Ne islam deen_3azem

इस्लाम सवर्श् धमर
[ नेपाल� - Nepali - ‫يﺒﺎﻲﻟ‬ ]
डा.अब्दुल अजीज �बन मुहम्मद �बन इब्राह�म उवैद
अनुवादकः अतीकु रर्हमा मो.इदर�स खान मक्क
संशोधकः मुहम्मद इदर�स सफ�
2013 - 1435

‫اﻹﺳﻼم‬‫اﻟﻌﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺪﻟﻳﻦ‬
»‫اﻨﻟيﺒﺎﻴﻟﺔ‬ ‫لﻠﻐﺔ‬«
‫د‬.‫اﻟﻌﻮ�ﺪ‬ ‫إﺑﺮاﻫﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫�ﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰ�ﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬
‫ﺮﻤﺟﺔ‬:‫مﻲﻜ‬ ‫ﺧﺎن‬ ‫الﺮﻤﺣﻦ �ﻤﺪ إدر�ﺲ‬ ‫ﻴﻖ‬
‫مﺮاﺟﻌﺔ‬:‫ﺳﻠﻲﻔ‬ ‫ﻤﺪ إدر�ﺲ‬
2013 - 1435

3
‫الﺮ‬ ‫الﺮﻤﺣﻦ‬ ‫اﷲ‬ ‫ﺴﻢ‬‫ﺣﻴﻢ‬
;j{flwsf/ cg'jfbsdf ;'/lIft 5 .
k':ts kfOg] 7]ufgf –M
O:nflds ufO8]G; ;]G6/ slknj:t'
gu/kflnsf
Jf=g+= ( dx'jf tf}lnxjf slknj:t' -g]kfn_
;Dks{ g+= ))(&&–(*$&)#)&*)
(&@&^$(@#*
O:nflds ufO8]G; ;]G6/ /ajf cn l/ofh
;pbL c/aLof

4
cg'jfbssf] ljrf/
cnxDbf] lnNnfx] gxdbf]x' j g:tO{gf]x' j g:tulkm/x' j
gpmhf] laNnfx] ldg zf]¿/] cgkmf];]gf j ldg ;O{oft]
cfdfn]gf, d}Foxb]lxNnfxf] kmnfdf]lhNnf nx' j d}Fo'hlnnxf]
kmnf xflbof nx' j czxbf]cNnfOnfxf ONnNnfxf] j czxbf]
cGgf df]xDdbg cAbx' j /;"nx' . -cDdf acb_
x/]s k|sf/sf] k|z+;f cNnfxsf] nflu 5 h;n] ;Dk"{0f
a|xdf08nfO{ pTkGg u¥of], / cNnfxsf] zflGt cjtl/t xf];
clGtd ;+b]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd / pxfFsf] 3/
kl/jf/ / ;fyLx¿ dfly / pgL ;a}x¿ dfly h'g o;
O:nfdsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u/] / d'xDdbsf] k¢ltnfO{ pQd dfgL
p;} dfly lx+8L cfkmgf] hLjg JotLt u/] .
k|:t't k':ts O:nfd ;j{>]i7 wd{ jf:tjdf ;j{JofkL
wd{ xf], / kfngstf{n] xfd|f] nflu /f]h]sf] wd{ O:nfd g} xf], /
of] g} k|To]s ;+b]i6fsf] wd{ lyof] cfbd b]lv d'xDdb ;d]t
;a}sf] wd{ jf:tjdf O:nfd g} xf], / of] wd{ g} ;To wd{ xf],
/ cNnfx o; afx]s c? wd{nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ 5}gg .
pk/f]Qmsf o:tf ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ n]vsn] o; k':tsdf k|df0f
;xLt k'li6 ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g .
dnfO{ cfzf 5 ls of] ;fgf] k':tsaf6 tkfO{x¿nfO{
;Tosf] 1fg x'g] 5 . / of] k':ts tkfO{x¿sf] nflu nfek|b
l;4 x'g]5 . cNnfx l;t ljGtL 5 ls d]/f] of] ;fgf] k|of;nfO{

5
sa"n u/L d]/f] / d]/f] 3/kl/jf/sf ;d:t ;b:ox¿sf]
d'lQmsf] dfWod agfpg, / ljz]if u/L d]/f] cfdf a'jfnfO{
cfkmgf] ljz]if s[kfsf] kfq agfpg hxfFx¿sf] df]x dfofn] ubf{
g} d o; of]Uo ePsf] 5' ls cNnfxsf] wd{nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f
;Dd k'¥ofpmF / cgle1 Pj+ e|ldt JolQmx¿nfO{ ;'dfu{ b]vfpmF
. x] cNnfx xfd|f cfdf a'jf / 3/sf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ d'lQm
k|bfg u/L :ju{df :yfg k|bfg u/ -cfdLg_
cg'jfbs
ctLs'/{xdfg df]xDdb Ob/L; vfg dSsL
slknj:t' gu/kflnsf jf8{ g=( dx'jf
tf}lnxjf slknj:t' g]kfn
df]=g+= ))(&&—(*$&)#)&*)
Mob.00977-9847030780

6
O:nfd O{Zj/Lo wd{
o; ;+;f/df ljleGg k|sf/sf wd{x¿ 5g, To; dWo]
sltko dg'ion] agfPsf ldYof wd{ x'g, t sltko
O{Zj/Lo wd{ . t/ O:nfd ;a}dfly pTs[i6 5 lsgls of]
cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf] / dg k/fPsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 wd{ xf],
lsg eg] dg'ion] agfPsf] wd{nfO{ ;To eGg ;lsb}g
lsgls dg'io q'l6 ug{ ;S5, / To; wd{df cfkmgf] nflu
nfelGjt s'/fx¿ /fVg ;S5, / cfsf]{nfO{ xflg k'¥ofpg]
;dfu|L /fVg ;S5 . / O:nfd eGbf klxnfsf O{Zj/Lo
wd{x¿df To;sf] cg'ofoLx¿n] yk36u/]/ gi6 ul/xfn],
cyf{t h; wd{nfO{ cNnfxn] cjtl/t u/]sf lyP Tof] To;}
cj:yfdf af‘sL /x]g h'g cj:yfdf cNnfxn] cjtl/t
u/]sf lyP . o;} sf/0f of] O:nfd wd{ tL ;a} wd{nfO{
:ylut u/L cfkmgf] k|sfzaf6 ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{ 6Nsfpg
- k|sfzdo agfpg_ cjtl/t eof] . O:nfd cfkmgf]
;d:t lgb{]zg ;d]t O{Zj/Lo xf] . cNnfxn] of] wd{sf]
lgdf{0f Pj+ ;[hgf ug'{df s;}nfO{ ;femLx'g cg'dlt k|bfg
u/]gg rfx] Tof] h'g ;'s} klg xf]; . cy{ft gaL, jnL,
kml/Ztf cflbnfO{ klg To;sf] wd{df s]xL yk36 ug{
cf1f 5}g .
/ cNnfxn] g} o; ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] /rgf u¥of] , /
;Dk"0f{ hLj hGt'nfO{ hGdfof], / ;a}nfO{ cfkmgf] cg'sDkf
k|bfg u¥of] . / ;a}nfO{ lsg pTkGg u/]sf]5 Tof] klg

7
cfkmgf] kljq s'/cfgdf j0fg{ ul/xfNof] . cNnfxsf] egfO{
5 M
cy{ M d}n] lhGg / dflg;x¿nfO{ o; sf/0f dfq
;[li6 u/]sf] 5' tfls pgLx¿ d]/f] pkf;gf u?g . -;"/t'h
hfl/oft %^_
/ cNnfx pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ hfGb5 / of]
klg ls s'g j:t' pgLx¿sf] nflu pQd 5 . cyf{t Tof]
kfngstf{ pgLx¿sf] af/]df pgL eGbf w]/} 1fg /fV5 .
h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M
cy{ M s] p;n] hfGg] 5}g h;n] ;[li6 u/]sf] 5 <
hals pm ;"IdbzL{ / x/]s s'/faf6 cjut klg 5 . -;"/t'n
d'Ns !$_
/ To; cNnfxnfO{ Tof] ;a} s'/fx¿af/] yfxf 5 h'g
pgLx¿sf] nf]s k/nf]ssf] hLjgsf] nflu nfebfos 5g,
o;n]ubf{ ;a} eGbf /fd|f] wd{ ToxL g} xf] h;nfO{
cNnfxn] cljisf/ u/]sf 5g . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M / cNnfxsf] /Ë eGbf pQd /Ë s;sf] x'g
;Sb5 < -;"/t'n as/M !#* _
/ cNnfxsf] /Ë O:nfd wd{ xf], Tof] ;a} k/f]If
ck/f]If lqmofsnfksf] ;fy h;sf] cNnfxn] cfkmgf]
eQmx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 . / of] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 ls
tL dflg;x¿sf] nflu o; wd{ eGbf s'g} wd{ /fd|f] 5}g
h'g lrGtg dgg ug]{ 5g, / h;nfO{ O:nfd wd{sf]
;Totf / jf:tljstf yfxf eO;s]sf] xf]; .

8
/ cNNfxsf] c1f / lgb]{zgx¿ h'g lgb]{zgnfO{
cNNffxn] /rgf u/]sf 5g tL ;a} p;sf] ;[li6sf] nflu
;j{>]i7 5g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M s] logLx¿ km]l/ c1fgtfsf] o'usf lg0f{ox¿
rfxG5g <Û O{dfg NofPsfx¿sf lglDt cNnfx afx]s c?
s;sf] cfb]z /fd|f] x'g;Sb5 < -;"/t'n dfObM %)_
o;} sf/0f cNnfxn] of] wd{ O:nfdnfO{ ;w} afFsL
/xg]jfnf zfZjt wd{ agfO{ lbPsf] 5, / s;}nfO{ of]
cg'dlt lbPg ls Tof] cfkmgf] :jfy{ / OR5f cg';f/ s'g}
sfo{ p;sf] lj?4 u/f]; . h:tf] ls cNNfxn] cfkmgf]
clGtd ;Gb]i6fnfO{ o:Tff] dfu{bz{g u¥of] M
cy{ M clg xfdLn] ltdLnfO{ wd{sf] v'nf dfu{df
:yflkt u¥of}+, t;y{ To;}sf] cg'z/0f u/ / c1fgLx¿sf
OR5fx¿sf] kl5 kl5 gnfUg' . logLx¿ cNnfxsf] ;fd'
ltd|f] s'g} sfd cfpg] 5}gg, cTofrf/Lx¿ Ps csf{sf
ldq x'G5g / cNnfx ;bfrf/Lx¿sf] ldq xf] . -;"/t'n
hfl;oM !*,!(_
cNnfxn] cfkmgf] ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;NndnfO{ cfb]z ug'{ eof] ls To; cfb]zsf] kfngf u/
h;sf] cfb]z lbOPsf] 5 To;df enfO{ gLlxt 5, / pxfF
/ pxfFsf cg'ofoLx¿sf] Tof] g} nfek|b l;4 x'g]5 . /
cNnfxn] pxfFnfO{ :jfy{jfg / cfcfkmgf] OR5fsf]
cg'z/0f ug]{x¿af6 afFRg] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5, h'g
dfG5]x¿ cfkmgf] c1fgtfsf] sf/0f cfkm"nfO{ / cfsf]{nfO{
klg xflg k'¥ofpF5g .

9
/ gaL ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cfkm} wd{
agfpg' cyjf o; wd{df yk36 ug]{ clwsf/ 5}g, pgsf]
st{Jo s]jn Tof] wd{sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ dfq g} xf], / of]
b'tTj g} ;d:t gaLx¿sf] ;Ddfg / >]i7tfsf] nflu
k|ofKt 5 . / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd s'g} s'/f
cfkmgf] tkm{af6 ub}{gg, / s'g} lg0f{o cfkmgf] OR5f
cg';f/ ub}{gg a? Tof] ;a} cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 g} x'G5 .
h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M tf/fsf] s;d, ha Tof] tn v:5 . ltd|f] ;fyL
-d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd_ g t af6f] la;]{sf 5g
g e|ldt 5g . / pgL cfˆgf] OR5fn s]xL eGb}gg . Tof]
t dfq jxo xf] h'g -pgLdfly_ k7fOFb} 5 . -;"/t'g ghd
!,@,#,$_
cyf{tM d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ToxL
eG5g h'g cfb]z ul/G5, / To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ u5{g
lagf s'g} yk36, cfkmgf] cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ To;}sf] cfb]z
lbG5g h'g pgLdfly cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 jxo ul/G5 .
/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;'Ggt - k4lt
_ Tof] xf] h'g pgL cfkmgf cg'ofoLx¿ l;t eg]sf 5g, /
of] ;'Ggt klg cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 jxo - cNnfxsf]
k|sfzgf _ g} xf], h;nfO{ cNnfxn] pxfFdfly cjtl/t
u/]sf x'g oBlk b'j}sf] kl/efiff leGg 5 . ;'Ggt To;nfO{
eG5g h;sf] zAb t d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
xf] t/ cy{ pxfFdfly cNnfxåf/f jxo ul/Psf] xf], clg
To;} cy{nfO{ pxFfn] cfkmgf] zAbdf j0f{g ug'{ eP5 . t/

10
s'/cfgsf] zAb / cy{ b'j} cNnfxs} tkm{af6 xf] .
cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M cNnfx ltdLnfO{ u|Gy / a'l4dtf k|bfg u¥of]
/ ltdLnfO{ tL s'/fx¿sf] 1fg lbof] h'gls ltdLnfO{ yfxf
lyPg / ltdLdfly cNnfxsf] 7"nf] s[kf 5 . -;"/t'g lg;f
!!#_
/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] o;sf]
;TotfnfO{ o;/L bzf{pg' eP5 M
cy{ M ;fjwfg Û d dfly s'/cfg cjtl/t ul/Psf]
5, / To;sf] ;fy} To;} h:tf] cfsf]{ klg . - ca" bfpmb
lstfa':;'GgM _
o;af6 of] k|i6 / k|dfl0ft x'G5 ls ;'Ggt klg
cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 g} lgb]{lzt ul/Psf] 5 . t ha wd{sf]
af/]df of] b[li6sf]0f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
nflu 5 ha ls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd ;d:t
k|f0fLx¿df ;j{>]i7 / ;jf]{Rr Pj+ kljq lyP . t c?
s;}nfO{ of] 5"6 s;/L lbg ;lsG5 ls pgL cfkm} wd{
agfpg, a? cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ cfkmgf] tkm{af6 s'g}
k|sf/sf] yk36 ug'{af6 r]tfjgL lbg' ePsf] 5 .
/ O:nfdLo lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ cNnfxn] cfkm} cljisf/
u/]sf x'gfn] To;sf] eAo / ljzfn nfex¿ 5g,
h;n]ubf{ O:nfd wd{sf] ;jf]{Rrtf ;a}sf] ;dIf k|s6
eOxfN5 .
o; sf/0f of] wd{ ;d:t ;[li6x¿sf] kfngstf{sf]
wd{ l;4 x'G5, / To;}sf] cfwf/df ;a}sf] lg0f{o klg

11
ul/G5 . / Tof] ;|i6f cfkm"n] ;[li6 u/]sf ;d:t ;[li6sf]
af/]df / pgLsf] cjZostfx¿sf] af/]df clt 1fgjfg 5
. / of] wd{ cNnfxaf6 cjtl/t ul/Psf] 5 o;n]ubf{ dfq
Tof] ;|i6f g} k"hf of]Uo 5 .
ha of] wd{ cNnfxsf] wd{ xf] eGg] s'/f l;4 eof] /
of] klg l;4 eof] ls o; wd{df s'g} sdL sDhf]/L 5}g, /
of] wd{ g} ;a}eGbf pQd wd{ xf] . olb o; wd{nfO{ s'g}
dg'ion] cljisf/ u/]sf] x'GYof] eg] o;df sdL sDhf]/L
cjZo kfOGYof] / o;df leGgtf klg kfOGYof] h:tf] ls
cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M s] logLx¿ s'/cfgdf lrGtg dgg ub}{gg <
olb of] cNnfx afx]s c? s;}sf] tkm{af6 ePsf] eP
To;df lgM;Gb]x w]/} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kfpg] lyP . -
;"/t'g lg;f *@ _
/ ha O:nfd cfkmgf] ;d:t lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ dfq
cNnfxaf6 cjtl/t ul/Psf] 7fG5 eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/nfO{
dg'iosf] k"hfaf6 6f9f u/L s]jn Ps cNNfxsf] k"hftkm{
k|j[Q u5{ . clg ha k|To]s dg'io O:nfdL wd{ cg';f/
k"0f{tM ;dfg eOxfN5 ta pgLx¿ O:nfdLo lgb]{zgx¿
cg';f/ cfkmgf] hLjg JotLt ug]{ afWo eOxfN5g, o;
1fgsf] ;fy ls o; wd{df s'g} afFuf]kgf 5}g h:tf] ls
c? wd{x¿df b]lvG5 h;nfO{ dg'iox¿n] cfkmgf]
OR5fg';f/ cljisf/ u/]sf 5g .
/ o; wd{ O:nfdsf] cwLgdf /xL dg'io dg'iosf]
jr{:jaf6 d'Qm eOxfN5 . / To; kfngstf{sf] tkm{

12
bQlrQ /xG5 h;n] ;a}nfO{ ;dfgtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5,
km]l/ ;a} Psgf; eOxfN5g / dfq Ps hGdbftfsf] s[kf
kfpgsf] lglDt To;}tkm{ k|j[Q x'G5g .
o:t} of] wd{ O:nfd cNnfxsf] tkm{af6 x'gfn] lagf
s'g} ;+sf]r cNnfxsf] c1fsf/L x'g'nfO{ ;/n ub{5,
lsgls eQmnfO{ of] yfxf x'G5 ls h;n] xfdLnfO{ cfb]z
u/]5 To;}n] g} hGdfPsf] klg 5, / ToxL g} ;Dk"0f{
hutsf] :jfdL klg xf] / k|rfns klg . clg of] s'/f]sf]
1fgn] eQmsf] cf:yf clt ;'b[9 eOxfN5 . cNNffxsf]
kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M o;y{ ltd|f] /asf] zky lnG5' ls, logLx¿
ha;Dd cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ ljjfbdf tkfO{nfO{ Og;fkmstf{
:jLsf/ ub}{gg / tkfO{n] u/]sf] lg0f{o k|lt x[bodf s'g}
;+s'lrt ljrf/ g/fvL k|;Ggtfk"j{s To;nfO{ c+lusf/
ub}{gg, ta;Dd df]ldg x'g ;Sb}gg . - ;"/t'g lg;f ^%_

