2. Learning Objective
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:
1.Describe gender equality and inequality and how they
affect development.
2.Explain the relationship between gender and power
3.Discuss significant gains that have been made in
women’s education as a result of global advocacy
4. Social learning theory
Believe that parents, as the distributor of
reinforcement, reinforce appropriate gender role
behaviors. If the parents have a good relationships with
their children, they become model for their children to
imitate, encouraging them to acquire
Gender-related behavior.
5. Developmental theory
Is the series of age-related changes that happen
over the course of a life span. Several famous
psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, Erik
Erikson,Jean Piaget, and Lawrence Kohlberg,
describe development as a series of stages.
A stage is a period in development in which
people exhibit typical behavior patterns and
establish particular capacities.
10. Gender stereotypes
Are simplistic generalizations about
the gender attributes, differences, and
roles of individuals and/or groups.
Stereotypes can be positive or
negative, but they rarely
communicate accurate information
about others
11. Several problem exist with this
process:
1.When the characteristics associated
with a particular gender have a negative image
2. When a unique individual is assumed to have
all the characteristics associated with his or
her gender.
13. A traditional gender ideology maintains
that men’s sphere is work and women’s
sphere is the home.
An egalitarian gender ideology maintain
that power is distributed equally between
men and women and that each group
identifies equally with the same spheres
(Helgeson, 2002)
14. A third gender ideology, the transitional. A
typical transitional attitudes toward
gender roles is that it is acceptable for
women to devote energy to both work and
family domains but women should hold
proportionally more responsibility for the
home and men should focus propotionally
more their energy on work.
17. Gender equality gives women and
men entitlement to all aspect of
human development, including
economic, social, cultural, civil and
political rights, the same level of
respect, the same opportunities of
these choices.
18. Women’s empowerment is particularly
important for determining a country’s
demographic trends, trends that in turn
affect its economic success and
environmental sustainability.
WHY?
19. The Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD) in Cairo said
“that advancing gender equality and equity and the
empowerment of women, and the elimination of all
kinds of violence against women and ensuring
women’s ability to control their own fertility, are
cornerstones of population and development”
20. “Strong evidence from around the world
confirms that gender equality accelerate
overall economic growth, strengths
democratic governance and reduce
poverty and security.” (Kemal Davis UNDP
Administrator 6 Sept. 2005)
23. First men and women are suited in
society not only differently but also
unequally
24. Second, this inequality result from
the organization of society, not
from any significant biological or
personality differences
25. Third, Although individual human
being may vary somewhat from each
other in their profile of potentials and
traits, no significant pattern of natura
variation distinguishes and
26. Fourth, all inequality theories assume
that both men and women and men
will respond fairly easily and naturally
to more egalitarian social structures
and situation
29. Power becomes abusive and exploitative
only when independence and
individuality of one person or group of
people becomes so dominant that
freedom for other is compromised.
30. The greater physical strengths that men
tend to have creates the imbalance of
power between men and women resulting
from social structure and historical
practices in regard to finances, education,
roles of authority and decision making:
31. 1.The abuse of power by men and the
failure of cultural pressure to
prevent such abuse
2.And a distorted view of sexuality and
the objectification of the female
32. Max Weber define “power as likelihood a
person may achieve personal ends
despite possible responsible resistance
form other. Since this definition views
power can be achieve throug
justice”.
