originate from epithelial cell rests of Malassez and form through three phases: initiation, cyst formation, and growth/enlargement. They are usually painless unless infected and associated with nonvital teeth. Calcifying odontogenic cysts contain ghost cells, which represent abnormal keratinization and have an affinity for calcification. They may also induce dental tissue formation. Keratocystic odontogenic tumors initiate from dental lamina proliferation and enlarge through factors like osmolality, inflammatory exudate, glycosaminoglycans, and collagenolytic/bone resorbing molecules. Their thin fragile linings and intrinsic growth potential contribute to high recurrence rates.
This document discusses the history, definition, etiology, clinical characteristics, diagnostic methods, and treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). Some key points:
- MPDS is a pain disorder caused by trigger points in the muscles of mastication that refer pain to the head and neck. It is the most common cause of masticatory pain.
- Etiology may include occlusal factors, prosthetic problems, malocclusion, psychophysiologic factors, and trauma.
- Clinical characteristics include pain in the head/neck, limited jaw motion, joint noises, and tender muscles.
- Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including medications, trigger point injections, physical
This document discusses several pathologies that can affect the jaws, including:
1. The adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, which presents as a swelling in young patients around unerupted teeth and consists of epithelial cells and calcifications.
2. The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, which occurs in the mandible or maxilla as a radiolucent lesion containing radiopacities from calcification.
3. Odontomas, which are hamartomas containing dental tissues like enamel and dentin that appear as radiopaque masses and require conservative excision.
MPDS, or myofascial pain disorder syndrome, is a pain disorder characterized by unilateral pain referred from trigger points in muscles of the head and neck. These trigger points are localized tender areas within taut muscle bands caused by micro- or macro-trauma to the musculoskeletal system. Accumulation of chemicals like lactic acid and prostaglandins in the muscles lowers the pain threshold, leading to MPDS symptoms like pain, limited jaw motion, and joint noises. Diagnosis involves assessing range of motion, palpating muscles for tenderness, and grading joint clicks. Treatment aims to inactivate trigger points, prevent recurrence, and correct perpetuating factors through therapies like physical modalities, anesthesia, pharmacotherapy, and occasionally
Oral lichen planus is a common chronic mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiology that may undergo malignant transformation. It typically presents as white reticulated lines on the oral mucosa but can also appear as erosive, atrophic, bullous or other lesions. A confirmed diagnosis requires characteristic histopathology. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on managing symptoms like pain with topical or systemic corticosteroids and maintaining oral hygiene to reduce cancer risks.
Oral pigmentation can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors. Exogenous factors include black hairy tongue caused by overgrowth of pigment-producing bacteria on the tongue, and amalgam tattoo caused by fragments of dental amalgam becoming embedded in the oral mucosa. Endogenous pigmentation can be due to racial pigmentation which is common in blacks and Asians, pigmented nevi which are benign lesions that should be biopsied, or conditions like Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Addison's disease, and malignant melanoma. Melanoma is a rare but dangerous oral cancer that requires wide local excision and neck dissection followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of red lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It discusses normal variations in oral mucosa color and various factors that can affect color. Red lesions are classified and several common types are described in detail, including traumatic erythematous macules, purpuric macules, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, nicotine stomatitis, erythroplakia, carcinoma, and candidiasis. Diagnostic features, histopathology, differential diagnoses, and management are covered for key red lesions. The document aims to guide clinicians in identifying and diagnosing different oral red lesions.
The presentation explain white lesions in oral cavity and the classification the demonstrate the etiology, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment for each one.
This document discusses fibro-osseous lesions, which replace normal bone with fibrous tissue containing newly formed mineralized structures. It describes several types of fibro-osseous lesions including fibrous dysplasia, cemento-osseous dysplasias like periapical cemental dysplasia, and fibro-osseous neoplasms like ossifying fibroma. For each type, it covers definitions, clinical features, radiographic appearances, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches.
Mr. Ayaz Baig, a 25-year-old male, presented with a chief complaint of restricted mouth opening and burning sensation in the mouth when consuming spicy foods for the past 1-2 months. On examination, fibrous bands were seen bilaterally on the buccal mucosa, mouth opening was limited to 15mm, and pit and fissure caries were detected. A provisional diagnosis of stage III oral submucous fibrosis bilaterally was made. The treatment plan included stopping tobacco use, nutritional supplements and intralesional injections to reduce inflammation, followed by restorative treatment and regular follow ups.
This document discusses various types of pigmentation that can occur in the oral cavity. It begins with an introduction and classification of pigmentation as physiologic, pathologic, exogenous, or endogenous. It then describes several types of focal melanocytic pigmentation including freckles, oral melanotic macules, oral melanoacanthomas, melanocytic nevi, and malignant melanoma. It also discusses various types of multifocal and diffuse pigmentation including physiologic, smoker's melanosis, drug-induced melanosis, melasma, and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Finally, it covers exogenous pigmentation sources, heavy metal pigmentation, hemoglobin and iron-associated pigmentation, and melanosis associated with
Oral mucosa reflects the health of the whole human body at a first glance.If any disorder is present in the system it will first appear in oral cavity. Here is an overview of certain pigmented lesions.
Carranza 2015, 12th edition, Chapter 20, The Periodontal PocketMostafa Montazeri
Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 12th edition, Chapter 20, The Periodontal Pocket
The periodontal pocket, which is defined as a pathologically deepened gingival sulcus, is one of the most important clinical features of periodontal disease. ....