13
O:nfd ;To wd{
O:nfd g} Tof] ;To wd{ xf] h;nfO{ cNnfxn] ;d:t
;+;f/sf] nflu dg k/fPsf] 5 . o; afx]s c? s'g} wd{
cNnfxsf] xf]Og . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M lgM;Gb]x cNnfxsf] glhs O:nfd g} -;f“rf]_
wd{ xf] / cxn] lstfan] 1fg k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 cfk;L
l/;–/fusf] sf/0f lj/f]w u/]sf x'g / h'g dflg;n]
cNnfxsf cfoftx¿nfO{ dfg]gg, cNnfxn] p;sf] zL3|
lx;fa lng] 5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od/fg !( _
cNnfxn] of] z'e;Gb]z lbP 5g ls O:nfd afx]s
c? s'g} wd{ p;sf] glhs dfGo 5}g, p;sf] glhs
O:nfd wd{ g} dfGotf k|fKt 5 h'g d'xDdb dfly cjtl/t
ul/of] .
/ O:nfd d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
cfudg kZrft Tof] ;a} dfu{x¿nfO{ aGb ul/lbof] h'g
af6f] cNnfx ;Dd k'upgsf] nflu agfOPsf lyP . cyf{tM
d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudg kZrft hf]
sf]xLn] klg pxFfsf] af6f] / wd{nfO{ 5f8L s'g} cfsf]{ af6f]
Pj+ wd{sf] cg'z/0f u/L cNNffx ;Dd k'Ug] k|of; ug]{5
Tof] xflg laxf]{g]jfnfx¿ dWo] eOxfN5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{
5 M
cy{ M h'g dflg; O:nfd afx]s s'g} cGo wd{sf]
vf]hL ub{5 eg] p;sf] wd{ :jLsf/ ul/g] 5}g / p;n]

14
cflv/tdf 3f6fdf kg]{ dWo]sf] x'g]5 . - ;"/t' cfn]
Od/fg *% _
cyf{t h; s;}n] klg cfkmgf] OR5fg';f/ cyjf
O:nfd afx]s s'g} cfsf]{ wd{sf] k4lt adf]lhd cNnfxsf]
pkf;gf u5{ eg] Tof] cNnfx ;dLk dfGo x'Fb}g, lsgls
O:nfd afx]s ;a} wd{x¿ ldYof / lg/fwf/ 5g .
/ O:nfd wd{ g} ;To Pj+ ;fFrf] wd{ xf] h;nfO{
cNnfxn] xfdL ;a}sf] nflu dgk/fPsf 5g, / xfd|f]
pkf;gf c/fwgf To;} O:nfdsf lgb]{zgx¿ adf]lhd g}
:jLsfo{ x'g]5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M cfh xfdLn] ltd|f] lglDt ltd|f] wd{nfO{ k"0f{
ul/;s]sf 5f}+ / ltd|f] nflu cfˆgf s[kfx¿ k"/f ul/;s]sf
5f}+ / ltd|f] nflu O:nfd wd{ /f]Hof} . -;"/t'n dfObM #_
cyf{t M cNnfxsf] :jLs[lt O:nfd wd{nfO{ k|fKt 5
To; afx]s c? s'g} wd{ d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndsf] cfudg jZrft :jLsfo{ 5}g .
jf:tjdf jf:tljs ;To wd{ O:nfd g} xf], h;nfO{
s'/cfg, xbL;, / ;d:t ;Gb]i6fx¿n] k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf
5g . / d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudgaf/]
eljiojf0fL ul/;s]sf 5g . / cfcfkmgf ;d'bfo /
cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ of] z'e ;dfrf/ ;'gfO;s]sf 5g . xh/t
O{;f cn}lx:;nfdsf] af/]df j0f{g ub}{ cNnfxsf] syg 5 M
cy{ M / ha dl/odsf] 5f]/f O{;f-cn}lx:;nfd_n]
eg]M ls x] d]/f] sÞf}d . agL O;|fO{n Û d ltdL ;a}sf] nflu
cNnfxaf6 k7fOPsf] /;"n x"F . d eGbf klxn]sf] lstfa

15
tf}/ftsf] d k|dfl0ft ug]{jfnf 5' / d kl5 cfpg] Pp6f
;+b]i6f h;sf] gfd cxdb x'g]5, pgsf] z'efudgsf] z'e–
;Gb]z ;'gfpF5' . clg ha pgL ltgLx¿sf] kf;df :ki6
lgzfgLx¿ lnP/ cfP, ta ltgLx¿n] eGg yfn] ls of] t
:ki6 hfb" xf] . - ;"/t':;km ^ _
km]l/ O{;f cn}lx:;nfd h:tf] ls OGhLndf pNn]v
5 ls O;|fO{nsf] ;+tlttkm{ cfJxfgstf{ ag]/ cfP, /
;a}nfO{ Ps cNnfxsf] k"hf ug'{sf] ;+b]z / clGtd ;Gb]i6f
d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] lgs6 eljiodf
cfudgaf/] z'e ;Gb]z ;'gfP . / OGhLn h:t} d'xDdb
;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] cfudgaf/] eljiojf0fL
tf}/ftdf klg ldN5 h:tf] ls ox"bLx¿ cfkmgf] u|Gy
tf}/ftsf] dfWodaf6 d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{
cfkmgf ;Gtfg h:t} lrGb5g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M h'g dflg;x¿n] o:tf /;"n, gaL pDdL -
lg/If/_ sf] cg'z/0f u5{g, h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfkm'sxfF
tf}/ft / OGhLndf n]lvPsf] kfpF5g . pgn] pgLx¿nfO{
c;n s'/fsf] cfb]z ub{5g / g/fd|f s'/fx¿af6 dgfxL
ub{5g / :jR5 s'/fnfO{ xnfn -:jLsfo{_ atfpF5g /
ckljq s'/fnfO{ x/fd -jlh{t_ atfpF5g / ltgLxL?
dflyaf6 Tof] af]em ptfb{5g h'g clxn];Dd pgLx¿dfly
nflbPsf lyP aGwgx¿nfO{ km'Ssf ub{5g h;df pgLx¿
hsl8Psf lyP . ct M hf] dflg;x¿ To; gaLdf ljZjf;
ub{5g / pgsf] ;dy{g ub{5g / pgsf] ;xfotf ub{5g,
/ To; k|sfznfO{ dfGb5g hf] pgsf] ;fydf k7fOPsf]

16
5 . o:tf dflg;x¿ k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{jfnf 5g . -
;"/t'n cc/fkm !%& _
a? d'xDdb ;NnNNfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd eGbf cl3sf
;a} ;Gb]i6fx¿sf] cg'ofoLx¿ l;t cNnfxn] of] jfrf -
saf]n _ lnPsf] lyof] ls ha d'xDdb ;NnNNffxf] cn}x]
j;NndnfO{ k7fOG5 ta ;a} pxfFdfly O{dfg Nofpg] 5g
/ pxfFdfly ljZjf; ug]{ 5g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M ha cNnfxn] k}uDa/x¿;Fu jfrf u/fof] ls
h] hlt d}n ltdLnfO{ lstfa / 1fg k|bfg ub{5', clg
ltd|f] glhsdf s'g} k}uDa/ cfpF5 h;n] ltd|f] lstfasf]
k'li6 ub{5 t ltdLn] cjZo g} To;dfly ljZjf; ug'{kb{5
/ p;sf] d2t ug'{kg]{ 5 . -jfrf lnPkl5_ ;f]Wof], s]
ltdLn] jrg lbof} / o; jrg a4tfdf dnfO{ ;+/If0fsf]
¿kdf 7x/fof} <. ltgLx¿n] eg] -xf]_ xfdLn] jfrf u¥of} .
-cNnfxn]_ eGof] ltdLx¿ ;fIfL eO/fv / d klg ltd|f]
;fydf ;fIfL /xg] 5' . - ;"/t' cfn] Od/fg *! _
clg ha of] l;4 eof] ls O:nfd g} ;fFrf] wd{ xf]
tt kZrft c? ;a} wd{x¿ lg/fwf/ 5g . o;} sf/0f
O:nfd wd{ c? ;a} wd{ h'g O:nfd eGbf klxnf lyP
:ylut ul/lbof] / cNnfxn] tL ;a} wd{sf] ;66fdf
O:nfdnfO{ pTs[i6tf k|bfg u/L ;a} wd{dfly o; wd{sf]
jr{:jtf sfod u¥of] . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M p;}n] cfkmgf] /;"nnfO{ dfu{bz{g / ;To wd{
;lxt k7fPsf] 5 tfls o;nfO{ c? cGo wd{x¿dfly

17
clwkTo k|bfg u/f]; . oBlk d'lZ/sx¿nfO{ g/fd|f]
nfuf]; . - ;"/t'Qf}aM ## _
/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M pxL xf] h;n] cfˆgf] /;"nnfO{ dfu{bz{g /
;To wd{sf] ;fy k7fof], tfls p;nfO{ tdfd wd{x¿ dfly
clwkTo k|bfg u/f]; / ;fIfLsf] x}l;otn] cNnfx kof{Kt
5 . - ;"/t'n kmtx @* _
/ cNnfxn] of] cfb]z u¥of] ls O:nfd g} p;sf]
;Towd{ xf] / To; afx]s ;a} kyljrng g} xf], h'g JolQm
O:nfdnfO{ 5f8L cfsf]{ s'g} wd{sf] cg'z/0f u5{ eg] Tof]
kyljrlnt eO{ nf]s / k/nf]ssf] nfeaf6 al~rt
eOxfN5 . cNnfxsf] syg 5 M
cy{ M / cfb]z of] 5 ls of] wd{ d]/f] ;f]emf] af6f]
xf], ltdL o;}df lx+8g' / cGo dfu{df g lx+8g' lsg eg]
To;df lx+8] cNnfxsf] dfu{af6 larlnt e}xfNg]5f}+ . o;sf]
ljz]if cfb]z ltdLnfO{ cNnfxn] lbPsf] 5 h;af6 ltdL
cfTd ;+odL aGg;s . - ;"/t'n cgcfd !%# _
/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M clg pgsf] kfngstf{n] pgnfO{ /f]Hof], /
pgsf] k|folZrt :jLsf/ u¥of] / pgsf] dfu{bz{g u¥of] .
cfb]z eof] ltdL b'j} oxfFaf6 tn em/ . ltdL cfk;df
Ps csf{sf] zq' xf} . ca hlxn] klg d]/f] tkm{af6
dfu{bz{g hfg] 5 ta h;n] d]/f] dfu{bz{gsf] cg'kfng
ub{5 . pm gt kye|i6 x'g]5 / g si6df kg]{5 . / h;n]
d]/f] :d[ltaf6 lad'v x'Gf]5 To;sf] hLjg si6do x'g]5 /

18
lsofdtsf] lbg To;nfO{ xfdLn] cGwf agfP/ p7fpg]
5f}+ . - ;"/t' tfxf !@@, !@#,!@$ _
cNnfxsf] s[kf / bofsf] kfq pxL JolQmx¿ x'G5g
h'g O:nfddfly ;'b[9 eO{ cNnfxsf] pkf;gf ub{5g, /
h;n] O:nfdnfO{ 5f8L s'g} cfsf]{ wd{sf] cg'z/0f ug]{ 5g
tL b'j} nf]sdf 3f6f laxf]g]{jfnf eOxfN5g . / h;n]
O:nfdnfO{ b'9tfk"j{s ;dfTof] To;sf] nflu cNnfxn] ;'v
zflGt b'j} nf]sdf cf/lIft ul/lbPsf 5g . cNnfxsf]
kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M h;n] cf:yf ub{5g / cfˆgf] O{dfg;Fu
lzs{sf s'/fx¿ ld;fpFb}gg, To:tfx¿sf]] lglDt ;'/Iff 5
/ ltg}n] dfu{bz{g k|fKt ub{5g . - ;"/t'n cgcfd *@ _
O:nfd wd{sf] cg'z/0f ug]{x¿nfO{ cNnfx b[9tf
k|bfg u5{ h'g d'6'sf] zflGt Pj+ k|To]s ;'vsf] hu xf], /
k|To]s kL8f / lrGtfaf6 d'lQm klg . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M O{dfgjfnfx¿nfO{ cNnfx ;To lgi7fsf]
;fydf ;jn /fVb5 b'lgofsf] hLjgdf klg / d[To'kl5sf]
lhGbuLdf klg, xf]M cGofoLx¿nfO{ cNnfxn] e|ldt
ul/lbG5 / cNnfx hf] rfxG5, ul/xfN5 . - ;"/t' Oa|fxLd
@& _
cNnfxn] ;tdfu{ / jf:tljs ;kmntf / d'lQm b'j}
nf]sdf O:nfdsf cg'ofoLx¿sf] nflu ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 .
cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M olb ltgLx¿ klg ltdL h:t} cf:yf /fv] eg]
;xL dfu{ kfpg] 5g . - ;"/t'n as/M !#& _

19
/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M
cy{ M -x] k}uDa/ Û_ t} klg olb oL dflg;x¿
tkfO{;Fu jfbljjfb ub{5g eg] elglbg'; d / d]/f
cg'ofoLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf cNnfxdf ;dlk{t eO;s]sf
5f}+ / lstfajfnf / cgk9x¿ l;t elg lbg'; ls s]
ltdLx¿n] klg O:nfd dfGb5f} < olb logLx¿ klg
cg'ofoL aGb5g eg] lgM;Gb]x dfu{bz{g k|fKt ug]{5g, /
olb dfGb}gg eg] tkfO{sf] sfd dfq cNnfxsf] ;Gb]z
k'¥ofOlbg] xf] . cNnfx -cfkmgf_ eQmx¿nfO{ /fd|L b]vL
/fv]sf] 5 . - ;"/t' cfn] Od/fg @) _
/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] va/ lbg' ePsf]
5 ls :ju{df dfq pxL JolQm k|j]z kfpg]5 h;n] O:nfd
wd{sf] cg'z/0f ug]{5, pxfFsf] syg 5 M æ To;sf] zky
h;sf] xftdf d]/f] Hofg 5, o; pDdtsf] s'g} JolQm rfx]
Tof] px"bL xf]; jf O{;fO{ xf]; olb To;nfO{ d]/f] af/]df
1fg eof], clg Tof] dF dfly O{dfg NofPg / o;} cj:yfdf
To;sf] d[To' eof] eg] Tof] gs{df cjZo hfg]5Æ . lsgls
O:nfd wd{ g} ;To wd{ xf], / o; afx]s c? s'g} wd{
dfGo 5}g, / cNnfxn] o; wd{nfO{ ga"jt / b"tTjåf/f k"0f{
ul/ c? ;d:t wd{x¿nfO{ lgnlDat ul/lbPsf 5g, /
;fy} of] eljiojf0fL klg ul/of] ls O:nfd g} k|no ;Dd
afFsL /xg]jfnf wd{ xf] . / O{;f cn}lx:;nfd eljio
sfndf Ps rf]l6 km]l/ cfpg] 5g t/ O{;fO{ wd{ lnP/
cfpFb}gg a? d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] NofPsf]
wd{ O:nfdsf] cg'z/0f ug]{ 5g / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf]

20
cn}x] j;Nndsf] cg'ofoLx¿ dWo]sf x'g] 5g . d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ / zky 5 To;
ljwftfsf] h;sf] xftdf d]/f] Hofg 5 lgs6 eljiodf
O{;f lag dl/od cfpg] 5g ;Tosf] lg0f{fossf] ¿kdf,
;nLanfO{ 6'qmf 6'qmf kfg]{ 5g, / ;'Fu'/sf] awug]{ 5g, /
s/nfO{ ;dfKt ug]{ 5g, / wg ;DklQ olt clws
eOxfNg] 5 ls s'g} klg JolQm To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{g .
oxfF ;Dd ls Pp6f ;Hbf -9f]u_ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ / To;df h]
hlt 5g tL ;a}eGbf clws nfek|b l;4 x'g]5 . km]l/ o;
xbL;nfO{ j0f{g ug]{ ;xfaL xh/t ca" x'/}/x eG5gM ls
olb ltdL rfxG5f} eg] cNnfxsf] of] syg k9 Û cy{ M æ /
cxn] lstfa dWo] sf]xL afFsL /xg] 5}g h;n] xh/t O{;f-
cn}lx:;nfd_sf] d'To' eGbf cufl8 g} pgLdfly ljZjf;
gu/f]; / lsofdtsf lbg pgL ltgLx¿ lj?4 ;fIfL x'g]
5g .Æ - a'vf/L _
/ bf];|f] xbL;df 5 ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ d]/f] pDdtsf] Ps ;d"x lg/+t/
xssf] nflu o'4 ub}{ /xg]5 / o; ;d"xsf] jr{:j k|no
;Dd sfod g} /xg]5, clg O{;f cn}xl:;nfd cfsfzaf6
em/5g, clg pgLx¿sf] cdL/ - ;/bf/,d'lvof,gfos _ n]
eGg]5 cfpg'; xfdLnfO{ gdfh k9fpg';, clg O{;f
cn}lx:;nfd eG5gM xfOg a? o; ;do ltdL g} cdL/
xf} cNnfxn] of] k|lti7f / ;Ddfg dfq d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5Æ . - d'l:nd _

21
O:nfd :ki6 wd{
ha O:nfd O{Zj/Lo wd{ xf], / cNnfx åf/f cjtl/t
wd{ xf], / ;To / :jfefljs Pj+ a'l4dQfsf] wd{ xf] eg]
To;sf] d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ dWo] :ki6tf / ;/ntf klg xf]
h'g t]?Gt} ;demdf cfOxfN5 . k|To]s JolQm To;sf
lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ a'emg ;S5, / To;} adf]lhd sd{ ug{
;S5 . o; wd{sf ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ k|i6 5g To;df s'g}
afFËf]kgf 5}g, lsgls o;sf] hu s'/cfg / xbL; x'g .
cNnfxn] ;d:t dfgjhfltnfO{ ;Daf]lwt ub}{ cfb]z
ug'{ eP5 ls pgL s'/cfgdf lrGtg dgg u?g . h:tf]
ls ;a}nfO{ pT;flxt ub}{ cNnfxn] eg]sf 5g M
cy{ M t s] pgLx¿n] s'/cfgdf ;f]rljrf/ ub}{gg,
jf pgLx¿sf] Åbodf tfNrf nfu]sf 5g . -;"/t' d'xDdb
@$_
/ cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ s'/cfg leq lrGtg dgg ug]{
cfb]z lbPsf 5g Pj+ To;sf] cy{nfO{ a'emg] cf1f lbPsf
5g, lsgls s'/cfgsf] cy{ :ki6 5 ;a}sf] ;demdf
cfpFg]jfnf 5 . / of] sbflk x'g;Sb}g ls cNnfx xfdLnfO{
o:tf] sfo{ ug'{sf] cfb]z u?g h'g x'g;Sb}g . o;af6 of]
k|i6 / k|dfl0ft x'G5 ls s'/cfg ;a}sf] nflu ;/n /
;dfg Pj+ 1fgjw{s 5 .
/ s'/cfgsf] ;/ntf dfq d'l:nd ;d'bfosf] nflu
5}g a? ;j{hutsf] nflu 5, k|To]s k|f0fL To;sf] cy{

