This document discusses physical geology and plate tectonics. Physical geology is the study of the Earth's materials and processes that shape them. The Earth is divided into an internal structure with a crust, mantle, and core, and surface features. The lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle, which are divided into tectonic plates. Plate tectonics explains how these plates constantly move horizontally, changing the continents' positions. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where one plate overrides another, and transform where plates slide past each other.

1. UNIT 2: PETROLEUM GEOLOGY
Sub Unit 2.1: Physical Geology
MOHD FIRDAUS BIN KAMURI
DEPARTMENT OF PIPING
KKTM KEMAMAN
Email: fir_84us@yahoo.com
firdaus@kktmkmaman.edu.my

2. DEFINITION
• Physical Geology is the study of the Earth's materials
and of the processes that shape them. It includes the
surface processes which have shaped the earth's
surface and the study of the ocean floors, and the
interior of the Earth

3. EARTH

4. EARTH
1. Divided by
-Internal Structure of the Earth
-Surface Features of the Earth
2. Internal Structure of the Earth contain
-crust
-mantel
-core
3. Lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle which is
joined to the crust across the mantle. As the Earth's convection system
(surface layer that cools through heat conduction), the lithosphere
thickens over time. It is fragmented into tectonic plates

5. PLATE TECTONIC
• Theory of plate tectonics is it constantly changing This movement of
lithospheric plates is described as plate tectonics. This is when
plates move horizontally across the Earth's surface and the
continents change their relative positions. The theory of plate
tectonics explains the things we see on the Earth's surface
• Plate boundaries are found at the edge of the lithospheric plates.
There are three types of plate boundaries namely
divergent, convergent, and transform. Deformation of the Earth’s
crust is found at these plate boundaries because of the interaction
between two plates.

6. Divergent Boundary
• At these boundaries, two plates move apart relative to each other.
As the two plates move apart, mid-ocean ridges are created as
magma from the mantle spreads upward through a crack in the
oceanic crust and cools. This causes the growth of oceanic crust on
either side of the cracks . As the plates continue to move, and more
crust is formed, the ocean basin expands and a ridge system is
created.

7. Convergent Boundary
• occur where oceanic lithosphere is pushed back into the
mantle, marked by oceanic trenches and subduction zones. These
are plate margins where one plate is overriding another, thereby
forcing the other into the mantle beneath it. These boundaries are in
the form of trench and island arc systems. All the old oceanic crust
is going into these systems as new crust is formed at the spreading
centers. Convergent boundaries also explain why crust older than a
certain age (Cretaceous) cannot be found in any ocean basin as it
has already been destroyed by the process of subduction.

8. Transform Boundary
• The third type of plate boundary is called a conservative or
transform boundary. It is called conservative because plate material
is neither created nor destroyed at these boundaries, but rather
plates slide past each other. A classic example of a transform plate
boundary is the San Andreas fault in California. The North American
and Pacific Plates are moving past each other at this
boundary, which is the location of many earthquakes. These
earthquakes are caused by the accumulation and release of strain
as the two plates slide past each other.