This document describes vesiculo-bullous lesions, which present clinically as vesicles or bullae that often rupture early, appearing as ulcerated or erosive areas. Some key points:
- Vesicles are fluid-filled lesions less than 1 cm, while bullae contain fluid and are over 1 cm.
- Causes include trauma, infection, autoimmunity, and genetic factors.
- Examples described include herpes simplex infection, varicella zoster infection, and hand foot and mouth disease. Clinical features, pathogenesis, management are provided for each. Classification is discussed based on acute vs chronic presentation, clinical presentation, and histopathological location.
Red lesions of the oral mucosa can be caused by a variety of factors including trauma, infections, inflammatory conditions, and systemic diseases. Erythematous candidiasis presents as erythematous patches or areas on the tongue and palate caused by Candida infections. Lichen planus causes erythematous lesions that may be difficult to distinguish from other conditions like erythema multiforme. Reactive lesions like pyogenic granulomas and peripheral giant cell granulomas develop in response to local irritation or trauma. Geographic tongue appears as migrating erythematous lesions surrounded by white borders on the dorsal tongue.
This document discusses gingival pigmentation from a historical, physiological, and clinical perspective. It begins by covering the historical descriptions of pigmentation in various populations dating back to the early 1900s. It then describes the structure and function of melanocytes and melanin, as well as the genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors that regulate melanin synthesis. The document classifies different types of pigmentation and pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral mucosa. Finally, it reviews various surgical and non-surgical methods that can be used to depigmentate abnormal gingival pigmentation.
This document summarizes common lesions of the oral cavity, including ulcers caused by infections (viral like herpes, bacterial like Vincent's infection, fungal like candidiasis), immune disorders (aphthous ulcers, Behcet's syndrome), trauma, skin disorders (lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris), and submucous fibrosis caused by chewing areca nut. It describes the etiology, clinical features, and management of each condition. Major types of oral ulcers and lesions are infections, immune disorders, trauma, neoplasms, and skin disorders that may manifest in the oral cavity.
O documento descreve o caso clínico de uma paciente de 50 anos de idade chamada Maria. Ela foi encaminhada para avaliação e tratamento urgente do dente 44. Após exame e remoção de tecido cariado sem anestesia, foi realizada restauração com resina. Posteriormente, foi feito acesso à câmara pulpar, medicação e obturação do canal radicular com guta-percha e colocação de pino de fibra de vidro.
Evidence of pulp disease in the inlayed teeth of the ancient Mayans: a micro-...Prof Dr. Marco Versiani
The document summarizes a study that used micro-computed tomography to examine artificially modified teeth from ancient Maya civilizations in Guatemala. The study aimed to evaluate the anatomical relationship between the cavities drilled to hold inlay stones and the pulp chamber in six well-preserved teeth. The analysis found that in maxillary incisors, the holes drilled for inlays clearly perforated the pulp chamber, resulting in internal inflammatory resorption and partial calcification of the pulp cavity. In canine teeth and one premolar, the holes did not reach the pulp chamber and showed no morphological changes. This is the first study to use micro-computed tomography to examine modified ancient Maya teeth and provides insight into pul
Oral and maxillofacial surgery lec. 12 4th years .Fátímá Aláá
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of soft tissue swellings in the oral cavity. It identifies several categories for differential diagnosis including infection, cystic lesions, developmental anomalies, benign tumors, and malignant tumors. Specific examples are provided for swellings of the gingiva, buccal and palatal mucosa, tongue, and soft tissues and bony areas. Cysts, tumors, infections, and developmental issues are all potentially contributing factors to soft tissue swellings in the mouth.
O documento descreve as vantagens e técnicas de isolamento do campo operatório odontológico com lençol de borracha. As vantagens incluem manter o campo seco e asséptico, reduzir riscos de infecção e proteger tecidos. A técnica envolve montar o lençol no arco, perfurar, levar em conjunto com grampos ao redor do dente a ser tratado para isolamento absoluto.
O documento descreve as vantagens e técnicas de isolamento do campo operatório odontológico com lençol de borracha. As vantagens incluem manter o campo seco e asséptico, reduzir riscos de infecção e proteger tecidos. A técnica envolve montar o lençol no arco, perfurar, levar em conjunto com grampos aos dentes, e amarrar para isolar somente o dente a ser tratado.
The document summarizes the human digestive system. It describes how digestion breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. The digestive system includes the digestive tract of hollow organs running from the mouth to anus, as well as glands that produce juices to digest food. Food moves through peristalsis, and is broken down by enzymes, before nutrients are absorbed and waste is expelled. Key hormones like gastrin, secretin, and CCK regulate digestion by stimulating glands.
O documento descreve as vantagens e técnicas de isolamento do campo operatório odontológico com lençol de borracha. As vantagens incluem manter o campo seco e asséptico, reduzir infecções e proteger tecidos. A técnica envolve montar o lençol no arco, perfurar, levar em conjunto com o grampo para isolar apenas o dente a ser tratado.
O documento discute os objetivos e ações de substâncias químicas auxiliares utilizadas na desinfecção e limpeza de canais radiculares durante o tratamento endodôntico, incluindo a remoção do magma dentinário. É destacada a importância da irrigação para a remoção de resíduos e microrganismos, assim como a ação de agentes como hipoclorito de sódio, detergentes e quelantes.
O documento descreve as vantagens e técnicas de isolamento do campo operatório odontológico com lençol de borracha. As vantagens incluem manter o campo seco e asséptico, reduzir riscos de infecção e proteger tecidos. A técnica envolve montar o lençol no arco, perfurar, levar em conjunto com grampos ao redor do dente a ser tratado para isolamento absoluto.