22
a'emL 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . / cNnfx cfkmgf] kljq u|Gy
s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf atfpg' eP5 ls Tof] k|i6 / :ki6 5 .
cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M clnkm–nfd–/f, of] :ki6 u|Gysf cfotx¿
x'g . - ;"/t' o";'km ! _
of] s'/cfgsf] ljz]iftf g} xf] h'g :ki6 u|Gy
s'/cfgsf] pTs[i6tf k/dfl0ft u5{ / To;sf] k|i6
cfotx¿ - Znf]sx¿ _ cNnfxsf] s[kf bof / h] hlt
cNnfx rfxG5 k|dfl0ft u5{g . / Znf]ssf] k|i6tfn] ubf{
s;}nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] e|d / ;+b]x klg x'Fb}g tL ;a}
s'/fx¿af/] h;nfO{ oL cfotx¿ bzf{pF5g . / /;"n
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd log} cfotx¿sf] dfWodn]
;a}nfO{ 8/fpFy], / ;a}nfO{ ;'dfu{df nufpFy] o;}n]ubf{
cNnfxsf eQmx¿ cNnfxsf] ;Tdfu{df cu|;/ /xGy] .
cNnfxsf] jf0fL / /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
jf0fL :ki6 5g, o;sf] k|df0f s'/cfgdf o; k|sf/ j0f{g
5 M
cy{ M / ca xfdLn] tkfO{nfO{ klg of] lstfa k|bfg
u/]sf 5f}+, h;af6 dflg;x¿nfO{ h] k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+
tkfO{n] :ki6 ul/ j0f{g ug{';, ;Dej 5 ltgLx¿n] ljrf/
u?g . - ;"/t'g gxn $$ _
/ cNnfxn] o; O:nfdnfO{ ;f]emf]dfu{sf] gfdaf6
gfdfs/0f -gfdflÍt_ u/]sf 5g h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] j0f{g
5 M

23
cy{ M xfdLnfO{ ;f]emf] -;Rrf_ af6f] b]vfpm . -
;"/t'n kmfltxf ^ _
/ ;f]emf] dfu{ Tof] af6f] xf] h'g ;f]emf] / :ki6 xf];
To;df s'g} k|sf/sf] afFËf]kgf gxf]; . s'/cfgsf] o;
cfotdf of] ljz]iftfnfO{ g} bzf{OPsf] 5 .
/ O:nfdsf] ;a}eGbf pTs[i6 ljz]iftf dWo] of] xf]
ls O:nfdn] o:tf zAbx¿sf] cyjf lgb]{zgx¿sf]
dfWodaf6 ;Daf]wg u/]g h'g xfd|f] dl:tisdf cfFpb}g /
sf]xL a'emg ;Sb}g . a? O:nflds ljåfgx¿sf] Psdt 5
ls s'/cfg / xbL;sf lgb]{zgx¿ o:tf 5}gg ls s;}sf]
;demdf g cfcf]; cyjf s]xL dflg;sf] ;demdf cfcf];
/ sltkonfO{ ;dem g cfcf]; a? s'/cfg / xbL; x/]s
dg'iosf] ;demdf cfpF5 rfx] Tof] ljåfg xf]; jf ;fwf/0f
JolQm .
/ O:nfdsf] :ki6tfsf] ljz]if pbfx/0f To;sf
cf:yfaf/] :ki6 lgb]{zgx¿ x'g h;dfly O:nfdsf] hu
lge{/ 5, / h;df s'g} nf]r / afFËf]kgf 5}g .
cf:yfjfgx¿ To;nfO{ a'em]/ dfq To;df cf:yf /fV5g
o; kZrft ls pgsf] x[bon] To;sf] x/]s lgb{]zgnfO{
dgk/fO{ :jLsf/ u/f]; .
o;sf] t'ngfdf xfdL c? w]/} wd{x¿nfO{ x]b{5f}+ ls
To;df To; wd{sf lgb]{zgx¿df tfnd]n x'Fb}g / Pp6f
lgb]{zg cfsf]{ lgb]{zg ljk/Lt / lj?4 x'G5 . / To;sf
lgb]{zgx¿df olt hl6ntf x'G5 ls dfg5] To;af6 s'g}
lgisif{ lgsfNg ;Sb}g . / sltko ;d:of / k|Zgsf]

24
;dfwfg To; wd{sf lgb]{zgx¿df ldNb}g . o;} sf/0f oL
wd{x¿sf ljåfgx¿ To; wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ wd{lgb]{z
g k9g] cfu|x u5{g / eG5g ls of] lgb]{zgx¿
ltdLx¿sf] ;demdf cfpFb}g of] ltdLx¿sf] ljj]s eGbf
aflx/sf] s'/f xf], ltdLx¿sf] r]tgfsf] Ifdtf olt 5}g ls
o;nfO{ r]tg ;s . o;sf] ljk/Lt O:nfd wd{ ;a}sf]
;demdf cfpF5 / ;a} dfly of] clgjfo{ 5 ls hlt klg
To;nfO{ 1fg 5 To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ klg u/f]; .
/ pbfx/0f :j¿k x]g{'; Û ha xfdL O{;fO{ wd{sf]
cWog u5f}{+ t x]b{5f}+ ls To;sf lgb]{zgx¿ /x:odo 9Ën]
Ps cfsf{l;t u'8d'8 eO{ lj/f]wfefifL cy{ bz{fp5g . /
To;df o:tf] kmN;kmL s'/fx¿ 5g h;nfO{ a'l4n] :jLsf/
ub}{g / To;sf lgb]{zgx¿ To;sf] l;4fGtnfO{ bzf{pg
c;dy{ 5g . o;}n]ubf{ sfgL;x¿df - O{;fO{x¿sf] k"hf
3/ _ /x:odo s'/fx¿ 5g h;nfO{ pgLx¿sf 7'n7"nf
ljåfgx¿ klg a'emg ;Sb}gg, ;fwf/0f dfG5]sf] s] cfF6
ls To;nfO{ a'emg ;sf]; .
/ o;}n]ubf{ oL wd{x¿df Hof]ltifL / wd{u'?x¿ To;
wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿ dfly cfkmgf] k"0f{ jr{:j hgfpF5g,
o;} sf/0f oL wd{x¿sf cg'ofoLx¿ oL wd{x¿nfO{ 5f8L
cfsf]{ wd{df k|j]z u5{g . / o; wd{ kl/jt{gsf] d'Vo
sf/0f dWo] To; wd{sf] lgb]{zgx¿ :ki6¿kn] k|i6
gePsf] klg xf] . t/ O:nfd wd{df k|To]s k|Zgsf] pQ/
5, / k|To]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg klg 5, o;} sf/0f

25
O:nfddf cf:yf /fVg]x¿nfO{ s]xL ;+b]x x'Fb}g / pgLx¿
O:nfdsf] k|To]s lgb]{zgaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'G5g .
/ o;} sf/0f xfdL x]b{5f}+ ls Tof] d';ndfg h;nfO{
o; O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zg / s'/fx¿ yfxf 5 / pm o;
wd{af6 ;+t'i6 5 Tof] sbflk o; ed{af6 ljd'v x'Fb}g .
/ o;} ;Gbe{df ca" ;'lkmofgsf] /fhf x]/Snsf] ;fy
Pp6f j[tfGt j0f{g 5 h'g d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndsf] cfudg kZrft 36]sf] lyof] . / of] 36gf ca"
;'lkmofgsf] O:nfd Nofpg' eGbf klxnfsf] j[tfGt xf] .
s'/f] of] lyof] ls ca" ;'lkmofg /f]dsf] Olnof gfds
:yfgdf lyP clg To;} ;do x]/Sn /fhfn] ca" ;'lkmofg
/ pgsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfkmgf b"tx¿ åf/f 8fFs]/ af]nfP,
clg cfkmgf] a:g] sIfdf af]nfP/ efg]M ltdL dWo] s'g
dfG5] To; JolQmsf] lgs6td cfkmGtL dWo]sf] xf] h'g
JolQm cfkm"nfO{ ;Gb]i6f eG5 . t ca" ;'lkmofgn] eg]M d
To;sf] ls6td cfkmGtL x"F . clg /fhfn] eGof]M o;
dfG5]nfO{ d l;t glhs a;fnf, / To;sf ;fyLx¿nfO{
To;sf] lk7o" k5f8L a;flnb]pm . clg cfkmgf] cg'jfbs
l;t eGof] ls o;sf] ;fyLx¿nfO{ elgb]pm ls olb o;
dfG5]n] xfd|f] k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ unt lbG5 eg] pgLx¿
k5f8Laf6} To;sf] ;+s]t u?g . clg x]/Snn] k|Zg cf/De
u¥of] / tL k|Zgx¿ dWo] of] k|Zg klg lyof] Û x]/Snn]
eGof]M s] To; ;Gb]i6fn] NofPsf] wd{nfO{ :jLsf/] kZrft
s]xL dfG5] To;af6 ljd'v klg x'G5g < ca" ;'lkmofgn]
pQ/ lbP ls o:tf] sbflk x'Fb}g . clg x]/Snn] eg]M d}n]

26
ltdLl;t k|Zg u/]+ ls s] s'g} dfG5] To; wd{nfO{ :jLsf/]
kZrft To;af6 ljd'v x'G5 t ltdLn] eGof] ls xf]Og
o:tf] t clxn] ;Dd ePsf] 5}g . xf], ha O{dfgsf] ld7f;
x[bodf a:5 ta o:t} x'G5 . - k"0f{ xbL; a'vf/L,
d'l:nddf x]g'{; _

27
O:nfd k|fs[lts wd{
O{Zj/Lo ljz]iftf Tof] lkmt/t -k|s[lt_ xf] h;nfO{
cNnfx Dffgjx¿sf] x[bodf hfu[t ul/lbG5, h:tf] ls
;'sd{ ;'Jojxf/ cflb, h;af6 cNnfx k|;Gg x'G5 / To;}
sf/0fn] dg'ionfO{ ;a} k|f0fLdfly ;jf]{Rrtf k|bfg u/]5 .
/ o; O{Zj/Lo lkmt/tsf] sf/0fn] g} dflg;sf]
cfTdf s]jn Ps cNnfxnfO{ k"Hg' / Ps]Zj/jfbdf cf:yf
/fVg'sf] OR5's x'G5, / ;a} s'sd{ 5f8L ;Tsd{ u/]/
cfkmgf] O{Zj/sf] bof kfpg] cfzf lnO{ cfkmgf] hLjg
JotLt u5{ .
/ lkmt/t - k|s[lt _sf] cy{ xf] M afFËf]kgfaf6 -
s'sd{af6_ ;Tsd{tkm{ k|j[Q x'g', / lg/fwf/tfaf6 xs /
cfwf/e"t tkm{ k|j[Q x'g', / s'dfu{af6 ;'dfu{tkm{ k|j[Q x'g'
. oxL b'O{ /x:odo sf/0fn] cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;NndnfO{ cfkmgf] lgb]{zg ;xLt k7fof] . lsgls
;To c;Tosf] aLr g} dg'io z}tfgsf] dfWodn] ef}tl/G5
. cGttM cNNfxn] cfkmgf] clGtd ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ ;b}j afFsL /xg] lgb]{zg /
;Tosf] ljho / c;TonfO{ k|fho u/fpg] lgb]{zgx¿ lbP/
k7fof] . o;} sf/0f O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿ ;f]emf] lkmt/tsf]
cg's"n cyf{t k|fs[ltsf] cg's"n 5g k|fs[lt / O:nfdLo
lgb]{zgx¿df s'g} ljjfb x'Fb}g .

28
/ ha d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ O;|f /
d]c/fh u/fO{of] h; ljzfn 36gfnfO{ cfkm} /;"n
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd j0f{g ug'{x'G5 ls æ ha d
a}t'n d'sbb; ;Dd k'u]+ t lha|Lnn] a'/fs gfds
;jf/LnfO{ To; xNsfl;t afFw] h;df gaLx¿ ccfkmgf
;jf/LnfO{ afFWy], clg eGg' x'G5 ls km]l/ d dl:hbdf
k|j]z u/]+ / b'O{ /sct gdfh k9]+ / aflx/ lg:s]+ . clg
lha|Ln cn}lx:;nfd cfpg' eof] o; cj:yfdf ls pxfFsf]
xftdf b'O{ Kofnf -efF8f_ lyof], Pp6f Kofnfdf b"w /
cfsf]{df dlb/f lyof] t d}n] b"w ;]jgnfO{ dgk/fP+], t
lha|Lnn] eGg' eof]M tkfO{n] lkmt/tnfO{ dgk/fpg'
eof],==== . Æ - d'l:nd lstfa'n O{dfg _
/fd|f] lkmt/t / g/fd|f] lkmt/tsf] of] clt k|i6
pbfx/0f xf], b"w nfebfos x'G5 o;} sf/0f O:nfd wd{df
xnfn -j}w_ 5 / dlb/f xflgsf/s x'G5 o;} sf/0f Tof]
x/fd -cj}w_ 5 . / o;} sf/0fn] /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndn] xflgsf/snfO{ 5f8L nfebfos j:t'nfO{ /f]Hg'
eof] . t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] of] /f]hfO{
k|dfl0ft u5{ ls pxfFn] NofPsf] wd{ g} ;a} eGbf /fd|f] wd{
/ ;a} eGbf sNof0fsf/L wd{ xf] . / o;sf] j0f{g cNnfxn]
cfkmgf] kljq u|Gy s'/cfgdf o;/L ug'{ eP5M
cy{ M t;y{ tkfO+{ bQlrQ eP/ cfkm"nfO{ bLg -
O:nfd_ tkm{ nufpFb} ug{'; . cNnfxsf] Tof] ljz]iftf
h;dfly p;n] dflg;x¿sf] ;[li6 u/]sf] 5 . cNnfxn]
agfPsf] -nfO{_ gabNg' . oxL ;f]emf] wd{ xf] . t/ w]/}n]

29
a'‰b}gg . -dflg;x¿ xf] Û_ cNnfx tkm{ nfu]/ pm l;t 8/
dfGg] u/ / gdfh k9g] u/ / d'lZ/sx¿ dWo]af6 gaGg' .
pgLx¿ dWo]af6 h;n] cfˆgf] wd{nfO{ 6'qmf–6'qmf ul/lbP
/ :jod klg ;d"x–;d"x -df ljeflht_ eP, k|To]s ;d"x
cfkm";+u ePsf] rLh j:t'df k|;Gg 5 . - ;"/t'¿{d #)–#@
_
cNnfxn] oL pNn]lvt Znf]sx¿df cfkmgf] /;"nnfO{
cfkmgf] To; lkmt/ttkm{ k|j[Q x'g] cfb]z u/]sf] 5 h'g
lkmt/tdf cNnfxn] ;a}nfO{ hGdfPsf] 5, / ;a}sf]
dl:tisdf To; lkmt/tsf] df]xdfof / To;sf] ljk/Lt
j:t'sf] 3[0ff /flvlbPsf] 5 .
lgM;+b]x O:nfdsf k/f]If / ck/f]If lgb]{zgx¿ tkm{
dg'io k|j[Q x'G5 lsgls ;a}sf] x[bodf ;Totf k|lt dfof
/flVPsf] 5 / of] g} lkmt/tsf] jf:tljstf / s;f}6L xf] .
/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' ePsf] 5 ls
k|To]s dg'io o;} cNnfxsf] lkmt/tdfly hGdb]lv g}
cu|;/ x'G5 oxfF ;Dd ls ;+;fl/s nf]e nfN;f p;nfO{
kl/jlt{t ul/xfN5, /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
egfO{ 5M
cy{ M k|To]s lzz' cNnfxsf] lkmt/tdf hGdG5 clg
p;sf] cfdf a'jf p;nfO{ ox"bL cyjf O{;fO{ jf dh";L
agfO{ lbG5g . - a'vf/L lstfa'n hgfOh _
ljrf/ u/ Û s;/L ox"bL / O{;fO{ wd{ o; lkmt/t
lj?4 eOxfn] wd{df kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0fn] . lsgls
k|To]s lzz'hflt lkmt/tdf hlGdG5, clg To;sf] a'jf

30
cfdf To;nfO{ cfkmgf] wd{sf] /Ëdf /lËxfN5g . t/
;fjwfg eOxfNg'; lsgls O:nfdaf6 ljd'v x'g'sf] cy{
k|fs[lt / cNnfxsf] ;[li6df kl/jt{g ug'{ ;/x xf] . t ha
O:nfd wd{ k|fs[lts wd{ l;4 eof] t ca of] klg x]g'{;
ls O:nfdsf k|To]s lgb]{zgx¿ klg To; k|fs[lt cg's"n
g} 5g / b'j}df s]xL leGgtf / c;dfgtf 5}g, a?
O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿ To; lkmt/tnfO{ cem} alnof] / k"0f{
agfpF5g . pbfx/0f :j¿k x]g'{xf]; Û cNnfxn]
Ps]Zj/jfbsf] cfb]z lbPsf 5g / ax'b]jjfbaf6 /f]s]sf
5g / oxL g} jf:tljs lkmt/t - k|s[lt_ xf], lsgls
dg'iosf] lkmt/t k"hf To;}sf] ug{ rfxG5 h'g To; k"hf
of]Uo xf];, / Tof] lgM;+b]x cNNfx g} xf] .
/ o:t} b'O{ k"hgLo klg x'g ;Sb}g cyjf Tof] eGbf
clws klg x'g ;Sb}g lsgls dfG5] s; s;sf] k"hf u5{,
/ s; s;nfO{ 9f]u ug{ ;S5 . / o:t} dg'iosf] z'4
lkmt/t of] klg ;xg ug{ ;Sb}g ls cfkm" h:tf] s'g}
dg'ionfO{ k"hf]; h'g To;nfO{ nfe / xflg k'¥ofpg
;Sb}g, / 9'Ëf, df6f], / ?v k+IfLsf] t s'/} gug'{; . a?
;f]emf] lkmt/t rfxG5 ls cfkmgf] kfngstf{sf] k"hf u¿F .
h;/L gdfh k9L, jt{ a;L, kl/qmdf u/L, c;xfo
ef]sfPsf] dfG5]nfO{ ef]hg u/fO{ cNnfxsf] k|;Ggtf
vf]hf]; . of] ;a} O:nfd / lkmt/t cg's"n sfo{x¿ x'g .
/ ;f]emf] lkmt/t cg's"n Tof] ;a} sfo{x¿ klg x'g
h;tkm{ O:nfd cfJxfg u5{, h;/L s;}dfly k/f]ksf/
ug'{, s;}nfO{ v'zL lbg', cfkmgf cfkmGtLx¿ l;t k|]d ug'{,

31
:g]x /fVg', cfkmgf l5d]sLx¿ l;t ;Ddfgk"j{s Jojxf/
ug'{, nfebfos j:t'sf] ;]jg ug'{, xflgsf/s j:t'af6
6f9f /xg', /fd|f] n'uf nufpg', l;Ëf/ ug'{, t/ cledfg
gug'{, s;}dfly cGofo cTofrf/ gug'{, s;}sf] clwsf/
xgg gug'{, ;Tosf] ;fy lbg', / ;Tojfg aGg', ;a}nfO{
;Totfsf] dfu{tkm{ cfJxfg ug'{ ===== cflb .
/ O:nfd wd{ g} k|fs[lts wd{ xf] o;sf] k|df0f xf]
:jod ;|i6fsf] lg;fkm / ;[li6dfly p;sf] pbf/ cg'u|x /
bof, / p;sf] cfb]zdf ;Dk"0f{ dfgjhfltsf] k|lta4tf ls
pgL p;sf] ;Ldfsf] pNn+3gsf/L aGg] 5}gg / To;n]
agfPsf] ;Ldfsf] cltqmd0f ub}{gg===== cflb .
/ ha Ps d';ndfg s;}nfO{ O:nfdtkm{ cfJxfg
u5{ ta Tof] To; ;f]emf] k|s[lttkm{ af]nfpF5 h'g lkmt/t
dfly ;|i6fn] ;a}nfO{ ;[li6 u/]sf] 5 . cyf{tM Tof] s'g}
lj/f]wL tTjtkm{ cfdlGqt ul//x]sf] 5}g . / of] g}
O:nfdsf] :jLsfo{ x'g'sf] ;a} eGbf 6"nf] /x:o xf], lsgls
h;nfO{ klg of] yfxf eOxfN5 ls O:nfd wd{ xfd|f]
lkmt/t cg's"n wd{ xf] Tof] t'?Gt} o; O:nfd wd{df k|j]z
eOxfN5, / To;sf] cg'ofoL eO{ :ju{sf] clwsf/L eOxfN5
.