O documento discute as diferenças no esvaziamento do canal radicular de acordo com a situação clínica, especificamente para polpa viva e necrose pulpar. No caso de polpa viva, o esvaziamento envolve a remoção parcial ou total da polpa coronária e o tratamento endodôntico convencional utilizando instrumentos e irrigação. Para necrose pulpar, o esvaziamento pode envolver a neutralização imediata ou mediata do canal utilizando desinfetantes como hipoclorito de sódio ou tricresol formalina.
O documento descreve as propriedades e mecanismos de ação do hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH)2) quando usado como medicamento intracanal em tratamentos endodônticos. O Ca(OH)2 possui ações antibacteriana, anti-inflamatória e de indução de reparo tecidual devido à sua alcalinidade, dissociação iônica e capacidade de desnaturar proteínas. Seu uso visa desinfetar os canais radiculares e estimular a cicatrização do periápice.
Este documento descreve o plano de ensino-aprendizagem para a disciplina de Técnicas e Materiais em Endodontia no curso de Odontologia da Universidade Luterana do Brasil. O objetivo geral é formar cirurgiões-dentistas habilitados a resolver problemas de saúde bucal usando princípios biológicos, técnicos e éticos. As aulas serão expositivas e práticas em laboratório para ensinar procedimentos endodônticos como acesso aos canais, preparo químico-mecânico
This document summarizes information about gingival pigmentation. It discusses the etiology, classification, and indexes used for measuring pigmentation. Physiologic pigmentation results from normal melanocyte activity and presents as symmetric pigmentation over many sites. Pathologic pigmentation can be caused by factors like smoking or systemic conditions like Addison's disease. Melanin is the main pigment produced by melanocytes through a process called melanogenesis. The document outlines the types of melanin and their properties. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for different types of pigmentation.
O documento discute as considerações e técnicas para troca de restaurações protésicas, remoção de pinos intra-radiculares e uso do ultrassom nesse processo. Deve-se questionar os motivos para troca, como fratura do material, infiltração cariosa ou pino curto/sem retenção. As técnicas variam de acordo com o tipo de restauração, mas sempre removendo primeiro o agente cimentante ao redor do pino antes de sua remoção, evitando movimentos pendulares para não traumatizar os tecidos
O documento discute a importância do isolamento absoluto do campo operatório em endodontia para manter a cadeia asséptica e reduzir o risco de infecção, listando os materiais e técnicas utilizados como arcos, lençóis de borracha e grampos. A não utilização adequada do isolamento pode transformar um procedimento de rotina em uma emergência médica.
Este documento discute a importância da odontometria no tratamento endodôntico. Resume os principais métodos e etapas para determinar o comprimento real do canal dentário, incluindo a técnica de Ingle usando radiografias e instrumentos calibrados. Também destaca os pontos de referência e limitações da abordagem radiográfica.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that occurs in melanocytes. It most commonly appears on areas of the skin that are not often exposed to sun. Early detection of melanoma through monthly skin self-examinations is important, as it can be fatal if left untreated but curable if caught early. Some warning signs of melanoma include new or changing moles, moles that are asymmetrical, have irregular borders or varied color, or a diameter larger than a pencil eraser.
A 55-year-old male presented with a swelling on the left side of his jaw that had gradually increased in size over one year. An examination found a pigmented lesion on the lingual gingiva between teeth #36-38. A biopsy determined it was a malignant melanoma. The patient underwent a peripheral osteotomy and neck dissection. Malignant melanoma is a cancer that arises from melanocytes and can occur in the oral mucosa. Prognosis is generally poor due to early spread, and treatment involves wide local excision and lymph node evaluation.
The document discusses various oral pigmentations that can occur both exogenously and endogenously. Exogenous pigmentations include those caused by heavy metal poisoning from substances like lead, mercury, silver and bismuth. Endogenous pigmentations include conditions like smoker's melanosis caused by tobacco use, as well as pigmentations associated with medical disorders and neoplasms involving melanin deposition or hematological changes. A thorough history, examination and appropriate diagnostic tests are needed to identify the cause of oral pigmentation in each case.
Foliate papillae are normal anatomical structures located on the posterior lateral surface of the tongue. Varix appear as red, blue, or purple broad-based elevations less than 5mm in size on the buccal mucosa, lip mucosa, or ventral and lateral tongue. Aphthous stomatitis, herpes simplex virus infections, and denture sore mouth are common oral lesions with various presentations, etiologies, and treatments.
This document provides information on various oral pigmentary lesions including their etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis. It discusses conditions such as Addison's disease, amalgam tattoo, melanoacanthoma, mucosal malignant melanoma, mucosal melanotic macule, extrinsic drug-induced pigmentation, physiologic pigmentation, smoker's melanosis, and tetracycline staining. For each lesion, it describes the cause, common appearance, diagnostic process, important considerations to differentiate it from other lesions, and typical outcome. The goal is to educate medical professionals on properly identifying and managing different types of oral pigmented lesions.