32
O:nfd ljj]ssf] wd{
ha ljleGg wd{x¿ / ljleGg k|sf/sf cf:yfx¿ /
lgb]{zgx¿ dg'iosf] csn -ljj]s_nfO{ x}/fg kfl/lbof],
To; ;do O:nfd cfkmgf] lgb]{zg ;d]t k|s6 eof], h'g
cfkmgf] ;d:t lgb]{zgsf] ;fy dg'iosf] ljj]snfO{ ;dy{g
u5{ .
/ sltko wdf{jnDaLx¿nfO{ cfkm"n] h'g wd{sf]
kfngf ul//x] 5g To;sf lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ x]/]/ x[bo kL8f
/ c;+t'li6sf] cfef; eof] lsgls tL lgb]{zgx¿
pgLx¿sf] ljj]ssf] lj/f]w u5{g . / sltko wd{x¿ t
wd{df ljrf/ / lrGtg dgg ug'{af6 g} /f]s]sf 5g, / h'g
lgb]{zgx¿ / cfb]zx¿ To; wd{ddf 5g To;nfO{
sfo{Gjog ug'{ t/ cfkmgf] a'l4 gnufpg' eGg] cfb]z
lbOPsf] 5 . t/ O:nfd wd{ oL ;a} wd{x¿sf] t"ngfdf
;a} wd{af6 leGg 5 . O:nfd wd{sf] of] dxfgtf g} xf] ls
Tof] ;fFrf] :jR5 / z'4 a'l4sf] ;dy{g u5{ . / s'/cfg Pj+
xbL;df hlt klg lgb]{zgx¿ 5g ;a} ljz'4 1fg / ljj]s
cg's"n 5g . o;}n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ s'/cfg / xbL;df
ljrf/ubf{ of] yfxf x'G5 ls s'/cfg / xbL; a'l4dQfk"0f{
k|df0fx¿af6 O:nfdL cf:yfnfO{ l;4 u5{ . h;/L cNnfx
dfly cf:yf /fVg', / To;sf /;"n - ;Gb]i6f _ /
kml/Ztfx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg', / k|nosf] lbgdfly /
d[To'dfly cf:yf /fVg', / k'gh{Gd, b08, k'/:sf/, kfk

33
k'0o, :ju{ gs{,======= cflb dfly cf:yf /fVg' . oL ;a}nfO{
O:nfd o:tf k|df0fx¿af6 l;4 u5{ h'g k|To]s dg'iosf]
;demdf cfpF5 .
/ olb ltdL ljrf/ u/ d'Z/]sLg -ax'bjjfbLx¿_sf]
jftf{nfk / k|df0fx¿ dfly h;af6 pgLx¿ cNnfxsf]
jh"b / k"hgLotfsf] of]UotfnfO{ l;4 ug{ vf]h]sf lyP,
To;df klg ltdL a'l4dQfsf] k|i6¿kdf k|df0f kfpF5f} .
cNnfxn] o; s'/fnfO{ kljq s'/cfgdf o;/L j0f{g u/]sf
5g M
cy{ M Tof] cNnfx g} xf] h;n] ltdLnfO{ Rf6ofËsf]
rds eoeLt ug{ / cfzf lbnfpgsf] nflu b]vfpF5, /
ef/L afbnx¿nfO{ p7fpF5 . lah'nLsf] uh{gf p;sf]
kljqtfsf] k|z+;f ub{5, / kml/Ztfx¿ klg p;sf]
eoaf6 -To;} ub{}5g_ . pxL r6ofË k7fpF5, / h; dfly
rfxG5 To; dfly v;fN5 . ha ls ltgLx¿ -ax'b]jjfbL_
cNnfxsf] jfkt em}+–emu8f u/L /x]sf 5g, / cNnfx
s7f]/ zlQmjfnf 5 . p;}nfO{ k'sfg'{ jf:tljs ;To xf] .
h'g dflg; c?nfO{ p;sf] abnfdf k'sf5{g ltgLx¿
pgLnfO{ s]xL klg pQ/ lbb}gg, a? of] p:t} 5 h:tf] s'g}
JolQm cfˆgf] b'j} xft kfgLtkm{ km}nfPsf] 5 ls p;sf]
d'vdf kl/hfcf]; hasL Tof] kfgL p;sf] d'vdf hfFb}g .
/ sflkm/x¿sf] u'xf/ ;a} v]/ hfg]5 . cNnfxsf] nflu g}
k[YjL / cfsfzsf ;a} k|f0fLx¿ v'zL / a]v'zL gtd:ts
x'G5g / pgsf 5fofFx¿n] klg ljxfg j]n'sf . tkfO{+
;f]Wg';M ……ls cfsfzx¿ / k[YjLsf] kfngstf{ sf] xf] <ÚÚ.

34
elg lbg'; Û ……cNnfxÚÚ . ;f]Wg';M Û ……s] ltdL km]l/ klg p;
afx]s c?nfO{ ;xof]uL agfO{ /x]sf 5f} < hf] :jo+ cfˆgf]
hLj Hofgsf] /fd|f] g/fd|f]af/] s'g} clVtof/L /fVb}ggÚÚ .
;f]WfM ……s] cGwf] / cfFvf jfnf j/fa/ x'g ;S5g < s]
cGwsf/ / k|sfz ;dfg x'g ;S5g < s] h;nfO{ pgL
cNnfxsf] ;fem]bf/ 7x¥ofO{ /x]sf 5g, pgn] klg cNnfx
h:t} k|f0fLx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g, h;n] pgsf] b[li6df
lgdf{0fsf kms{ z+sfsf] 3]/f leq cfO;s]sf] 5ÚÚ, elg
lbg';M ……dfq cNnfx g} ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] hGdbftf xf] Tof]
Ps dfq PSnf] 5 / ljzfn zlQmzfnL 5 .ÚÚ p;}n]
cfsfzaf6 kfgL j;f{of] km]l/ cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] Ifdtf cg';f/
vf]nfx¿ aUg yfn], km]l/ kfgLsf] e]nn] dfly r9]sf]
s"8fnfO{ aufP/ nUof] . / o:t} kmL+h To; wft'df klg
p7LxfN5 h'g cfuf]df xfn]/ vfl/P kl5 cfe"if0f jf csf{]
-;hfj6sf_ ;dfg aGb5g . o:t} lsl;dn] cNnfx ;To–
c;Tosf] pbfx/0f k|:t't ub{5, . ca kmLh t Joy{ eP/
auL xfN5, k/Gt' h'g dfG5]nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpg] j:t' 5,
Tof] k[YjLdf c8LÞ /xG5 . cNnfx o:t} pbfx/0fsf] j0f{g
ub{5 . - ;"/t'/{cb !@–!& _
/ ha ax'b]jjfbLx¿n] k'gh{Gdsf] OGsf/ u/], /
k|nosf] lbg / k|ltkmnsf] lbgsf] OGsf/ u/] ta s'/cfgn]
pgLx¿;+u a'l4dQfsf] k|df0f / ljj]sdf cfpg]
ts{x¿af6 jftf{nfk u¥of], h'g k|df0f / ts{x¿ k'gh{Gd
dfly cf:yfsf] jf:tljstf l;4 ul//x]sf lyP, /

35
ax'b]jjfbLx¿sf] q'l6nfO{ :ki6 kfl/b}y] . h:tf] ls
cNnfxn] kljq s'/cfgdf j0f{g ug'{ x'G5 M
cy{ M / olb xfdLn] pgLx¿dfly bof uYof}{ /
pgLx¿sf] si6 x6fof+} eg] pgLx¿ cfkmgf] c§]/Lkgdf c?
axsL /xg] 5g . oBlk xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{ oftgfdf
;dfTof}+ t}klg pgLx¿ g cfkmgf kfngstf{sf] cufl8
gtd:ts eP gt pgLx¿ ofrgf g} u/] . oxfF;Dd ls
xfdLn] ha pgLx¿ dfly tLj| ;hfosf] 9f]sf vf]lnlbof}+
ta To;a]nf pgLx¿ lg/fz eOxfn] . / ToxL cNnfx xf]
h;n] ltd|f] nflu sfg / cfFvfx¿ tyf x[box¿ agfP .
t/ ltdLn] yf]/} s[t1tf k|s6 ub{5f} . / pxL t xf] h;n]
ltdLnfO{ ;[li6 u/]/ k[YjLdf km}nfO{ lbof] / p;}lt/ ltdL
Pslqt x'g] 5f} . / pxL xf] h;n] hLjg k|bfg ub{5, /
d[To' lbG5 / Pskl5 csf]{ cfpg] /ft / lbg p;}sf]
clwsf/df 5, s] ltdLn] a'emb}gf} < s'/f of] 5 ls h'g
s'/f cl3sfn] eGby], p:t} k|sf/sf] s'/f logLx¿n] klg
eGb5g . -eGb5gM_ ls ha xfdL d/]/ df6f] / x88Lx¿
eOxfNg]5f}+ t} klg s] xfdL km]l/ p7fOg] 5f}+ / < of] jfrf
xfdLl;t / xfdL eGbf klxnf xfd|f afa' afh]x¿l;t klg
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5, of] t dfq cl3sf dflg;x¿sf syfx¿
x'g . ;f]Wg'; t hÞdLg, / h]hlt hdLgdf 5g -;a}_
s;sf ;DklQ x'g atfpm olb yfxf 5 < t'?Gt hjfkm
lbg]5gM ls cNnfxsf] . eGg'; To;f] eP ltdL lsg
g;Lxt dfGb}gf} < ;f]Wg'; lsM ;ft cfsfzx¿sf] :jfdL
sf] xf] / dxfg ;Qf;gsf] dflns sf] xf] < pgLx¿n]]

36
hjfkm lbg]5gM ls cNnfx g} xf], eGg'; ls To;f] eP
lsg 8/ dfGb}gf} < ;f]Wg'; ls olb ltdL hfGb5f} eg]
egsL Tof] sf] xf] h;sf] xftdf x/]s s'/fsf] cflwkTo 5
/ p;n] z/0f lbG5 / p;sf] bfFhf]df s;}n] s;}nfO{ z/0f
lbg ;Sb}g . oxL hjfkm lbg]5gM ls cNnfx g} xf] . eGg';
sLM To;f] eP ltdLdfly hfb" sxfFaf6 rN5 < - ;"/t'n
d'ldg"g &%–*( _
/ oL b'j} pbfx/0f s]jn s'/cfgsf] o; bfaLnfO{
l;4 ug'{sf] lglDt xf] h;df of] bfaL 5 ls s'/cfg /
O:nfd wd{ csn / ljj]snfO{ ;dy{g u5g{, cyf{tM
pNn]lvt pbfx/0faf6 of] :ki6 eof] ls O:nfd jf:tjdf
a'l4dQfsf] wd{ xf] .
/ O:nfd h;/L cf:yfnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgb]{zgx¿
åf/f csnsf] ;dy{g u5{ cyf{t csnsf] lj/f]w ub{}g,
To;/L c? k|sf/sf lgb]{zgx¿ åf/f klg a'l4 ljj]ssf]
;dy{g u5{ . pbfx/0f :j¿k x]g'{; Û xnfn x/fd cyf{t
j}w cj}w ug]{ lgb]{zgx¿, b'J{ojxf/ / Jolerf/ dfly
l6Kk0fL ug]{ lgb]{zgx¿, cTofrf/ cGofoaf6 dgfxL ug]{
lgb]{zgx¿ ====cflb . of] ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ o:tf 5g ls
o;nfO{ ;'g] lalQs} xfd|f] ljj]s oL lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ :jLsf/
u/L xfN5, / x[bo k|;Ggtfn] xlif{t eOxfN5 .
o:t} w]/} 7fpFdf s'/cfg dfgjnfO{ ljrf/ljdz{ /
lrGtg dgg ug]{ cfb]z u5{, / cfJxfg u5{ ls ltdLx¿
O:nfdsf lgb]{zgx¿df lrGtg dgg u/ / cfkmgf]

37
a'l4nfO{ lg:kIf lg0f{osf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/ . cNnfxsf]
j0f{g 5 M
cy{ M / ;+;fl/s hLjg t Pp6f v]n / dgf]/~hg
afx]s s]xL klg xf]Og . / cToGt /fd|f] 3/ t cflv/tsf]
3/ xf] ltgLx¿sf] lglDt hf] cNnfxl;t 8/dfG5g, s]
ltdLn] a'‰b}gf} < - ;"/t'n cgcfd #@ _
/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M tkfO{+ eGbf klxn] d}n] ufFpn]x¿df hlt
k}uDa/ k7fPF, ;a} k'?if g} lyP . pgLx¿ tkm{ d}n] ;Gb]z
-jxo_ lbb} uPF . s] ltgLx¿ k[YjLdf lxn8'n u/]/ b]v]gg
< ls pgL eGbf klxn]sf AolQmx¿sf] s] s:tf] gtLhf
eof] . jf:tjdf clGtd 3/ ;xgzLnx¿sf] nflu w]/} /fd|f
5g . t} klg ltgL ;Demg ;St}gg . - ;"/t' o";'km !)(
_
/ ha a'l4dfgx¿ O:nfdL l;4fGtx¿df dgyg
u5{g ta o; lgisif{df k'U5g ls O:nfdL l;4fGtsf] d"n
nIo csnnfO{ ljrf/ ljd;{tkm{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ xf] . /
cNnfxsf] k"hftkm{ nufpg' xf], / O:nfdL 1fg k|flKttkm{
pT;flxt ug'{ xf] . h;df ;+;fl/s / k/nf}lss enfO{
gLlxt 5g, / ;+;fl/s 1fg Pj+ ljBf k|fKt ug'{tkm{
nufpg' xf] h;af6 ;a}sf] hLjg /fd|/L JotLt x'G5 .
/ o;} k|sf/ O:nfdn] csn / ;f]r ljrf/nfO{
k|ult k|bfg u5{ / o; ;+be{df tL ;a} s'/fnfO{ cj}w
ul/lbPsf] 5 h'g csnnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5g / tL ;a}
xflgsf/s j:t'x¿af6 csnsf] ;'/Iff u5{ . t;y{ xfd|f]

38
csnnfO{ 7"nf] dfg;Ddfg k|bfg u5{, o;sf] pbfx/0f xf]
dlb/fnfO{ jlh{t ug'{ . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M x] Odfgjfnfx¿ Û dlb/f, h'cf aln:yfg /
zu'0f kf;f oL ;a} ckljq / z}tfgL s'/fx¿ dWo]sf x'g
t;y{ logLaf6 6f9f /xg' tfls d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;s .
z}tfg t of] rfxG5 ls /S;L / h'cfsf] dfWodaf6
ltdLx¿ aLr zq'tf / a}/efjsf] ;[hgf ul/xfnf]; /
ltdLnfO{ cNnfxsf] :d/0f / gdfhaf6 /f]lsb]cf]; .
o;sf/0f clxn] klg -oL sd{x¿af6_ cnu /xg] u/ . -
;"/t'n dfObM (),(! _
a? cNnfxn] tL ;a} j:t'x¿nfO{ jlh{t u/]sf] 5
h;df pGdfbsf] tTj kfOG5 Tof] rfx] h'g ¿kdf klg
xf];, / h'g xfd|f] dl:tisnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . cNnfxsf]
clGtd ;Gb]i6fsf] syg 5 M æ k|To]s gzLnf] kbfy{ dlb/f
xf] / x/]s gzLnf] kbfy{ jlh{t 5, / h;n] o; ;+;f/df
dlb/fsf] /l;of eO{ To;sf] ;]jg u5{ km]l/ lagf tf}af -
Ifdfofrgf _ To;sf] d[To' eof] eg] Tof] k/nf}lss
hLjgdf dlb/f ;]jgsf] cj;/ kfpFb}gÆ . - d'l:nd
lstfa'n czl/af _
/ cfsf]{ 7fpFdf cNnfxsf] /;"n eGg' x'G5 M æ h'g
gzLnf] kbfy{sf] w]/} dfqf pGdfbL agfpF5 To;sf] yf]/}
dfqf klg x/fd - cj}w _ 5 Æ . - ca" bfpmb lstfa'n
czl/af, ltld{hL lstfa'n czl/af _

39
O:nfd kljq wd{
pk/f]Qm jfSodf kljqtfsf] cy{ xf] k|to]s /2f]abn,
yk36, / k|To]s a'/fO{ Pj+ q'l6af6 kljq x'g' .
jf:tljs kljqtf t jf:tjdf O:nfddf g} gLlxt
5, lsgls o;sf ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ cfsfzjfF0fL åf/f cNnfx
sxfFaf6 cjtl/t ePsf 5g, / ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ xfd|f]nflu
;Ddfghgs 5g . / O:nfd kljq 5 lsgls To;sf]
klxnf] ;+ljwfg / ljlw s'/cfg kljq 5, / ;j{k|yd
>]0fLdf lj/fhdfg 5 . / s'/cfgsf] kljqtf dWo] cg]sf}+
rdTsf/L s'/fx¿ 5g To; dWo] ljz]if u/L s'/cfgsf]
kljqtf yk36 /2f]abnaf6 kljq x'g' klg xf], lsgls
To;sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L cNnfxn] cfkm} lng' ePsf] 5 .
cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M -lgM;Gb]x_ xfdLn] g} s'/cfgnfO{ ptf/]sf 5f}+ /
xfdL g} o;sf] ;+/Ifs xf}+ . - ;"/t'n lxh| ( _
cyf{t o:tf] pTs[i6td >]0fL cNnfxn] dfq
s'/cfgnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 lsgls o; eGbf klxnfsf
u|Gyx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L cNnfxn] cfkm} lnPsf]
lyPg a? tL u|Gyx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L To;sf
cg'ofoLx¿ dfly g} lyof] . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M xfdLn] g} tf}/ft ptf¥of}+, h;df dfu{bz{g /
k|sfz lyof] . To;} cg';f/ gaL / 1fgLx¿n] hf] -
cNnfxsf_ cf1fsf/L lyP ox"bLdf o;} tf}/ft cg';f/