This document discusses the salivary glands, including their anatomy and common disorders. It describes the major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, as well as the 800 minor salivary glands in the oral cavity. Common disorders of the minor salivary glands include cysts and tumors. Inflammatory disorders of the major salivary glands like sialadenitis are also discussed. Specific conditions involving each gland like sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland, ranula of the sublingual gland and Sjogren's syndrome are explained. The document concludes with discussing xerostomia, sialorrhea
This document discusses different types of pigmented lesions that can occur in the oral cavity. It describes endogenous pigmentation caused by melanin, hemoglobin, and hemosiderin. Melanin pigmentation includes conditions like oral melanotic macules and nevi. Hemoglobin pigmentation results in lesions from varices to Kaposi's sarcoma. Hemosiderin causes brown pigmentation in traumas like ecchymosis. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may involve surgery, laser therapy, or observation.
power point presentation on the various pigmented lesions in the oral mucosa with their clinical features and oral manifestations and differential diagnosis
This document discusses normal variations in oral mucosal color and describes common white and red lesions seen in the oral cavity. It provides details on the clinical presentation, etiology, and treatment of various conditions including leukoplakia, lichen planus, oral candidiasis, actinic cheilitis, nicotine stomatitis, geographic tongue, and lupus erythematosus. Inherited white lesions like leukoedema and white sponge nevus are also summarized, with an emphasis placed on distinguishing benign lesions from premalignant disorders.
This document summarizes various complications that can arise from otitis media. It discusses both extracranial complications like mastoiditis, mastoid abscesses, and facial nerve palsy, as well as intracranial complications like labyrinthitis, meningitis, brain abscesses, and lateral sinus thrombophlebitis. It provides details on the pathology, clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis, and management of each complication.
Based on the information provided, the key differentials would be:
- Radicular cyst: Most common cyst in jaws, associated with non-vital tooth. Location and association with tooth fits.
- Dentigerous cyst: Second most common, associated with crown of unerupted tooth. Location fits.
- Odontogenic keratocyst: Aggressive cyst, often multilocular radiolucency. Less likely based on description.
- Aneurysmal bone cyst: Often multilocular "soap bubble" appearance. Less likely based on description.
- Traumatic bone cyst: Often interradicular in location. Possible based on location described.
Further investigation with tooth
Uveal tumors can be classified in several ways including by location, cause, histology, and genetics. The document discusses the classification and characteristics of various primary and secondary uveal tumors including epithelial tumors, muscular tumors, vascular tumors, and neuroectodermal tumors. Malignant melanoma is the most common intraocular tumor in whites and can arise in the iris, ciliary body, or choroid. Accurate diagnosis involves techniques like ultrasound, fluorescein angiography, and biopsy. Management depends on the tumor type and location but may include observation, laser therapy, brachytherapy, enucleation, or radiotherapy.
This document discusses several oral disorders including oral hairy leukoplakia, hairy tongue, ankyloglossia, squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, salivary gland diseases, diseases of the lips, periodontitis, dental caries, and periapical abscess. It covers the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of these conditions.
1. The document discusses several types of malignant lesions that can occur in the oral cavity, including squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and multiple myeloma.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer, making up over 95% of oral cavity malignancies. Risk factors include use of tobacco, betel nut, and alcohol.
3. Multiple myeloma is a neoplasm of bone marrow cells that resemble plasma cells. It presents with pain, swelling, and destruction of bone. Treatment involves chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
This document provides information on various oral red lesions, including their etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis. It describes conditions such as ecchymosis, erythroplakia, fissured tongue, hemangioma, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, petechiae, plasma cell gingivitis, pyogenic granuloma, varices, and Kaposi's sarcoma. For each lesion, it outlines the potential causes, common signs and symptoms, diagnostic process, important distinctions from other diseases, and typical outlook. The goal is to educate medical professionals on interpreting and managing different types of red lesions in the oral cavity.
Differential diagnosis of haziness of maxillary sinusNarmathaN2
Differential diagnosis of haziness of maxillary sinus fromTextbook of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology, Freny R Karjodkar,3rd edition
Principles and interpretion of oral radiology,white and pharoah
This document discusses oral pigmentation and classifies it as either endogenous or exogenous based on its origin. Endogenous pigmentation is produced by the body and includes hemoglobin, melanin, and hemosiderin, while exogenous pigmentation comes from outside sources like tobacco or vegetables. Various diseases can cause changes in color, texture, or vascularization of oral tissues. Blue, brown, and black pigmentation can be attributed to the deposition of endogenous or exogenous pigments. The document then examines specific conditions that cause blue/purple, brown, or gray/black pigmentation like hemangiomas, varices, Kaposi's sarcoma, and various nevi. It provides details on the features, causes, diagnoses
Differential Diagnosis Of Maxillary Sinus Pathology Shiji Antony
This document provides an overview of differential diagnoses of maxillary sinus pathology. It discusses various classifications of maxillary sinus pathology including inflammatory, cysts, neoplasms, developmental abnormalities and trauma. Under each classification, specific conditions are defined such as acute and chronic sinusitis, mucositis, antral polyps, osteomyelitis, mucous retention cysts, pseudocysts, surgical ciliated cysts and radicular cysts. For each condition, the etiology, clinical features, radiological features, diagnosis and treatment are summarized.
This document provides information on diseases of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy of the major and minor salivary glands. It then covers specific diseases including mumps, sialolithiasis, Sjogren's syndrome, and various neoplasms of the salivary glands such as pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin's tumor, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. For each condition, it discusses clinical features, investigations, and treatment options.
1) The document discusses several types of tumors that can occur in nerves and muscles in the oral cavity, including leiomyomas, leiomyosarcomas, rhabdomyomas, rhabdomyosarcomas, and paragangliomas.
2) Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumors that commonly occur in the oral cavity on the tongue, hard palate, or buccal mucosa. Leiomyosarcomas are rare malignant counterparts.
3) Rhabdomyomas and rhabdomyosarcomas are rare as well, with rhabdomyosarcomas being malignant skeletal muscle tumors that commonly occur in children
The document provides information about tongue disorders, covering topics such as:
- The anatomy and development of the tongue.
- The different types of papillae and taste buds on the tongue.
- The muscles and blood supply of the tongue.
- Common disorders including cysts, tumors, infections, and other conditions.
- Guidelines for examining the tongue and differentiating between disorders.
- Detailed descriptions of specific congenital disorders, lesions, and other abnormalities.
A tumor marker is a substance present in or produced by a tumor or by the tumor’s host in response to the tumor’s presence that can be used to differentiate a tumor from normal tissue or to determine the presence of a tumor based on measurement in the blood or secretions.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance. There are two main types - Type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells and Type 2 associated with genetic and lifestyle factors causing insulin resistance. Complications include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Management involves lifestyle changes, oral medications or insulin therapy depending on the type and severity of diabetes. Dental professionals must consider medical history, appointment timing, diet and stress control when treating diabetic patients to prevent hypoglycemic emergencies.
LYMPH NODES OF HEAD AND NECK AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CERVICAL LYMPHA...Dr. Monali Prajapati
1. Introduction
a. Anatomy
b. Structure
c. Function
2. Lymph nodes of head and neck
3. Drainage
4. Lymph node levels and sublevels
5. Clinical examination of nodes
6. Diagnosis
7. Causes of cervical lymphadenopathy
8. Differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenopathy
9. References
This document provides information about heterotrophic calcification and ossification. It discusses dystrophic, idiopathic, and metastatic types of calcification, as well as heterotopic ossification. Specific examples of dystrophic calcification are also described, including pulp stones, calcified lymph nodes, tonsilloliths, and cysticercosis. Monckeberg's medial calcinosis, an example of arterial calcification, is also summarized. Clinical features, imaging characteristics, and management are discussed for each condition.
This presentation deals with radiographic imaging of three important phases of implant placement; PHASE 1: PRE-PROSTHETIC IMPLANT IMAGING
PHASE 2: SURGICAL AND INTERVENTIONAL IMPLANT IMAGING
PHASE 3: POST-PROSTHETIC IMPLANT IMAGING
This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin D. It defines vitamins and describes the classification of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins. The document focuses on vitamin D, describing its sources, metabolism, functions, recommended dietary allowance, and disorders related to deficiencies or excess, including rickets. Rickets is discussed in detail, outlining its morphology, etiology, clinical features involving the head, chest, back, extremities, and hypocalcemic symptoms. Oral manifestations of rickets involving dentition, bone, and soft tissue are also summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. PIGMENTED LESIONS OF ORAL CAVITY
PART I
• PREPARED BY:
• Dr. MONALI PRAJAPATI
• MDS
• ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
•
2. • A pigment is a material that changes the color
of light it reflects as the result of selective
color absorption.
• Pigments appear the colors they are because
they selectively reflect and absorb certain
wavelengths of light
4. EXOGENOUS PIGMENTATION
(1) AMALGAM TATTOO
Etiology
• Amalgam tattoo is due to iatrogenic factors. For example:
– Dentist’s bur loaded with small fragment of amalgam particles
that accumulate during removal of amalgam may accidentally
introduce the metal flecks into the oral mucosa.
– Metal particles may fall unnoticed into extraction socket.
Clinical Features
• Grey or black macule on gingiva, palate or buccal
mucosa.
• Amalgam tattoo is not harmful so its removal is not
required.
Biopsy is necessary if the lesion arises at areas distant from
any restoration to exclude melanoma
6. Ornamental tattoo
• Mucosal tattoos in the form of lettering or
intricate artwork
• Increasingly common phenomenon
• Laser therapy is used to remove these
cutaneous tattoos
7. (2) GRAPHITE TATTOO
– It is due to traumatic implantation of graphite from
lead pencil, commonly seen on palate.
– The patient may not recall the injury since the event
usually occurs during grade school.
(3) METALLIC INTOXICATION
– High levels of heavy metals or metal salts may result
in metallic intoxication.
– The exposure of the body to heavy metals may be
either:
• Occupational hazard: as workers in lead factories.
• Therapeutic hazard: as certain drugs, that contain salts of
heavy metals (bismuth, gold, mercury.
8. Clinical Features
• Systemic symptoms of toxicity including:
– Behavioral change.
– Intestinal pain.
– Neurological disorder.
• Oral features
– Grey to black pigmentation that outlines the
gingiva like “eyeliner”. The heavy metal tends
to extravasate from vessels in foci of increased
ability such as inflamed tissue. Thus the free
marginal gingiva is the most commonly
affected site.
9. HEAVY METAL PIGMENTATION
• LEAD
Plumbism (blue green line of pigment along gingival
margin)
• MERCURY
Acrodynia ( pink disease, swift disease )
• SILVER
Argyria (generalised blue grey)
• ARSENIC
Arsenical keratosis
• BISMUTH (blue black line of pigment along gingival
margin)
• GOLD
Chrysiasis (blue, grey or purple)
14. TETRACYCLINE
• Prolonged ingestion of tetracycline or its congeners
during tooth development
• Less commonly,staining
after tooth formation is
complete
Clinical Presentation
• Yellowish to gray color of
enamel and dentin
• May be generalized or horizontally banded depending
on
duration of tetracycline exposure
15. MINOCYCLINEPIGMENTATION
• The tetracycline derivative
Minocycline is used to treat
Acne and is, therefore, a
drug that is consumed over
a long period.