40
km};nf ub{y] . lsgeg] ltgLx¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] lstfasf]
/Iff ug]{ cfb]z lyof], / ltgLx¿ o;sf] ujfx klg lyP,
t;y{ ltdL dflg;x¿ l;t g8/fpg' / d;Fu 8/ dfGg' /
d]/f] cfotx¿nfO{ clnslt d"Nodf g a]Rg' . h;n]
cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf] cfb]zx¿ adf]lhd km};nf ub}{gg
ltgLx¿ g} sflkm/ x'g . - ;"/t'n dfObM $$ _
km]l/ of] klg x]g'{; ls h'g lhDd]jf/L cNnfxn]
klxnfsf pDdt -;d"x_x¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] clg Tof]
lhDd]jf/L lyof] u|Gyx¿sf] ;'/Iff, t/ tL pDdtLx¿
To;sf] ;'/Iff gul/sg To;df yk36 ug{ yfn], / o;}
yk36sf] sf/0f tL u|Gyx¿sf lgb]{zgx¿ Pscfsf{sf]
lj/f]wL cy{ bzf{pg yfn], / Pp6} u|Gysf cg]sf} u|Gy
aGof], / cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf lgb]{zgx¿ To;af6 n'Kt
eP . t/ oL ;a}sf] t'ngfdf O:nfdL u|Gy s'/cfg cfh
klg p:t} ;'/lIft 5 h:tf] cfh b]lv nueu !$)) jif{
eGbf klxnf cjtl/t ePsf] lyof], / of] cfhsf] s'/cfg
ToxL s'/cfg xf] cfkmgf] Znf]s / cIf/x¿ ;d]t h;/L
!$)) kif{ cl3 lyof] . t/ s;}n] klg o;df Pp6f cIf/
klg ld;fpg ;s]gg / cNnfxsf] saf]n slt ;fFrf] 5 .
/ o:t} s'/cfgsf] kljqtfsf] cfsf]{ pbfx/0f of] xf]
ls To;sf lgb]{zgx¿ aLr s'g} k|sf/sf] 6s/fj -lj/f]wL
cy{_ ldNb}g . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M s] logLx¿ s'/cfgdf lrGtg dgg ub}{gg <
olb of] cNnfx afx]s c? s;}sf] tkm{af6 ePsf] eP

41
To;df lgM;Gb]x -w]/}_ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ s'/fx¿ kfpg] lyP .
- ;"/t'g lg;f *@ _
/ cNnfxn] cfkmgf] kljq jf0fL s'/cfg leq s'g}
k|sf/sf] lj/f]wL cy{ Pj+ gsf/fTds tTj /fv]sf] 5}g, a?
Tof] oL ;a} t'R5 s'/fx¿af6 kljq 5, / of] To;sf] jf0fL
x'g'sf] ;j{k|yd k|df0f xf] . sbflrt of] c? s;}sf]
tkm{af6 x'GYof] eg] cjZo g} o;df klg lj/f]wL /
gsf/fTds tTj ldNYof] h:tf] ls c? u|Gyx¿df b]lvG5 .
/ of] ;a} k|df0fx¿ of] k|dfl0ft u5{g ls s'/cfg k|To]s
e]befj / snxaf6 kljq 5 . clg s'g} s'/f h'g
s'/cfgsf] lj/f]w u5{ Tof] lgM;+b]x lg/fwf/ 5 . / of] kljq
s'/cfg O:nfdsf] o:tf] cd/ rdTsf/ xf] h'g ;b}j afFsL
/xg] 5 .
/ s'/cfgsf] >]i7tfsf] nflu of] kof{Kt 5 ls
To;sf ljleGg k|sf/sf ljifo / zLif{sx¿ h'g cf:yf,
cfb]z, j}w , cj}w, va/, j[tfGt ===== cflbnfO{ bzf{p5g
tL ;a} zLif{sx¿df olt o'u aLt] klg s;}n] Pp6f q'l6
lgsfNg ;s]gg . a? h]hlt To;sf] cfotx¿df kl/If0f
lg/If0f / ljZn]if0f u/] kZrft pgLx¿ dfly of] /x:o
v'Nof] ls lj1fgn] hlt k|ult clxn] ;Dd u/]5 To;nfO{
t s'/cfgn] cfhb]lv !$)) jif{ cl3 g} bzf{O;s]sf] 5 .
/ sltko j}1flgsx¿ t s'/cfgsf] o:tf] rdTsf/af6
k|efljt eO{ O:nfd :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g . / h'g ;'s}
JolSt klg s'/cfgnfO{ :jR5 x[bon] k95 / To;sf

42
lgb]{zgx¿df ljrf/ u5{ Tof] lgM;+b]x O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿
dfly df]lxt eO{ To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{5 .
/ O:nfd wd{ kljq 5 lsgls h'g gaL -;Gb]i6f_
dfly of] O:nfd cjtl/t ul/of] - pxfFsf] gfd d'xDdb
k'q cAb'Nnfx xf] _ Tof] ;Gb]i6f klg kljq 5g . Tof]
;Gb]i6f afx]s c? s'g} dg'io tyf Clifd'lg o; ;Dk"0f{
;+;f/df q'l6x¿ / bf]ifx¿af6 kljq 5}gg . t/ of]
pTs[i6 kb d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ pxfFsf]
kfngstf{af6 k|bfg ul/of], h;n] ubf{ pxfFnfO{ cfkmgf]
clGtd ;Gb]i6f lgo'Qm u/f]; . / o;} b"tTjsf] sf/0f
pxfFnfO{ x/]s bf]if, kfkaf6 d'Qm Pj+ kljq u¥of] .
cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M / pgL cfˆgf] OR5fn] s]xL eGb}gg . Tof] t
dfq jxo xf] h'g -pgLdfly_ k7fOFb} 5 . - ;"/t'g gHd
#,$ _
/ cNnfxn] cfkmgf] clGtd ;Gb]i6f d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ pxfFsf] k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf
kljq kfl/lbof] . pbfx/0f :j¿kM cNnfxn] pxfFnfO{ pxfFsf]
o'jf cj:yfdf kljqtfsf] hLljt pbfx/0f / cfbz{
agfpg' eof] . pxfFsf] :jefj, cfr/0f, Jolerf/af6 6f9f
/xg', / c1fgtf sfnsf] ;a} kfkx¿af6 6f9f /xg', ;to
af]Ng', em'7 / em'77fx¿af6 3[0f ug'{, dlb/f ;]jgaf6 6f9f
/xg', d"lt{ k"hgaf6 6f9f /xg', ===== cflb . of] ;a}
cdfgjLo sfo{x¿af6 cNnfxn] cfkmgf] ;Gb]i6fnfO{ kljq
/fVof] . lsgls of] ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿ O:nfd lj/f]wL

43
x'gsf] ;fy ;fy} ;dfh Pj+ ;eotf / dfgjtfsf] klg
lj/f]wL x'g .
/ pxfF ;b}j ;To af]Ny], ;TonfO{ dg k/fpFy] /
cNnfxn] cjtl/t u/]sf lgb]{zgx¿ h:tfsf] To:t}
cfkmgf] pDdt ;Dd k'¥ofpFy] . of] klg pxfFsf] kljqtf
k|dfl0ft u5{ .
/ d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kljqtf
pxfFsf] hLjgLaf6 k"0f{ ¿kn] :ki6 x'G5, h;n] klg pxfFsf]
hLjgLsf] cWog u5{ Tof] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndsf] kljqtf / pgsf] ;j{>]i7 cfr/0f / :jfefjsf]
u'0fufg ug{ yfN5 . / of] ;a} s'/fx¿ of] s'/fnfO{
clgjfo{ u5{g ls xfdL To; dxfg ;Gb]i6fsf] cg'z/0f
u/f}+, / To;} ;Gb]i6fsf] hLjg z}nL ckgfO{ p4f/ kfcf}+ .
/ O:nfd wd{ kljq 5 cyf{t k|To]s bf]ifaf6 d'Qm 5
lsgls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿
bf]ifd'Qm 5g . lsgls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
pDdtLx¿ s'g} bf]if Pj+ c;Todfly sbflk Psh'6
x'g;Sb}gg, a? h'g s'/f]dfly d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿sf] Psdt 5 Tof] g} ;To xf], /
To;sf] lj/f]wL lgM;Gb]x lg/fwf/ 5 . / of] ljz]iftf ;a}
pDdtx¿ dWo] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
pDdtLx¿nfO{ dfq k|fKt 5 . h:tf] ls cNNfxsf] kmdf{g
5M
cy{ M xfdLn] o:t} ltdLnfO{ dWodfuL{ ;d'bfo
agfPsf xf}+ h;af6 c? dflg;x¿sf ;fIfL ag / -

44
d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ k}uDa/ ltd|f] nflu
;fIfL ag'g / h'g lsAnfdf ltdL klxnf b]lv nfu]sf
lyof}, To;nfO{ xfdLn] o; sf/0f lgwf{l/t u/]sf lyof}+
tfls yfxf xf]; ls, sf] -xfd|f]_ k}uDa/sf] ;Rrf cg'ofoL
xf] / sf] xf] hf] ljrlnt x'G5 < of] sfd ufx|f] 5, t/
h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{blz{t u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f]
5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg] 5}g .
cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u cToGt s[kf / bofsf] Jojxf/
ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n as/M !$# _
cyf{t cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
pDdtLx¿nfO{ lk|o, ;Tojfg lg0f{fos agfof] . d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M lgM;Gb]x cNnfx d]/f] pDdtnfO{ kye|i6tfdf
Psdt ub}{g . - ltld{hL _
t;y{ h;df pDdt Psdt x'G5 s'g} klg o'udf Tof]
g} ;To 7x/ x'G5 To;df s'g} ;+sf]r Pj+ e|d 5}g .
/ cNnfxn] h'g dfg ;Ddfg d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 Tof] dfg
;Ddfg O:nfdL l;4fGtsf] dxfgtfsf] k|tLs xf] . h;
;Ddflgt ;Ldfdf /xL d'l:ndx¿ Psdt /x'g / lj/f]w /
dte]baf6 k/ /x'g, t;y{ ;a} Ps xft h:tf] Psdt /xL
/xG5g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M ;a} ldn]/ cNnfxsf] 8f]/LnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s
;dflt /fVg' / ljeflht gx'g' / cNnfxsf] To;
cg'sDkfnfO{ ofbu/ ls ha ltdL Ps csf{sf] zq' lyof},

45
t p;n] ltd|f Åbox¿df k|]dsf] ;[hgf u¥of] / p;sf]
s[kfn] ltdLx¿ cfk;df efO–efO eOxfNof}, / ltdL
cfuf]sf] vfN8f] 5]p k'lu;s]sf lyof}, t cNnfxn] ltdLnfO{
To;af6 arfOxfNof] . o; k|sf/ cNnfxn] ltdLnfO{ cfˆgf
lgzfgLx¿sf] j0f{g ub{5 tfls ltdL dfu{bz{g k|fKt
ug{;s . - ;"/t' cfn] Od/fg !)# _
/ o; wd{ O:nfdsf] ljzfntf dWo] of] klg xf] ls
o;sf] kljqtf qLsf]0fLo 5, s'/cfgsf] kljqtf ;Gb]i6fsf]
kljqtf / pDdtsf] kljqtf . cyf{t o; wd{sf] kljqtf /
bf]ifd'Qmtf ;a} tkm{af6 3]l/Psf] 5 ca o; eGbf kljq
s'g} klg x'g;Sb}g rfx] h'g ;'s} klg xf]; rfx] Tof] s'g}
xflsd cyjf d'lvof xf]; jf s'g} lg/If0fstf{ xf];, a?
;a}sf] s'/fnfO{ o; s'/cfg / xbL; / o; pDdtsf]
PsdQfsf] s;f}6Ldf kv]{ kZrft olb Tof] s'/f] s'/cfg /
xbL; Pj+ pDdtsf] Psdt cg's"n 5 eg] Tof] ;To /
:jLsfo{ x'g]5 . t/ olb Tof] s'/f] o; lj?4 5 eg]
c:jLsfo{ x'g]5 oBlk Tof] s'/f dfGg]jfnf cfkmgf] o;
k|of;df bf]ifL 7x/ x'Fb}g olb To;sf] OR5f /fd|f] ug'{ lyof]
eg] .

46
O:nfd bofsf] wd{
cNNffx cfkmgf] eQmx¿ Dffly s?0ffjfg Pj+ bofjfg
5 h:tf] ls cfkmgf] kljq u|Gydf eg]5 M
d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd_ k}uDa/ ltd|f] nflu
h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{blz{t u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f]
5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f] cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg] 5}g .
cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u cToGt s[kf / bofsf] Jojxf/
ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n as/M !$# _
/ h:tf] ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn]
cNnfxsf] af/]df va/ lbg' eP5 Pp6f pbfx/0fsf]
dfWodaf6 / o; xbL;nfO{ xh/t pd/ lag vTtfa
/hLcNnfxf] cGxf]n] j0f{g ug'{ x'G5 ls æ /;"n ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nnd ;dIf s]xL aGbLx¿ NofOP To; dWo] Pp6L
bf;L cfO{dfO{ klg lyO{, tt kZrft To; bf;Ln] cfkmgf]
;fgf] lzz'nfO{ x]¥of] clg xlif{t eP/ To;nfO{ cfkmgf]
5ftLl;t nufof], km]l/ To;nfO{ b"w v'jfof] ta /;"n
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] xfdLl;t k|Zg ug'{ eof] ls s]

47
ltdLx¿nfO{ of] cfef; x'G5 ls of] o'jtL cfkmgf] o;
aRrfnfO{ cfuf]df kmfNg ;S5]< t xfdLn] eGof}+ xf]Og xh'/
Tof] o'jtL sbflk o:tf] ug{ ;Sb}g . ta /;"n ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] Û cNnfx cfkmgf] eQmx¿ Dffly
o; o'jtLsf] cfkmgf] lzz' dfly :g]x Pj+ k|]d eGbf cem}
s?0ffdo / bofjfg 5 Æ . - a'vf/L lstfa'n cba _
/ cNnfx jf:tjdf ;d:t ;+;f/sf] nflu bofjfg 5
o;} sf/0f p;n] o; ;+;f/df cfkmgf] ;Gb]i6fx¿nfO{
k7fof] ls ;Gb]i6fx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;'dfu{df nufO{ ;a}nfO{
cNnfxsf] bofsf] kfq aGg] cj;/ k|bfg u?g .
/ o:t} ;d:t cfsfl:ds wd{x¿ To; cNnfxsf]
bofsf] v'Nnf pbfx/0f x'g, / k|To]s wd{ h;sf]
cg'ofoLx¿ bofjfg x'G5g Tof] klg cNnfxsf] bofsf]
k|df0f xf] . / cGtdf d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;NndnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] nflu kyk|bz{s / bofsf]
k|tLs agP/ k7fof], of] klg To;sf] bofsf] cgf}7f]
rdTsf/ xf] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M / -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_
xfdLn] tkfO{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] lglDt ;j{yf bofsf]
k|tLs agfP/ k7fPsf 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n clDaof !)& _
/ o:t} s'/cfgnfO{ kyk|bz{s, bofdo, / ;a}
k|sf/sf] /f]uaf6 d'lQmstf{ agfP/ cjtl/t u¥of], of] klg
To;sf] s?0fsf] lgzfgL / ts{ xf] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M lgM;Gb]x xfdLn] o;nfO{ Pp6f a/stn]
el/Psf] /ftdf cjtl/t u/]sf 5f}+, xfdL t dfu{

48
b]vfpg]jfnf xf}+ . To;} /ftdf tdfd tTjbzL{o'St s'/f
lg0fL{t Pj+ :ki6 ul/G5 . xfdL sxfFaf6 cfb]z eP/,
lgM;Gb]x xfdLn] g} k}uDa/nfO{ k7fpF5f}+ . ltd|f] kfnstf{sf]
bofn'tf xf] . lgM;Gb]x Tof] ;a} s'/f ;'Gg]jfnf hfGg]jfnf
5 . - ;"/t'2'vfg #–^ _
/ To; cNnfxsf] bof dWo] d'xDdb h:tf] s?0ffdo
;Gb]i6fnfO{ xfdLx¿sf] nflu lgo'Qm u¥of] . h:tf] ls
cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M -x] dflg;x¿ xf] Û_ ltdLx¿sf] dfemdf
ltdLx¿dWo]af6} Pp6f k}uDa/ cfPsf 5g . ltd|f]
kL8faf6 pgL b'MvL x'G5g / ltd|f] enf]sf] lglDt lrlGtt
/xG5g, / O{dfgjfnfx¿nfO{ lgs} dfof ug]{ / bofn' 5g .
- ;"/t'Qf}aM !@* _
/ /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] cfkmgf] To;
cfr/0fnfO{ :ki6 kfg'{ eof] h'g cfr/0f cNnfxn] pxfFnfO{
hGdb]lv g} k|bfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof], / h;tkm{ ;a}nfO{
cfJxfg ug]{ cfb]z ul/of] / lj/f]wLx¿ Dffly cNnfxsf]
k|sf]ksf] >fk lbOof] . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn]
eGg' eof] æ d s;}nfO{ >fk lbg'sf] lglDt k7fOPsf] 5}g
a? bof ug'{sf] nflu k7fOPsf] x"F Æ . - d'l:nd lstfa'n
la/{] jl:;nf jncba _
/ bof Pj+ k/f]ksf/ O:nfdsf] k|To]s lgb]{zgdf
b]lvG5, h:tf] ls of] wd{ cfkmgf] cg'ofoLx¿sf] nflu
nfebfos sfo{ ug]{ cfu|x u5{, / xflgsf/s s'/faf6 /f]S5
. ljz'4 / kf]zLnf vfBfGgnfO{ xnfn -u|fxo_ / cz'4

49
kbfy{nfO{ cj}w u5{ . / o:t} of] wd{ cfkmgf]
cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ sbflk pgsf] Ifdtf eGbf clws sd{
ug'{sf] dfFu ub}{g, a? ;a}nfO{ cfkmgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ sd{
ug]{ lgdGq0f lbG5 .
/ o:t} pgLdfly tL ;a} sd{ / lqmofsnfk j}w u5{
h;df xflg gf]S;fgL 5}g, / h;af6 ;dfhsf] pGglt
x'G5 . / tL ;a} lqmofsnfknfO{ cj}w 7fG5 h;af6
;dfhdf ljuf/ pTkGg x'G5, h:tf] ls rf]/L, cGofo,
cTofrf/, b'/Jojxf/, b'/frf/, lx+;f====cflb . oL ;a}
s'/fx¿ cNnfxsf] bofnfO{ k|blz{t u5{g .
/ o:t} of] klg cNnfxsf] bof g} xf] h;n] ubf{
cNnfxn] cGofoLx¿sf] nflu b08 lbg] ljlw Nofof], t;y{
O:nfddf h;n] klg b08gLo sfo{ ug]{5 To;nfO{ b08
cjZo ldNg] 5, o;n] ubf{ pb08x¿ / kfv08Lx¿
;fjwfg eO{ eoqf; vfG5g h;n] ubf{ xfd|f] ;dfh
k|To]s s'sd{af6 d'Qm x'b} hfG5 . / h'g dfG5] dfly
cGofo eP5 To;sf] ;xfotfsf] nflu / ;Totf dfly
;Tojfgx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 ug'{sf] lglDt s'sdL{nfO{ b0l8t
ul/G5 . kmn:j¿k ;dfh ;a} kfv08af6 d'Qm eOxfN5 .
cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M x] ljj]sLx¿ Û s];f;sf] -cfb]z_ df ltd|f]
nflu lhGbuL 5, o;n] ubf{ ltdLx¿ -cgfxsÞ xTofaf6_
;'/lIft /xg]5f} . - ;"/t'n as/M !&( _
/ O:nfd wd{sf] bofjfg x'g'sf] k|df0f dWo] of] klg
xf] ls o; wd{n] cfkmgf] cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ of] cfb]z lbG5

50
ls Pscfsf{sf] ;fy bofefjsf] Jojxf/ u?g, ;fgf]
7"nfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/f];, / 7"nf] ;fgfnfO{ :g]x u/f]; . /
zlQmzfnL JolQm cfkm" eGbf lgj{n dfly bof u/f];, /
b'a{n dfG5] cfkmgf] zlQmjfg efOsf] ;Ddfg u/f]; .
cyf{t ;a} Pscfsf{ dfly bof u?g . /;"n ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nnd eGg' x'G5 M æ bofjfgx¿ Dffly cNnfxsf]
bof x'G5, ltdLx¿ o; w/tLdf a:g]x¿ dfly bof u/,
ltdLx¿ dfly Tof] bofjfg bof ug]{5 h'g cfsfzdf 5 Æ
. - d':gb cxdb _
/ o;} bof dWo] lzz'x¿ / ;fgf] aRrfx¿ Dffly
bof ug'{ klg xf], h;sf] cgf}7f] pbfx/0f d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd :jod lyP . d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nnd ;fgf] aRrfx¿nfO{ :g]xn] r'dby] Pp6f
xbL;df j0f{g 5 ls æ Ps lbg Pp6f ufFpn] xh'/
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;dIf cfof] / eGof]M tkfO{x¿
aRrfx¿nfO{ r'dg' x'G5 xfdL t r'db}gf}+ < t /;"n
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M ls cNnfx afx]s
s'g} zlQm klg ltd|f x[bodf bof xfNg ;Sb}g Æ . - a'vf/L
_
o:t} Ps lbg cs/c lag xfla;n] d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ x]g'{ eof] ls pxfF x;g lag
cnLnfO{ r'dL/fv]sf 5g, t cs/cn] eGg' eof] d l;t
!) 5f]/fx¿ 5g t/ d}n] s;}nfO{ klg r'd] 5}g . t /;"n
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M h;n] bof ub}{g
To;dfly klg bof ul/b}g . - d'l:nd _

51
/ O:nfdsf] bofsf] cfsf]{ pbfx/0f xf] o; wd{sf] of]
cfb]z ls cfkmgf] a'jf cfdf dfly k/f]ksf/ u/, /
pgLx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ cNnfxn] cfkmgf] clwsf/af6
t'ngf u/]sf] 5 . / cfdf / a'jfsf] clwsf/ cNNfxsf]
clwsf/ kZrft ;j{k|yd clwsf/ atfOPsf] 5 . h;/L
xbL;df j0f{g 5 ls ha /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd
l;t ;f]lwof] ls cNnfxsf] glhs ;a} eGbf lk|o sfo{ s]
s] x'g< t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M
gdfh sfod ug'{ To;sf] lgwf{l/t ;dodf, km]l/ ;f]lwof]
To; kZrft s'g sfo{ cNnfxsf] glhs lk|o 5 < t
pxfFn] eGg' eof]M cfkmgf] a'jf cfdfdfly pksf/ ug'{ xf] .
- a'vf/L _
O:nfdn] a'jf cfdfnfO{ olt 7"nf] kb k|bfg u/]sf] 5
ls a'jf cfdf sflkm/ -gfl:ts_ eP klg pgLx¿ dfly
pksf/ ug]{ cfb]z 5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5M
cy{ M / xfdLn] dflg;nfO{ p;sf] cfdf–afa'sf]
;DaGwdf ;r]t u/]sf 5f}+, ls o;sf] cfdfn] si6dfly
si6 ;x]/ p;nfO{ ue{df af]sL /fV5] / b'O{ jif{df p;sf]
b"w 5f]8fpg' kg]{ x'G5 Û h;af6 ltdLn] d]/f] / cfˆgf]
cfdf afa'sf] s[t1tf k|s6 u/ . -lsgls_ dlt/} kmls{
cfpg' kg]{5 . / olb tL b'a}n] ltdLx¿dfly o;s'/fsf]
bafj lbG5g, ls ltdLn] s;}nfO{ d]/f] ;fydf ;femLbf/
7x/fpm h;sf ltdLnfO{ 1fg 5}g, t pgLx¿sf] s'/f
gdfGg' / ;f+;fl/s sfdx¿df pgLx¿sf] /fd|f] ;fy lbg',
/ h'g JolQm dlt/ k|j[t x'G5, p;sf] dfu{df lx+8g' . /

52
ltdL ;a}nfO{ dlt/ kmls{ cfpg' 5 . clg h'g sfd ltdL
ul//fv]sf x'G5f}, d ltdLnfO{ ;a} atfpg]5' . - ;"/t'
n'sdfg !$,!% _
/ cfsf]{ ;"/tdf cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M / ltd|f] kfngstf{n] :ki6 cfb]z u/]sf] 5 ls
pm afx]s ltdL s;}sf] k"hf gu/ / cfdf–afa'sf] ;fydf
gd| Jojxf/ ub}{ u/ olb ltgLx¿ dWo] Pp6f jf b'j} ltd|f]
cufl8 j[4 cj:yfdf k'U5g eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ lt/:s[t
gug'{ gxKsfpg' clkt' ltgLx¿;Fu ;Ddfgk"j{s dof{lbt
9+un] s'/fsfgL ug'{ . / ljgd|tfk"j{s Kof/sf ;fy
ltgLx¿sf] cufl8 ;'zLn eO/fv / ltgLx¿sf] lglDt
k|fy{gf ug]{ u/M ls x] kfnstf{ h'g k|sf/ ls ltgLx¿n]
dnfO{ afNofj:yfdf -dfof“n]_ kfng–kf]if0f u/]sf 5g,
ltdLn] klg ltgLx¿dfly To:t} bof u/ . h] hlt ltd|f]
Åbox¿df 5, ltd|f] kfngstf{n] To;nfO{ /fd|/L hfGb5 .
olb ltdL c;n sd{ ub{5f} eg] p;n] To;lt/ k|j[Q
x'g]x¿nfO{ Ifdf ul/lbg]5 . - ;"/t'n O;|f @#–@% _
/ o:t} O:nfdsf] bof dWo] cNnfxsf] tL lgb]{zgx¿
klg x'g h;df cNnfxn] dlxnfx¿;+u s?0ffdo Jojxf/
ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 . lsgls dlxnfx¿ :jfefljs ¿kn]
sf]dn Pj+ lga{n x'gl5g, / ljz]if¿kn] k'qL / cfdfsf]
clwsf/nfO{ Wofgdf /flv oL b'j}dfly bof ug'{ clgjfo{
ul/Psf] 5 . / cfdfsf] clwsf/ k'qdfly a'jf eGbf tLg
u'gf clws x'G5 , lsgls cfdfnfO{ a'jf eGbf clws bof
/ pksf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]

53
j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 ha of] k|Zg ul/of] ls ;Ddfgsf]
clwsf/ dg'io dfly ;a} wGbf w]/} s:sf] 5 < t /;"n
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M ltd|f] cfdfsf] .
km]l/ ltd|f] cfdfsf], km]l/ ltd|f] cfdfsf], clg ltd|f] a'jfsf]
, km]l/ ltd|f] cfkmGtLx¿sf], clg qmdzM OToflbsf] === . -
d'l:nd _
/ o:t} cfkmgf] :jf:gL;+u /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{ klg
bofsf] Pp6f efu xf] . / >LdtL dfly pksf/ ug'{ h:tf]
ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] :jf:gLx¿ Dffly bof
ug'{ / /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{sf] cfb]z lbg' eP5 . / :jf:gL
dfly bofjfgnfO{ ;a} eGbf ;Tojfg 7x/ u/]sf 5g .
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ ;a} eGbf
/fd|f] JolQm Tof] xf] h'g cfkmgf] hxfgsf] lgs6 /fd|f] 5, /
d cfkmgf] hxfgsf] lgs6 ;a} eGbf /fd|f] JolQm 5' Æ . -
ltld{hL _
/ O:nfdsf] bofsf] pbfx/0f dWo] 6'x'/f] dfly bof
ug'{ klg xf] . cNnfxn] 6'x'/f]sf] kfngkf]if0f ug]{ / Tof];+u
bof / :g]x ug]{, To;sf] ;Tsf/ ug{]=== cflb . oL
ug]{x¿nfO{ cNnfx :ju{df cUnf] cUnf] :dfs{ k|bfg u5{, /
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;+utsf] ;'cj;/ klg
k|bfg u5{ .
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ d /
6'x'/f]sf] ;]jf ;Tsf/ ug]{jfnf :ju{df o;/L x'G5f}+, /
cfkmgf] cf}nfaf6 ;+s]t ug'{ eof], / aLrsf] cf}+nf /

54
zxfbtsf] cf}nf cyf{t a'9L cf}nfnfO{ clnslt k/ ug'{
eof]Æ . - a'vf/L _
/ o:t} Pp6f dfG5]n] cfkmgf] x[bosf] s7f]/tfsf]
af/]df /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd sxfF u'gf;f] u¥of]
t /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ
6'x'/f]nfO{ ;xf/f b]pm / To;dfly k/f]ksf/ u/, /
c;xfox¿nfO{ ef]hg u/fpm Æ . - d':gb cxdb _
/ o:t} O:nfdsf] bofsf] pbfx/0f dWo] ;a} lga{n,
bl/b|, c;xfo dfly pksf/ ug]{ cfb]z klg xf] . cNnfxsf]
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eP5 M æ
aGbLx¿nfO{ d'St u/, / e"vf]nfO{ ef]hg u/fpm, / lj/fdL
dfG5]sf] x]/rfx u/ Æ . - a'vf/L _
/ O:nfdsf] bof s]jn d'l:nd ;d'bfodf ;Lldt
5}g a? O:nfd d';ndfgx¿nfO{ u}/ d'l:ndx¿ dfly klg
bof ug]{ kf7 k9fPsf] 5 . / u}/ d''l:nd dfly bof ug'{sf]
klxnf] r/0f of] xf] ls d';ndfg To;nfO{ O:nfd tkm{
cfJxfg u/f]; / To;nfO{ s'sd{sf] cGwsf/af6 ;fjwfg
u/f];, / cNNfxsf] ;To wd{af6 ljd'v x'g'sf]
b'ikl/0ffdaf6 ;fjwfg u/f];, / cNnfxsf] b'vb oftgfaf6
;fjwfg u/L To;nfO{ gs{af6 arfcf]; .
s] of] O:nfdsf] pTs[i6 bof / k/f]ksf/ xf]Og t
c? s] xf] < ls O:nfd ;d:t dfgjhfltsf] enfO{ rfxG5
/ ;a}nfO{ ;'v zflGtsf] dfu{df nufO{ :ju{sf] kfq agfpg
rfxG5, / h'g zflGtsf] dfu{lt/ O:nfdn] xfdLnfO{
nufpg vf]h]sf] 5 Tof] dfu{ O:nfd g} xf], oxL dfu{ g}

55
cNNfxsf] ;To / ;b}j sfod /xg]jfnf dfu{ xf] . cNNfxsf]
egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M -x] k}uDa/ Û_ dflg;x¿nfO{ a'l4dQf / c;n
pkb]zn] cfˆgf] kfngstf{sf] af6f]lt/ af]nfpg'; / ;w}
/fd|f] tl/sfn] ltgLx¿ l;t s'/f ug'{;, hf] p;sf
af6f]af6 larlnt 5g tkfO{sf] kfngstf{n] ltgnfO{ klg
/fd|/L hfGb5 / hf] ;xL dfu{df lx8g]x¿ 5g pgLx¿nfO{
klg /fd|/L hfGb5 . - ;"/t'g gxn !@% _
/ d'l:ndx¿sf] bof / k/f]ksf/ u}/ d'l:ndx¿ dfly
clt ;+s'lrt / si6bfos cj:yfdf klg k|s6 - 5n{Ë _
x'G5, h:tf] ls o'4 cj:yf, O:nfddf o'4 cj:yfdf klg
ljlwx¿ 5g To;sf] cltqmd0fsf] cfb]z O:nfd sbflk
lbb}g, h;/L sdhf]/, dlxnf, aRrfx¿ === cflb ;a}dfly
k|xf/ ug'{af6 o'4df klg O:nflds ljlw cg';f/ jlh{t 5
. o:tf] bofn'tfsf] pbfx/0f k"0f{ ;+;f/df klg e]l6b}g .
/ O:nfddf bof / s?0ff dfq dfgjhfltsf] nflu
sxfF ;Lldt 5 / < a? ;d:t ;+;f/df a:g] hLjwf/Lsf]
nflu klg 5, / ;d:t hLjwf/Lx¿ Dffly bof ug]{ cfb]z
O:nfd cfkmgf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ lbG5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eP5 M æ ls Ps lbgsf] s'/f] xf] ls
Pp6f dfG5] ofqfdf lyof] clg To;nfO{ ltvf{ nfUof], clg
Tof] dfG5] Pp6f Ogf/ lgs6 cfof] clg Tof] Ogf/af6 kfgL
vfof] / lx+8g] a]nf To; dfG5]n] Pp6f s's'/nfO{ x]¥of]
h;sf] lha|f] ltvf{n] aflx/ lg:s]sf] lyof], clg To;
JolStn] ljrf/ u¥of] ls h;/L dnfO{ ltvf{ nfu]sf] lyof]

56
p:t} o; s's'/nfO{ klg cjZo ltvf{ nfu]sf] xf]nf, clg
Tof] JolQm km]l/ Ogf/ lgs6 cfof] / cfkmgf] df]hfsf]
;xfotfn] To; s's'/nfO{ kfgL v'jfof], / cfkmgf] o;
sfo{sf] nflu cNnfxsf] s[t1tf k|s6 u¥of], clg cNNfxn]
o;} sd{sf] sf/0fn] To; AolQmnfO{ d'lQm k|bfg u¥of] . t
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] ;fyLx¿n] ;f]w] x]
cNnfxsf] /;"n s] xfdLx¿nfO{ hgfj/x¿ dfly k/f]ksf/
u/]df k'0o ldN5 < /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg'
eof]M cjZo a? k|To]s hLjwf/Lsf] ;]jfdf k'0o ldN5 Æ
. - a'vf/L _

57
O:nfd dWodfuL{ wd{
O:nfd wd{ ;a} wd{ dWo] dfWolds Pj+ dWodfuL{
wd{ xf], / of] o; wd{sf] ljz]iftf dWo] Ps xf] .
cNnfxsf] syg 5 M
d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ k}uDa/ ltd|f] nflu
h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{–blz{t u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{
ufx|f] 5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg]
5}g . cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u cToGt s[kf / bofsf]
Jojxf/ ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n as/M !$# _
o; cfotdf d';ndfg / O:nfdsf] k|z+;f ul/Psf]
5 lsgls O:nfd / d'l:ndx¿sf] ;+t'lnt cj:yf /
;+t'lnt lqmofsnfkdf ljZjf; 5, lsgls d'l:ndx¿n]
c? ;d'bfox¿ h:tf] ;Ldf cltqmd0f ub}{gg, / To;}
;do sd{ ug'{df s'g} sdL sf]tfxL ub}{gg, a? cfkmgf]
;a} lqmofsnfkdf dfWodfu{ ckgfpF5g . / dWodfufL{sf]
cy{ xf] h;/L scaf w/tLsf] aLrf]aLr l:yt 5 To:t}
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdt aLrsf]

58
wdf{jnDaL x'g . cyf{t o; pDdtsf] kb ;d:t gaLx¿
eGbf tn / ;a} pDdtx¿ eGbf dflysf] >]0fLdf
lj/fhdfg 5g .
o; pDdtsf] dWodfuL{ x'g'sf] cy{ dWo] of] klg xf]
ls of] pDdt - ;d"x _ c? pDDtsf] t"ngfdf lgikIf
lg0f{o ug]{jfnf x'g . / o:t} cNnfxn] ;a} pDdt dWo]
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿nfO{ ;a}
pDdtLx¿ dfly ;fIfL agfPsf] 5, o;sf] sf/0f klg
logLx¿sf] dWodfuL{ x'g' l;4 x'G5 . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
df]xDdb ;=c=_ k}uDj/ ltd|f nflu ;fIfL ag'g / h'g
lsAnfdf ltdL klxnf b]lv nfu]sf lyof}, To;nfO{ xfdLn]
o; sf/0f lgwf{l/t u/]sf lyof}+ tfls yfxf xf]; ls, sf] -
xfd|f]_ k}uDa/sf] ;Rrf cg'ofoL xf] / sf] xf] hf] ljrlnt
x'G5 < of] sfd ufx|f] 5, t/ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dfu{–blz{t
u/]sf] 5 . -ltgLx¿nfO{ ufx|f] 5}g_ . / cNnfxn] ltd|f
cf:yfnfO{ lg/y{s t'Nofpg] 5}g . cNnfx t dflg;x¿;+u
cToGt s[kf / bofsf] Jojxf/ ug]{jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'n
as/M !$# _
/ o; pDdtLsf] ;fIfL x'g'sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f of] xf]
ls k|nosf] lbg ha cNnfx /;"nx¿ l;t ;f]W5 ls
ltdLx¿n] d}n] lbPsf lgb]{zgx¿sf] k"0f{tM k|rf/ k|;f/
u¥of] / cfkmgf] hflt aGw'nfO{ k'¥ofof] < / pgLx¿sf]
pDdtx¿ eG5g ls xfdLx¿ ;dIf ltd|f] lgb]{zg k'u]g .