• They are broad brown, gray,
or black foci of pigmentation accounted for by
the presence of basilar melanosis
16. BLACK HAIRY TONGUE
• Dorsal tongue – middle & posterior one-third
• Filliform papillae are elongated (like fine hairs)
• Hyperplastic papillae – pigmentation by
colonization of chromogenic bacteria –
white/green/brown/black
• Food /drinks / smoking
22. VASOFORMATIVE TUMORS
(bloodvessel tumors)
• In 1982 Mulliken and Glowacki classified
vasoformative tumors into two broad
categories-
1. HEMANGIOMA
2. VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS- VENOUS
- CAPILLARY
- ARTEROIVENOUS
23. HEMANGIOMA/VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
HEMANGIOMA
• Hemartomas (tumorlike
vascular malformations)
• Manifest within 1month of
life
• Involute
• Non pulsatile
• Identified by rapid
endothelial cell proliferation
VASCULAR
MALFORMATIONS
• Result of structural
anamolies of blood vessels
with normal endothelial
growth cycle
• Present at birth, continue to
grow with child, persist
throughout life
• Do not involute
• Discernible throbbing
25. HEMANGIOMA
• Vascular lesions presenting as
proliferations of vascular channels are
TUMORLIKE HAMARTOMAS
• Manifest during first month of life
• Slowly involute
26. CLINICALLY
• SITE-
• Lips(vascular malformation appear as localised
blue and raised area known as microcherry,
glomerulus, venous lake)
• Tongue (bluish red diffuse nodular)
• Buccal mucosa
• Palate
• Raised and nodular
• Flat, macular, and diffuse, particularly on the
facial skin, where they are referred as port
wine stain
27. COLOUR DEPEND ON DEPTH OF VASULAR
PROLIFERATION
• Vessels close to the epithelium- reddish blue
• Deeper in the connective tissue- deep blue
• Intramuscular- manifest no colour change
28. CAPILLARY/CAVERNOUS
HEMANGIOMA
CAPILLARY
• Multiple small capillaries
lined by endothelium
supported by connective
tissue of vaying thickness
• Superficial
• Bright red or purple
• Cannot be readily emptied
as vascular spaces and
afferent/ efferents small
CAVERNOUS
• Large dilated vessel thin
walled separated by
connective tissue forming
sinusoids filled with blood.
• Deep
• Bluish
• Compressible, can be
emptied by pressure but
reappears on release of
pressure
34. STURGE WEBER SYNDROME
Encephalotrigeminal neuralgia
• CONGENITAL HEMARTOMATOUS
MALFORMATIONS THAT AFFECT, EYE, SKIN, AND
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AT DIFFERENT
TIMES
• CHARACTERISED BY:
– VENOUS ANGIOMA OF LEPTOMENINGES
– IPSILATERAL ANGIOMATOUS LESIONS OF THE FACE,
SOMETIMES SKULL, JAW BONES, SOFT TISSUE
– NEUROGENIC ABNORMALITY- CONVULSION
- SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA
– EYE LESIONS- ANGIOMA OF CHOROIDS
35.
36.
37. TREATMENT
• INVOLUTE DURING TEENAGE
• DIGUISED BY BLEMISH
• SCLEROSING AGENT(1% TETRADECYLE
SULPHATE, SODIUM MORRHUATE)
• CO2 SNOW
• RADIOTHERAPY
• LASER THERAPY(LESS PAINFUL, RAPID
HEALING, CLEAN FIELD,)
• SURGICAL EXCISION AFTER LIGATION OF
FEEDING VESSEL
38. ANGIOSARCOMA
• Malignant vascular neoplasm that is usually
found on skin or subcutaneous tissue
• Rare in oral cavity
• Microscopically - profuse proliferation of
capillaries which in turn is surrounded by
connective tissue sheath outside of which are
found masses of tumor cells
• TREATMENT- RADICAL EXCISION
39. KAPOSI’S SARCOMA
DESCRIBED BY MORITZ KAPOSI
• Multifocal malignant neoplasm of vascular origin
• 2 different clinical forms –
a) Elderly men –in oral mucosa & skin of lower extemities
b) Lymph nodes of children – inactive & painless tumor with
slow progressive growth
• Most common oral neoplasm to accompany HIV infection
• POSTERIOHARD PALATE, FACIAL GINGIVA –begin as flat
irregular macules
Multifocal –gradually increase in size – nodular – may cover
the entire palate
• RED / BLUE / PURPLE IN COLOUR
40. TREATMENTT
• SURGICAL EXCISION WITH ELECTROCAUTARY
• INTRALESIONAL INJECTION OF 1%SODIUM
TETRADECYLE SULPHATE
• INTRALESIONAL INJECTION OF 1%VINBLASTIN
BIWEEKLY
41.
42.
43. PIGMENTED LESIONS OF ORAL CAVITY
PART II
• PREPARED BY: UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
• Dr. MONALI PRAJAPATI Dr. JIGNA SHAH
• POST GRADUATE STUDENT PROFESSOR AND HOD
• ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY ORAL MEDICINE AND RADIOLOGY
• GDCH, AHMEDABAD GDCH, AHMEDABAD
• DATE:
44. VARIX
• Pathologic dilatation of veins or venules due to
degeneration of adventitia of venous walls
• Adults / aged persons
• Ventral surface of the tongue followed by lips, buccal
mucosa, buccal commisure
• Tortuous serpentine blue/red/purple elevations
• SYMPTOMS-
• superficial
• Painless
• don’t rupture or bleed
• Microscopically- dilated vascular channel lined by
endothelium lacking muscular coat
45.
46. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Osler Weber Rendu Syndrome
• A genetically transmitted disease
• Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait
• TRIAD
• Telangiectasia(angiomatous areas which undergo repeated
hemorrhages)
• Recurrent Epistaxis
• Positive Family History
• SITE-
lips, gingiva, buccal mucosa, palate, floor of
mouth,tongue
47. • MANIFESTS as multiple round or oval purple
macular papular lesions that are dilated
capillaries just underneath epithelium,
measuring less than 0.5 cm in diameter
• more than100 purple papules on the
vermilion and mucosal surfaces of the lips as
well as on the tongue and buccal mucosa, the
facial skin and neck are also involved
• Microscopically numerous dilated vascular
channels with some degree of erythrocyte
extravasation around dilated
vessels(weakened adventitia)
51. PETECHIE
• Reddish to pulplish bruises caused by leaking of
blood from vessels into the connective tissue of
size less than 0.5cm
• Etiology
– Trauma(suction of palate against posterior tongue)
– Viral
– Systemic diseases
– Disorders of hemostatic mechanism
• Autoimmune/idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
• HIV related thrombocytopenic purpura
• Disorders of platelet aggregations
• Aspirin toxicity
• Myelopyhistic lesion
• Myelosuppresive chemotherapy
57. HEMACHROMATOSIS
• The deposition of hemosiderrin pigment in
multiple organs and tissues
• ETIOLOGY
• Primary
• Secondary
– Chronic anemia
– Porphyria
– Cirrhosis
– Post caval shunt for portal hypertension
– Excess intake of iron
60. MELANIN PIGMENTATION
1. PHYSIOLOGICAL/RACIAL PIGMENTATION
– Black people, Asian, and dark skinned Caucasians
show diffuse melanosis of facial gingiva
– Evolves in childhood
– Represent basilar melanosis
– Site – facial gingiva, lingual gingiva, tongue
Microscopically increased amount of melanin
without proliferation of melanocytes
Treatment – gingivectomy, laser therapy
61.
62. FRECKLE/EPHELIS
• Developmental origin
• Common, asymptomatic, small(1-3 mm), well-
circumscribed, tan/brown colored macule
• Sun-exposed regions – facial & perioral skin
• Prevalence – light skinned red / blonde haired people
• Multiple
• Abundant, darker in childhood & adolescence
• Darker during prolonged sun exposure, in summers
Increased melanin production
• No surgical intervention required
63.
64. ORAL/LABIAL MELANOTIC MACULE
• THE MELANOTIC MACULE IS A UNIQUE, BENIGN,
PIGMENTED LESION THAT has NO KNOWN DERMAL
COUNTERPART.
• ETIOLOGY- trauma has been postulated to play a role
• CLINICAL FEATURES-
• Female predilection
• Site- lower lip, gingiva
• SIZE- <1cm, well circumscribed, oval or irregular
outlinend uniformly pigmented
• Unlike ephelis, no tendency to darken under sun
exposure
69. SMOKER’S MELANOSIS
Etiology
• Melanin pigmentation of oral mucosa in heavy
smokers
• Melanocytes stimulated by a component in tobacco
smoke
Clinical Presentation
• Diffuse, uniformly distributed brownish ,
discoloration of anterior facial maxillary mandibular
gingiva, buccal mucosa, lateral tongue, palate and
floor of mouth.
• Pigmented areas are brown, flat irregular
geographic or maplike in configuration
70. DRUG INDUCED MELANOSIS
• DRUGS-
– ANTIMALARIALS
– PHENOTHIAZINES
– ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
– CYTOTOXIC MEDICATION
• Basilar melanosis, melanin incontinence,
certain drugs like chloroquine bind to melanin
• Intraorally the pigment can be diffuse often
localised to one mucosal surface often the
hard palate
72. POST INFLAMMATORY
HYPERPIGMENTATION
• Dark complexioned people
• Focal / diffuse pigmentation in areas subjected to
previous injury / inflammation
• Common in acne-prone face
• May develop in the oral cavity
• Also described in patients of lichen planus (lichen
planus pigmentosus)
73.
74. MELASMA/CHLOASMA
• Pigmentary changes associated with pregnancy or
ingestion of contraceptive hormones
• Relatively common, acquired symmetric melanosis –
sun exposed areas of skin surface, evolves rapidly
• Female predilection
• Darker skinned people
• Forehead, cheeks, upper lips, chin
• Sun exposure (exacerbating factor)
75. • Pregnancy / ingestion of oral contraceptives –
combination of estrogen & progesterone
• Thyroid abnormalities like hypothyroidism
plays a role
• May resolve spontaneously after parturition,
cessation of exogenous hormones, regulation
of endogenous hormones
76.
77. B. DUE TO SYSTEMIC FACTORS
ENDOCRINOPATHIC DISEASE
ADDISONS DISEASE/HYPOADRENOCORTICISM-
• ETIOLOGY:
– autoimmune disorder, infectious agents, neoplasm,
some medications, iatrogenic, genetic diseases
– decrease in endogenous corticosteroid level
– Compensatory activation of ACTH from the pituitary
gland –adrenal cortex – steroid production – ACTH
secretion stops
– Concurrently the serum levels of α-melanocyte
stimulating hormone ( α – MSH ) increase
78. Clinical features –
• Weakness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss,
fatigue, hypotension, depression
• Sometimes 1st sign – mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation
• Generalized bronzing of the skin
• Diffuse BUT patchy melanosis OF ORAL CAVITY
• Any oral surface may be involved
• Some patients – oral melanosis may be the1st manifestation
Diagnosis –
• Lab test – evaluation of ACTH levels, serum cortisol &
electrolyte levels
Treatment –
• Exogenous steroid replacement therapy
79.