59
clg ;a} gaLx¿ / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf]
pDdtLx¿ gaLx¿sf] kIfdf ;fIo lbG5g .
/ dWodfuL{sf] cy{ dWo] /fd|f] / pQd x'g' klg xf] .
d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdt cNNffx lgs6
;a} pDdtLx¿ eGbf pQd / /fd|f] pDdt xf] . cNNfxsf]
kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M -df]ldgx¿ Û_ dflg;x¿sf nflu k}bf ul/Psf]
;a} ;Dk|bfox¿ dWo] ltdLx¿ ;a}eGbf pQd xf} lsgls
;Tsd{ ug{ eGb5f} / b'isd{af6 6f9f /xg l;sfpFb5f} /
cNnfxdfly cf:yf /fVb5f} / olb cxn] lstfan] klg
cf:yf /fv]sf] eP ltgLx¿sf] lglDt w]/} /fd|f] x'g] lyof] .
ltgLx¿ dWo] O{dfgjfnx¿ klg 5g / w]/} h;f]
cj1fsf/Lx¿ 5g . - ;"/t' cfn] Od/fg !!) _
/ dWodfuL{sf] cy{ cltqmd0fsf/L / ljd'vx¿ Pj+
s7f]/tf / cN5Lkgfsf] aLr /xL sd{ ug'{ klg xf] . / of]
O:nfd k|To]s lqmofsnfkdf aLrsf] dfu{nfO{ ;jf]{rtf
k|bfg u5{ . / yk36 t ;d:t sfo{x¿df lgGbgLo g} 5
o;} sf/0f yk36 Pj+ s7f]/tf / cN5Lkgfsf] sf/0f g}
klxnfsf pDdtx¿ kyljrlnt eP .
/ of] dWodfuL{ cy{ O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zgdf x]g{
;lsG5 . h;/L æO:nfdL cf:yfÆ ha k|To]s pDdtx¿
;To cf:yfaf6 ljd'v eOxfn] t cNnfxn]
d';ndfgx¿nfO{ ;To cf:yf tkm{ kyk|bz{g u¥of] . / ha
ox"bLx¿n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfaf/] ldYof s'/f u/] h;nfO{
cNNfxn] s'/cfgdf o:tf] j0f{g u/]5 M

60
cy{ M lgZro g} cNnfxn] ltgsf] egfO{ klg
;'lgxfNof] h;n] eGb5g ls cNnfx u/La 5 / xfdL wlg
5f}+ . pgsf] o; egfO{nfO{ xfdLn] n]lvlng] 5f}+ / pgLx¿n]
k}uDa/x¿nfO{ lagf bf]if dfl//fv]sf] s'/f klg, / xfdLn]
eGg] 5f} ls aln/x]sf] cfuf]sf] ;hfo ef]uL/fv . - ;"/t'
cfn] Od/fg !*! _
/ cfsf]{ 8fpFdf j0f{g 5 M
cy{ M / ox"bLx¿n] eg] ls cNnfxsf] xft afFlwPsf]
5, -t/ jf:tjdf_ ltgLx¿s} xft afFlwPsf] 5 . / o;
egfO{sf] sf/0f ltgLx¿ lt/:s[t eP a? cNnfxsf b'j}
xft v'Nnf 5g . h'g lsl;daf6 / hlt rfxG5 vr{
ub{5 . / -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_ of] -
s'/cfg_ h'g ltd|f] kfngstf{af6 ltd|f] nflu ptfl/G5,
o;sf] ;Gbe{df ltgLx¿dWo] w]/}sf] x7k"0f{ ljb|f]x /
OGsf/df a[l4 x'g]5 / xfdLn] ltgLx¿sf] cfk;L zq'tf /
5nsk6 lsofdtsf] lbg;DdnfO{ /flvlbPsf 5f}+ .
logLx¿n] ha o'4sf] Hjfnf bGsfpF5g, ta cNnfxn]
To;nfO{ lgefOlbG5 logLx¿n] w/tLdf pkb|j / emu8f
ug{ bu'/L /xG5g / cNnfxn] pkb|jLx¿nfO{ k]|d ub}{g . -
;"/t'n dfObM ^$ _
/ o:t} eg] ls cNNfxnfO{ w/tL cfsfzsf] ;[hgf
kZrft ysfO{ nfUof], clg cNnfxn] zgLjf/sf] lbg
lj>fd u¥of] . oL ;a} ldYof s'/fx¿nfO{ d';ndfgx¿n]
gsf/]/ cNnfxn] atfPsf] dfu{df cu|;/ /x] .

61
/ o:t} O{;fO{x¿n] cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfx¿ h'g dfq
cNnfxsf nflu 5g dg'ionfO{ k|bfg u/], / eg] ls O{;f
cn}lx:;nfd ;[li6 u5{g, cg'sDkf lbG5g, bof u5{g,
dg'iosf] kfknfO{ Ifdf u5{g, b08 / k|ltkmn pgsf]
xftdf 5 ===== cflb . O{;fO{x¿ pk/f]Stsf lg/fwf/
s'/fx¿ u5{g . t/ d'l:ndx¿ cNnfx h:tf] s;}nfO{ klg
dfGb}gg / eG5g ls cNnfxsf] s'g} ;dsIfL 5}g . h:tf]
ls cNnfxn] s'/cfgdf eg]sf] 5 M
cy{ M / g sf]xL p;sf] ;dsIf 5 . - ;"/t'n
OVnf; $ _
/ cNnfxsf] nflu Tof] ;a} ljz]iftfx¿ k|dfl0ft
u5{g h;nfO{ cNnfxn] cfkmgf] nflu ljz]if u/]sf 5g,
h'g ls s'/cfg / xbL;df pNn]v 5g . / pm h:tf] sf]xL
klg x'g;Sb}g o; cf:yfdf b[9 eO{ cNnfxsf] u'0fufg
u5{g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M pm cfsfzx¿ / w/tLsf] ;|i6f xf] . p;n]
ltd|f] lglDt ltd|} ;xhfltaf6 hf]8L agfof] / rf}kfofx¿sf]
hf]8L klg . o:t} tl/sfn] ltdLnfO{ oxfF km}nfO /x]sf] 5 .
pm h:tf] s'g} s'/f 5}g, / pm ;'Gb5 / hfGb5 . -
;"/t'Zz"/f !! _
/ d'l:ndx¿ o;df b[9 eP ls cNnfx g} ;f/f
;+;f/sf] kfngstf{ xf], / k|To]s ;[li6sf] ;|i6f xf] . / To;
afx]s ;a} s'/fx¿ To;sf ;[li6 x'g, / To;sf] bof /
s?0ffsf] bl/b| 5g . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M

62
cy{ M cfsfzx¿ / w/tLdf hf] klg 5g ;a}
cNnfxsf bf;sf ¿kdf cfpg] jfnf 5g . To;n]
ltgLx¿sf cfFsng ul/;s]sf] 5 / ltgLx¿sf] /fd|/L
u0fgf ul/;s]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿ ;asf ;a lsofdtsf] lbg
PSn} To; -/xdfg_ sf] ;fd' pkl:yt x'g]5g . - ;"/t'
dl/od (#–(% _
/ cfsf]{ ;"/xdf cNnfxsf] j0f{g 5 M
cy{ M x] dflg;x¿ Û ltdL cNnfxsf] d'vfk]IfL -
levf/L_ xf} / cNnfx t lgik[x, / ;j{u'0fjfg 5 . - ;"/t'
kmflt/ !% _
/ gaL /;"nsf] af/]df d'l:ndx¿sf] cf:yf ;+t'lnt
g} 5 . oL gaLx¿nfO{ ltgsf] clwsf/ eGbf a9L xs
lbPgg h;/L ls O{;fO{ ox"bL / cGo wdf{jnDaLx¿n] lbP
. logL ;a}n] ;Gb]i6fnfO{ O{Zj/ g} agfO{ xfn] pgLx¿sf]
cf:yfaf/] cNnfx s'/cfgdf o:tf] j0f{g u/]5 M
cy{ M logLx¿n] cNnfxnfO{ 5f8L cfkmgf kfb/L /
;Gtx¿ / dl/odsf] 5f]/f d;LxnfO{ cfkmgf kfngxf/
agfP, hals logLx¿nfO{ dfq Ps Psn} cNnfxs}
pkf;gfsf] cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof], h; afx]s sf]xL ;To
k"hgLo 5}g . pm p;sf] ;fem]bf/ 7x/fpg] sfo{af6 d'Qm
5 . - ;"/t'Qf}aM #! _
o:t} ox"bLx¿n] t gaLx¿sf s'/} ;'g]gg a? ljd'v
eO{ pgLx¿sf] xTof u/] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M h'g dflg;xx¿ cNnfxsf cfotx¿ dfGb}gg
/ cNnfxsf ;+b]zjfxsx¿nfO{ cgflwsf/ dfl/lbG5g /

63
h;n] Gofosf s'/f ug]{x¿nfO{ klg dfl/lbG5g t x] gaL
ltgnfO{ si6k"0f{ ;hfosf] ;Gb]z ;'gfO{ lbg' . - ;"/t' cfn]
Od/fg @! _
t/ oL pNn]lvt b'j} cj:yfsf] aLr /xL d'l:ndx¿
gaLx¿df ljZjf; klg u/], / pgLsf] cg'z/0f klg u/], /
o;sf] ;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ O{Zj/sf] bhf{ klg lbPgg
O{Zj/nfO{ To;sf] clwsf/ / ;Gb]i6fnfO{ ;Gb]i6fsf]
clwsf/ lbO{ cNnfxsf] pkxf/sf] kfq eP . cNnfxsf]
egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M s'g} o:tf] dflg; h;nfO{ ls cNnfxn]
lstfa, tTj1fg / ……ga"jtÚÚ -b"tTj_ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 of]
l7s xf]Og ls p;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ egf]; ls cNnfxnfO{
5f]8]/ d]/f] eQm eOxfn a? -p;n] s] eGg] 5 ls_ ltdL
;a} cNnfxsf] eO{ xfn, o; sf/0f ls ltdLn] pgLx¿nfO{
lstfa l;sfpg] u5f}{ / k9fpg] u5f}{ . / sbflk x'g ;Sb}g
ls p;n] kml/Ztf / k}uDa/x¿nfO{ k"Ho agfpg] cfb]z
b]cf]; . s] ltdL ……d';ndfgÚÚ eO;s]kl5 klg p;n]
ltdLnfO{ sflkm/ x'g cfb]z lbg]5 < - ;"/t' cfn] Od/fg
&(,*) _
/ o:t} O{;f d;Lxsf] af/]df klg d'l:ndx¿ ;+t'lnt
s'/f u/], pxfFnfO{ O{Zj/ klg eg]gg / cNnfxsf] 5f]/f klg
eg]gg, / tLg dWo] t];|f] klg eg]gg h:tf] ls O{;fO{x¿
eG5g . / pxfFsf] OGsf/ klg u/]gg / dl/od - O{;fsL
cfdf _ dfly Tof] 7"nf] nfG5gf klg nufPgg h;af6 O{;f
cn}lx:;nfd Jolerf/ åf/f hlGdPsf lzz' 7x?g h:tf]

64
ls ox"bLx¿sf] egfO{ 5 . a? d'l:ndx¿n] eg] ls O{;f
cn}lx:;nfd cNnfxsf] ;Ddflgt eQm Pj+ ;Gb]i6f x'g /
cNnfxsf] Tof] jf0fL x'g h;nfO{ cNnfxn] kljq rl/qjfg
dl/od tkm{ k7fO{ lbof], / s'/cfgn] o; s'/fnfO{ o;/L
:ki6 kf/]5 M
cy{ M x] cxn] lstfa Û -ox"bL–O{;fO{_ cfˆgf] wd{sf]
;Ldf pnn+3g gu/ / cNnfxsf] af/]df ;To afx]s c?
s]xL g eg . dl/odsf 5f]/f O{;f d;Lx-cn}lx:;nfd_ -g
t cNnfx lyP g cNnfxsf 5f]/f a?_ cNnfxsf /;"n
dfq / p;sf] kljq ;Gb]zjfxs dfq lyP, hf] cNnfxsf]
jf0fLaf6 k}bf eP h;nfO{ cNnfxn] dl/odnfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] lyof] / p;sf] tkm{af6 k7fO{Psf Pp6f ¿x -cfTdf_
lyP, t;y{ ltdLx¿n] cNnfx / p;sf ;a} /;"nx¿ dfly
cf:yf /fv / g eg ls cNnfx tLg j6f 5g / of]
wf/0ffaf6 6f9f /x lsgls ltd|f] lglDt oxL g} /fd|f] 5 .
cNnfx Pp6} dfq k"hgLo 5 / of] s'/f;Fu p;sf] s'g}
;DaGw 5}g ls p;sf ;Gtfg 5g . h] hlt cfsfzx¿df
/ hldgdf 5g ;a} p;}sf] x'g / cNnfx g} ;+/Ifs :j¿k
k|ofKt 5 . -;"/t'g lg;f !&!_
/ o:t} s'/cfgn] O{;f cn}lx:;nfdsf] k|z+;f o;/L
u/]sf] 5 M
cy{ M cNnfxn] eGg] 5 ls x] dl/od sf k'q O{;f-
cn}lx:;nfd_ . d]/f tL s[kfx¿ ofbu/, h'g ltdL / ltd|L
cfdf dfly ul/Psf] xf] . ha d}n] kljq cfTdf -lha|Ln_
åf/f ltdLnfO{ d2t k'¥ofPF -h;af6_ ltdL -afNo

65
cj:yfdf_ cfdfsf] uf]bLaf6} / cw]8 pd]/df dflg;x¿;Fu
s'/fsfgL uYof}{ / ha d}n] ltdLnfO{ lstfa / a'l4dQf /
tf}/ft / O+hLnsf] tflnd lbPF / ha ltdLn] d]/f]
cfb]zaf6 df6f]sf] rf/fsf] ¿k agfO{ To;df km'“s]kl5
hLljt r/f aGbYof] . / ha hGdhft cGwfx¿ / s'i6/f]u
;]tf bfu ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ d]/f] cfb]zaf6 lgsf] kfYof}{,
/ ha ltdL d'bf{x¿nfO{ d]/f] cf1fn] -lrxfgx¿af6_
lgsfn]/ pEofO{ xfNbYof}, / ha d}n] agL O;|fO{nnfO{
ltdLdfly cTofrf/ ug{af6 /f]lsxfn]+, ha ltdL ltgLx¿
5]p ts{x¿lnP/ cfPsf lyof} km]l/ ltgLx¿ dWo] hf]
sflkm/ lyP, ltgLx¿n] eGg yfn] ls of] t v'Nnf hfb"
afx]s c? s]xL xf]Og . / ha d}n] xjf/Lx¿nfO{ cfb]z
k7fPF ls ddfly / d]/f] k}uDa/dfly cf:yf /fv .
ltgLx¿n] eGg yfn] ls xfdLn] O{dfg Nofof}+ / tkfO{
;fIfL /xg'; ls xfdL cf1fsf/L 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n dfObM
!!),!!! _
/ o:t} ;d:of ;dfwfg Pj+ j}w cj}wsf] af/]df klg
O:nfdn] aLrsf] dfu{ ckgfP 5 . c? wd{x¿sf] t"ngfdf
O:nfd wd{ dWodfuL{ wd{sf] ¿kdf cjtl/t eof] . /
o;sf] cg'ofoLx¿ ox"bL h:tf] eg]gg ls cNnfx
To;nfO{ j}w u?g h;nfO{ xfdL rfxG5f}+, / To;nfO{ cj}w
u?g h;nfO{ xfdL dgk/fpFb}gf}+ . o;} ;+be{df cNNfxsf]
syg 5M
cy{ M rfF8} d"v{x¿n] eGg]5g ls -d';ndfg_ h'g
lsAnf;+u cfa4 lyP, -clxn]_ To;af6 pgLx¿nfO{ s'g

66
s'/fn] ljd'v u/fPsf] 5 < tkfO{ elg lbg'; ls, k"j{ /
klZrd ;a}sf] :jfdL cNnfx xf] . p;n] h;nfO{ rfxG5,
;xL af6f]df lx8g] dfu{ bz{g lbG5 . - ;"/t'n as/M !$@
_
/ cfsf]{ cfotdf 5 M
cy{ M / ha ltgLx¿l;t elgG5 ls cNnfxn] k|bfg
u/]sf] lstfa dfly cf:yf /fv, t eGb5g ls h'g u|Gy
xfdLdfly ptfl/;lsPsf] 5, To;dfly xfd|f] cf:yf 5 .
hals To;eGbf kl5Nnf] -lstfa_ h'g ls ;To xf] /
ltgsf] -lstfa tf}/ftsf]_ k'li6 ub{5, Tof] ;+u cgf:yf
/fVb5g . ltgLx¿l;t of] ;f]w ls olb ltdL cl3Nnf
lstfax¿dfly cf:yf /fVb5f} t km]l/ ltdLn] cNnfxsf
b"tx¿nfO{ lsg dfl/lbGYof} < - ;"/t'n as/M (! _
/ o:t} O{;fO{x¿n] cfkmgf] u'? / ;Gtx¿nfO{
O{Zj/sf] :yfg / bhf{ lbP a? O{Zj/ g} dfGg yfn] h:tf]
ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M logLx¿n] cNnfxnfO{ 5f8L cfkmgf kfb/L /
;Gtx¿ / dl/odsf] 5f]/f d;LxnfO{ cfkmgf kfngxf/
agfP, hals logLx¿nfO{ dfq Ps Psn} cNnfxs}
pkf;gfsf] cfb]z lbOPsf] lyof], h; afx]s sf]xL ;To
k"hgLo 5}g . pm p;sf] ;fem]bf/ 7x/fpg] sfo{af6 d'Qm
5 . - ;"/t'Qf}aM #! _
t/ O:nfdn] s;}nfO{ of] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]g ls
cNnfxsf] wd{df s'g} yk36 u/f]; rfx] Tof] ;Ddflgt gaL
/ ;Gb]i6f lsg gxf]; . / d'l:ndx¿nfO{ cfb]z eof] ls

67
of] cf:yf /fv'g ls ;d:t ;[li6 cNnfxs} xf], / ;[li6stf{
cNnfx g} xf], cNNffx lj?4 s'g} klg To;sf] zf;gdf
x:tfIf]k ug{ ;Sb}g . / s'g} klg dg'io Pj+ ;[li6 dWo]
s;}nfO{ of] clwsf/ k|fKt 5}g ls Tof] p;sf] wd{df
ljwfgdf yk36 u/f]; .
/ o:t} d';ndfgx¿ j}w cj}waf/] klg aLrdf g}
5g . ox"bLx¿ h:tf] 5}gg ls pgLx¿sf] pb08tf /
pTkftsf] sf/0f pgLx¿ dfly Tof] s'/f] klg cj}w ul/of]
h'g pgLx¿ dfly j}w lyof] . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M t;y{ ox'bLx¿sf] cTofrf/sf] sf/0fn] w]/}
h;f] a}w -xnfn_ a:t'x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] lglDt x/fd -
cj}w_ agfO{ lbcf}+ / o; sf/0fn] klg ls ltgLx¿ w]/}
dflg;x¿nfO{ cNnfxsf] dfu{af6 /f]sb}y] . - ;"/t'g lg;f
!^) _
cyf{tM pgLdfly v'/ /fVg] x/]s hgfj/ h:tf] pmF6,
afv|f, k+IfL cflb pgLx¿ dfly x/fd ul/of] pgLx¿sf]
pb08tfsf] sf/0f .
/ o:t} O{;fO{x¿n] cfkmgf] pb08tfsf] sf/0f ;a}
cj}w j:t'nfO{ j}w agfO{ xfn] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M / d To;nfO{ k'li6 ub{5' h'g d]/f] cufl8
tf}/ft 5 / o; sf/0fn] klg d cfPsf] 5' ls s]xL
s'/fx¿ h'g ls ltd|f] lglDt jlh{t lyP, ltgnfO{ u|fxo -
xnfn_ agfO{ lbpF / d t ltd|f] kfngstf{sf] tkm{af6
ltd|f] nflu lgzfgL lnP/ cfPsf] 5' . o;y{ ltdL