80.
81. CUSHINGS SYNDROME/ CUSHINGS
DISEASE
• (HYPER ADRENOCORTICISM)
• Consequence of prolonged exposure to relatively
high concentration of endogenous or exogenous
corticosteroids
• CLINICAL FEATURES-
– Female predilection
– Weight gain
– Moon facies
– Diffuse mucocutaneous pigmentation
82. • Diagnosis-
serum steroid and ACTH determinations
• Treatment- appropriate surgical, radiation or
medicinal therapy
83.
84. PEUTZ-JEGHER’S SYNDROME
Definition:
–It is an autosomal dominant
syndrome that is characterized by
multiple intestinal polyposis and
melanotic macules mainly on the face
and oral cavity
85. Clinical Features:
• Brown Pigmentation:
– Multiple melanotic macules appearing as freckles,
mainly perioral, perinasal and perioccular.
– Melanotic macules are present intraoral, mainly on
palate and lip.
• Intestinal polyposis:
– Polyposis of small intestine may result in abdominal
pain, hemorrhage or intestinal obstruction .
– Malignant transformation can occur.
– Intestinal polyps are better to be diagnosed by barium
enema.
86.
87. Café au Lait pigmentation
• These lesions have the colour of coffee and cream
that varies from small to large diffuse macule.
• They are found in two rare conditions;
neurofibromatosis and polyostotic fibrous
dysplasia(McCune Albright syndrome)
88. Multiple neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen’s
disease of skin)
• It is an inherited autosomal dominant condition which is
characterized by proliferation of fibrous element of
nerve sheath and cafe au lait pigmentation.
• Axillary and /or inguinal freckling(Crowe’s sign)
• Pigmented lesions of iris(Lisch nodules)
89.
90.
91. Albright syndrome
• Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
• Various endocrinopathies
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Pituitary
Gonads (precocious puberty)
• Café au lait spots- macules with irreguar
borders
92.
93. HIV/AIDS – associated Melanosis
• Diffuse/multifocal mucocutaneous pigmentation
• Causes - antifungal & antiretroviral drugs, adrenocortical
destruction by virulent infectious organisms
(adrenocortical insufficiency), sometimes-
undetermined
• Progressive hyperpigmentation of skin, nails & mucous
membranes
• Most frequently seen on tongue, buccal mucosa, palate
94. MELANOCYTIC NEVUS
A result of melanocytic growth & proliferation
(melanocytic hyperplasia)
Oral cavity – intramucosal nevus>common blue
nevus
Others – junctional, compound, combined
ETIOLOGY-Genetic, environmental factors play a
role in nevus formation
Sun exposure – cutaneous nevi
Acquired / rarely congenital
95. Clinical features –
• Cutaneous Nevi – common, multiple
• MALE predilection
• Oral Melanocytic Nevi – rare
Solitary
females, over 30 years of age
Asymptomatic
Small (<1 cm) , solitary, brown/blue, well-circumscribed
nodule/macule
SITE- Hard palate – most common site.. Buccal mucosa, labial
mucosa, gingiva
Diagnosis – Biopsy is mandatory
Treatment – complete but conservative surgical excision
96.
97.
98. MALIGNANT MELANOMA
• Least common but most deadly of skin cancers
Risk factors -
• Multiple episodes of sun exposure
• Immunosuppression
• Multiple cutaneous nevi
• Family H/O melanoma
Distinct genetic changes
Clinical features –
White population - residing in the sun belt regions
Mortality rates higher in Blacks & Hispanics
Males >45 yrs of age
Most common cancers in women of child bearing age
Malar region .. Palate, upper gingiva, alveolar mucosa
99. ABCDE criteria –
• A – asymmetry
• B – irregular borders
• C – color variation
• D – diameter >6mm
• E – surface elevation
Main clinicopathologic subtypes –
• Superficial spreading
• Lentigo meligna
• Acral lentiginous
• Nodular melanoma
-1st three – radial extension ( laterally & superficially)
good prognosis
-Nodular – invasion in deeper tissues – vertical growth
phase
100. • PRIMARY MUCOSAL MELANOMAS –
• less than 1% of melanomas
• H/N – sinonasal tract & O.C.
• Black skinned & Japanese people
• Males >50 yrs age
• Unknown etiology
• Palate>maxillary gingiva
• Macular plaque like or mass forming
• Well-circumscribed/irregular
• Focal/diffused, Blue/brown/black
• 1/3rd – amelanosis
• Multifocal pigmentation
• Ulceration / pain / tooth mobility/ root resorption /
bone loss / paresthesia / anesthesia
• Sometimes asymptomatic
101. • Biopsy is always warranted
• Poor prognosis
• 5 yr survival rate is 15-40 %
• lymphatic metastasis
Management –
• Ablative surgery with wide margins
• Adjuvant radiation & chemotherapy
• Computed tomography / MRI – in case of
metastasis of regional lymph nodes
MELANIN PRODUCTION SERVES AS A PROTECTIVE RESPONSE. EXPOSURE TO POLYCYCLIC AMINES ( NICOTINE, BENZPYRENE ) STIMULATES MELANIN PRODUCTION BY MELANOCYTES. REVERSE SMOKING , HEAVY MELANIN PRODUCTION ON THE PALATE. PAGE 274 NEVILLE