68
cNnfxl;t 8/ dfg / d}n] eg]sf] dfg . - ;"/t' cfn]
Od/fg %) _
t/ O:nfd wd{ To;sf] uf}/jsf] nflu olt g} k|ofKt
5 ls cNnfxn] To;sf] / To;sf] cg'z/0f ug]{x¿sf]
ljz]iftf / dWodfu{tf Pj+ ;+t'lnttfsf] j0f{g o; k|sf/
u/]sf] 5 .
cy{ M / xfd|f] lglDt ;+;f/df klg enf] n]lvb]pm /
cflv/t -k/nf]s_df klg, xfdL ltdLlt/ pGd'v x'G5f} .
cNnfxn] eGof] d cfkmgf] oftgfn] p;}nfO{ u|:t u5'{,
h;nfO{ rfxG5' t/ d]/f] bofn'tfaf6 ;a}s'/f cR5flbt
5g . / Tof] bof tL dflg;x¿sf] gfddf cjZo n]Vg]5'
hf] cNnfxl;t 8/5g / hsft-bfg_ lbG5g / hf] xfd|f
cfotdfly O{dfg NofpF5g . h'g dflg;x¿n] o:tf /;"n,
gaL pDdL -lg/If/_ sf] cg'z/0f u5{g, h;nfO{ pgLx¿n]
cfkm'sxfF tf}/ft / OGhLndf n]lvPsf] kfpF5g . pgn]
pgLx¿nfO{ c;n s'/fsf] cfb]z ub{5g / g/fd|f
s'/fx¿af6 dgfxL ub{5g / :jR5 s'/fnfO{ xnfn -
:jLsfo{_ atfpF5g / ckljq s'/fnfO{ x/fd -jlh{t_
atfpF5g / ltgLxL? dflyaf6 Tof] af]em ptfb{5g h'g
clxn];Dd pgLx¿dfly nflbPsf lyP aGwgx¿nfO{ km'Ssf
ub{5g h;df pgLx¿ hsl8Psf lyP . ct M hf]
dflg;x¿ To; gaLdf ljZjf; ub{5g / pgsf] ;dy{g
ub{5g / pgsf] ;xfotf ub{5g, / To; k|sfznfO{
dfGb5g hf] pgsf] ;fydf k7fOPsf] 5 . o:tf dflg;x¿

69
k"0f{ ;kmntf k|fKt ug]{jfnf 5g . - ;"/t'n cc/fkm
!%^,!%& _
/ o:t} kmf]xf]/tf / ckljqtfsf] af/]df klg O:nfd
dWodfuL{ 5 . h:tf] ls ox"bLx¿sf] k"hf dfq pgLx¿sf]
:yn -sgL;f_df dfGo x'G5 / pgLx¿sf] ckljqtfnfO{
kfgLn] - hnn] _ kljq ub{}g / dfl;s wd{ - /fh:jnf
_sf] cj:yfdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ 3/df a:g lbb}gg, /
pgLx¿sf] ;fy vfgkfg ub{}gg . / o:t} O{;fO{x¿
ox"bLx¿sf] ljk/Lt 5g , pgLx¿ k|To]s ckljq /
kmf]xf]/nfO{ :kz{ u5{g / s'g} ckljqnfO{ cj}w dfGb}gg .
cyf{t ;a}nfO{ k|of]udf NofpF5g .
oL b'j} ;d'bfosf] ljk/Lt O:nfd ckljq /
kmf]xf]/nfO{ cj}w / z'4 Pj+ :jR5nfO{ j}w 7fG5, /
kljqnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] / ckljqaf6 afFRg] cfb]z lbG5
. h:tf] ls pk/f]Qmsf] cfotdf j0f{g ul/of] . /
d'l:ndx¿sf] nflu ;d:t w/tLnfO{ kljq agfOof] h:tf]
ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ dnfO{
kfFrj6f o:tf] s'/fx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 h'g d eGbf
klxnfsf ;Gb]i6fx¿nfO{ k|fKt lyPg, zq'af6 d]/f] ;xfotf
ul/of] To;sf] x[bodf xfd|f] eo xfn]/, Ps dlxgfsf] hlt
b"/Lsf] cjlwaf6, / ;d:t k[YjLnfO{ d]/f] nflu kljq /
k"hf :yn agfOof], d]/f] pDdtL dWo] h'g ;'s}nfO{ klg
gdfhsf] lgwf{l/t ;do hxfF klg cfcf]; ToxLF Tof] gdfh
sfod u/f];, / d]/f] nflu dfn] ugLdt - o'4df ldn]sf]
;DklQ _ j}w ul/of], / k|To]s ;Gb]i6f dfq cfkmgf]

70
hfltsf] tkm{ k7fOof] t/ dnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] nflu
;Gb]i6f agfP/ k7fOof], / dnfO{ l;kmfl/zsf] clwsf/ k|bf
ul/of] Æ . - a'vf/L , d'l:nd _
/ o:t} 1fg / ljBfsf] af/]df klg d';ndfgx¿
dfWodf g} 5g . ox"bLx¿ t 1fg t k|fKt u5{g t/ To;
adf]lhd sd{ ub{}gg, / O{;fO{x¿ c1fgtfsf] ;fy k"hf
c/fwgf u5{g . cyf{t lagf 1fg sd{ u5{g, t/ d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] pDdtLx¿ oL b'j} ;d'bfosf]
aLr /xL sd{ u5{g, cyf{t 1fg klg k|fKt u5{g / To;
adf]lhd sd{ klg u5{g, 1fg / sd{nfO{ Ps} ;fy lnP/
lx+85g . sd{ 1fgljxLg / 1fg sd{ljxLg s;}nfO{ klg
kmfO{bf k'¥ofpg ;Sb}g, cyf{t sd{ / 1fg Pscfsf{sf
k"/s x'g . o;} sf/0f d';ndfgx¿ ;'dfuL{ x'g . cNNfxsf]
egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M xfdLnfO{ ;f]emf] -;Rrf_ af6f] b]vfpm .
pgLx¿sf] af6f] h;nfO{ ltdLn] k'/:s[t u¥of} ltgLx¿sf]
xf]Og h; dfly ltd|f] j|mf]w eof], / g ky–e|i6x¿sf] -
af6f]_ . - ;"/t'n kmfltxf ^,& _
/ o;t} O:nfd wg ;DklQsf] af/]df klg ;a} wd{
dWo] pTs[i6 wd{ xf] . h:tf] ls sltko wd{x¿ wg
k|flKtsf ;a} dfu{ v'NNff ul/lbPsf 5g, rfx] Tof]
dfgjtfsf] lj?4 lsg gxf]; . t sltkon] t ;Dk"0f{ wg
Pp6} dfG5]sf] clwsf/sf] cwLg ul/lbG5g cyf{t s'g}
wd{df klg ;Gt'ng 5}g . t/ O:nfd wd{df ;Gt'lnt
ljlwx¿ 5g h;n] ubf{ wg k|flKt j}w tl/sfn] g} k|fKt

71
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}n] ubf{ O:nfddf Joj;fo / kl/>d u/L
sdfO{ ug]{ JolQm ;jf]{Qd >]0fLdf lj/fhdfg ul/Psf] 5 .
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] egfO{ 5 M æ Tof] dfG5]
h'g agdf uO{ bfp/f cfkmgf] lk7o"df af]s]/ ahf/ ;Dd
NofP/ ljqmL u/L vfG5, t of] sfo{af6 cNNffx p;sf]
cjZostfx¿ k"0f{ u5{, / of] sd{ clt pQd 5 To;
dfG5]sf] nflu o; s'/fsf] t"nGffdf ls Tof] eLv dfFuf];
clg sf]xLn] leIff lbG5g t sf]xLn] lb+b}gg Æ . - a'vf/L _
/ O:nfdn] tL ;a} dfu{x¿nfO{ aGb ul/lbPsf] 5
h;af6 s;}dfly cGofo xf]; h;/L rf]/L ug'{, n'6kft
ug'{, ;"b vfg', ====cflbnfO{ jlh{t u/L ;dfhnfO{ :jR5 /
kljq agfO{ lbPsf] 5 . cNnfsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M x] df]ldgx¿ Û ltdLx¿ cfk;df Ps csf{sf]
;DklQ cg'lrt ¿kdf gvfpm . t/ cfk;L ;xdltn]
Jofkf/sf] dfWodaf6 n]gb]gdf nfe hfoh x'G5, /
cfkm"nfO{ cfkm} gdf/ . o;df s'g} ;Gb]x 5}g ls cNnfx
ltdLdfly w]/} s[kfn' 5 . - ;"/t'g lg;f @( _
o;} sf/0f O:nfdn] bfg lbg] k/dk/f rnfof] /
hsftsf] ljlw Nofof], / cfb]z u¥of] ls cfkmgf]
cfkmGtLx¿nfO{ lga{n, c;xfo, cgfy, bl/b| === cflbnfO{
bfg u/ .

72
O:nfd enfO{sf] wd{
O:nfd ;d:t dfgj hfltsf] enfO{nfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL cfkmgf] lgb]{zgx¿ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 / of] cNnfxsf]
o; wd{sf] cg'ofoLx¿ dfly bof dWo] Ps xf] .
/ cNNffx åf/f d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{
O:nfd wd{ lbO{ o; ;+;f/df k7fOof], of] klg ;d:t
;[li6 dfly cNnfxsf] pksf/ / bof g} xf] . h:tf] ls
cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M / -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd Û_
xfdLn] tkfO{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ hutsf] lglDt ;j{yf bofsf]
k|tLs agfP/ k7fPsf 5f}+ . - ;"/t'n clDaof !)& _
O:nfd wfld{s, nf}lss Pj+ k/nf}lss b[li6sf]0fn]
klg ;j{yf bof g} xf], lsgls O:nfd To; ;do cfof]
ha ;d:t dfgjx¿ cGwsf/ / c1fgtfdf hLjg JotLt
ug{ afWo eOxfn]sf lyP . / O{;fO{ / ox"bLx¿ x}/fg
eOxfn]sf lyP cfkmg} u|Gyx¿sf] Pscfsf{sf]
dtleGgtfnfO{ x]/]/, / of] ;f]r]/ ls cfsf]{ ;Gb]i6f lsg
cfpFb}g, cGt/fn t nfdf] eof] . o;} nfdf] cGt/fnnfO{
cGt ub}{ cNnfxn] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{
;d:t ;+;f/sf] nflu cfJxfgstf{ Pj+ ;Gb]i6f agfP/
k7fof] . tt kZrft d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn]
;a}nfO{ ;Totkm{ cfJxfg u/] / k'0osf] dfu{ bzf{pg' eof]
/ cNnfxsf] lgb]{zgx¿ ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpg' eof] / j}w /

73
cj}w :ki6 kfg'{ eof], o;n] ubf{ O:nfd ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf]
nflu ;j{yf bofsf] k|tLs eof] .
/ cNnfxn] jf:tjdf d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;NndnfO{ k7fO{ ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ dfly pksf/ / bof u¥of],
lsgls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd g} jf:tljs
enfO{, s'sd{af6 d'lQm lnP/ cfP . / c1fgtfsfn
kZrft 1fgsf] ls/0f NofP, / cGwsf/ kZrft kyk|bz{s
agL ky k|bz{g u/] .
/ O:nfdsf] s[kfsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f of] klg xf] ls
O:nfdL l;4fGt / lgb]{zgx¿ ;]jsx¿sf] enfO{ rfxG5g
/ pgLx¿sf] ;d:ofsf] k"0f{tM ;dfwfg u5{g /
pgLx¿nfO{ enfO{sf] cfb]z u/L xflgsf/s s'/fx¿af6
pgLx¿nfO{ /f]s]/ ;'/lIft u5{g . / o:t} k|To]s
lgb]{zgx¿df nfebfos sfo{x¿sf] cfb]z ul/G5 /
xflgsf/s lqmofsnfkaf6 /f]lsG5 .
/ O:nfd wd{n] ljz]if u/L d"n % wf/fdf eQmx¿sf]
lxt / ;DdfgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL To;sf] /Iff u5{ . wd{sf]
/Iff, / Hofgsf] /Iff, / 1fgsf] /Iff, / g:n - j+zh _sf]
/Iff, / ;DklQsf] /Iff .
/ O:nfdn] pk/f]Qm kfFrj6f ljz]if wf/f dfly ljz]if
Wofg lbPsf] 5 , lsgls To;df ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/ /
dfgjtfsf] sNof0f gLlxt 5 . / o;} dfly sfo{ u/L
cfkmgf] hLjgsf] jf:tljs :jfb k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5, /
k|;Ggtf Pj+ ;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . / c;Gt'li6,
cljZjf;af6 d'lQm kfOG5,

74
/ ;dfhsf] pkb|j, e|i6frf/, pb08tf,
if8oGq,====cflbaf6 d'lQm k|fKt x'G5 .
/ o:t} tL kfFr wf/fnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s ;dft] kl5
k/nf]sdf d0ff]{k/fGt :ju{df ;'v zflGtsf] ef]u x'g]5, /
gs{sf] b08af6 d'lQm k|fKt x'g]5 .
/ ha dg'io cfkmgf] hLjgdf O:nfdL
lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ nfu" u5{ ta To;sf] hLjgdf ;d[l4
cfFp5 To;sf] cfb/ ;Tsf/ x'gyfN5 / To;sf] jr{:j
;a}dfly sfod x'G5, / Tof] cfkmgf] nIonfO{ k|fKt u5{ .
/ ha dg'io O:nfdL lgb]{zgdf yk36 cyjf To;af6
ljd'v eOxfN5 ta To;sf] hLjgdf ljgfz cfFp5 /
c;+t'li6, bl/b|tf ckdfg cflb To;sf] hLjgnfO{ gs{
agfO{ lbG5 .
/ ha xfdL tL kfFr wf/fx¿ dfly ljgd|tf k"j{s
ljrf/ u5f}{ ta of] b]lvG5 ls O:nfdsf] x/]s lgb]{zg o;}
kfFr wf/fnfO{ ;'/lIft u5{g rfx] Tof] sd{ ug]{ cfb]z xf];,
jf sd{af6 ?Sg] cfb]z xf]; . o;}n] ubf{ Hofgsf] /Iffsf]
nflu s]xL ljlwx¿ agfPsf] 5 To; dWo] ;Gtfgdf
a9f]t/L ug'{, aRrfx¿sf] kfngkf]if0f ug'{, pgLl;t :g]x
ug'{, / /fd|f] ef]hg u/L cfkm} cfkmgf] :jf:ysf] /Iff ug'{ .
/ o:t} o;sf] cy{ of] klg xf] ls s;}sf] xTof gug{',
cfTdf xTof gug'{, lgbf]{ifnfO{ s'6lk6 gug'{, / :jf:YonfO{
xflg k'¥ofpg] kbfy{sf] ;]jg gu/L cfkmgf] :jf:y /
HofgnfO{ arfpg' .

75
/ dg dl:tissf] /Iffsf] lglDt O:nfdn] 1fg k|fKt
ug'{sf] cfb]z lbP5, / k|f]T;fxg klg u/]5, / 1fg
k|flKtnfO{ k"hfsf] bhf{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5, / cNnfxsf]
;dLktfsf] ;fwg agfPsf] 5, / ljBf k|flKtsf] ;do To;
dfG5]nfO{ k'0o klg lbOG5 .
/ o:t} O:nfdn] o; ;[li6 dfly lrGtg dgg /
;f]r ljrf/ ug]{ cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . / o; lrGtg dggnfO{
klg k"hfsf] bhf{ k|fKt 5 . o:t} cfkmgf] 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{
wfld{s / ;+;fl/s 1fg lbg'sf] klg cfb]z u/]sf] 5 .
/ o:t} tL ;a} kbfy{sf] ;]jg gug{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5
h;df s'g} k|sf/sf] xflggf]S;fgL 5, rfx] Tof] xflg ;]jg
ug]{ dfG5]nfO{ nfuf]; jf s'g} cfsf]{ dfG5]nfO{ nfuf]; .
o;}n] ubf{ O:nfd x/]s k|sf/sf] gzfn' kbfy{nfO{ cj}w
ul/lbPsf] 5 h;af6 ;dfhsf] ljuf/ x'G5 .
/ j+zsf] /Iffsf] lglDt O:nfdn] ljx] ug]{ cfb]z
lbof], / To;nfO{ klg k"hfsf] :yfg lbof] / ljjfx ug]{nfO{
k'0o lbg] jrg lbof] . / cfkmgf] b[li6nfO{ cfsf{sf] 5f]/L /
:jf:gL dfly g/fVg] cfb]z lbof], / Jolerf/nfO{ b08gLo
ck/fw 7fgL ;dfhnfO{ cdfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 d'Qm
ul/ xfNof] . / o:t} j+zsf] /Iffsf] nflu Tof] ;a}
lqmofsnfkaf6 /f]Sof] h;n] ubf{ ;dfhdf ljuf/ pTkGg
x'G5 . / s;}sf] OHhtl;t v]Ng]nfO{ dxf kfkL 3f]lift
ul/of], / tL ;a} lqmofsnfk Pj+ ultljlwnfO{ jlh{t
ul/of] h'g Jolerf/ ;Dd k'¥ofpF5 . h:tf] ls o'jtLx¿
kbf{ u/]/ aflx/ lg:s'g, k'?if / dlxnfx¿ ccfkmgf

76
b[li6nfO{ tn /fv'g, dlxnfx¿ ckl/lrt JolQml;t
d]nldnfk gu?g, / cfkmgf] u'KtfËsf] /Iff u?g === cflb
.
/ wg ;DklQ Pj+ dfnsf] /Iffsf] nflu O:nfdn]
Jofkf/ Pj+ Joj;fonfO{ j}w u¥of] . / v]tLkftL ug{ cfb]z
u¥of], / hsft Pj+ bfg ug]{ cfb]z u¥of] h;af6 u/La,
lg;xfo, bl/b| cflb nfeflGjt x'g ;s'g . / rf]/L gu?g,
/ ;a} o:tf] sfo{ u?g h;af6 Ps cfsf{nfO{ ;xfotf Pj+
an k'uf];, / h;af6 ;a}sf] nfe xf]; / h;af6
;dfhsf] pGglt xf]; . / o:t} bfg lbg' dfly ljz]if ¿kn]
an lbOof] lsgls To;af6 k|]d / dfof klg a95 / wgdf
a9f]t/L klg x'G5 .
/ o:t} Tof] ;a} ultljlwnfO{ jlh{t ul/of] h;af6
Ps cfsf{nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'U5, / h;af6 Pscfsf{sf]
wg lg/fwf/ tl/sfn] vfOG5 h;/L ;"b Aofh, rf]/L,
Ifnsk6, ljZjf;3ft === cflb oL ;a} lqmofsnfknfO{
klh{t u/L O:nfdn] dfgjtfsf] kf7 k9fP5 . / oL ;a}
j0f{g ul/Psf s'/fx¿df dfq ;+;fl/s nfe 5}g a?
k/nf}lss nfe klg o;}df gLlxt 5, h:tf] ls oL
sfo{x¿ u/L dg'io cfkmgf] kfngstf{sf] bofsf] kfq aG5,
:ju{sf] kfq aG5, / cNnfxsf] ;hfo / b08af6 d'lQm
k|fKt x'G5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M k|To]s Hofgn] d[To'sf] :jfb rfVg' kg{] 5 /
ltdLnfO{ lsofdtsf] lbg ltd|f lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k"/fk"/
k|ltkmn k|bfg ul/g] 5, t;y{ h'g dflg;nfO{ gs{sf]

77
cfuf]af6 6f9f /flvg]5 / :ju{df k|j]z u/fOg]5, lgZro
g} pxL ;kmn x'g]5 / ;+;fl/s hLjg t e|dsf] ;fdfg
dfq xf] . - ;"/t' cfn] Od/fg !*% _
/ dg'iosf] lxt cNnfxsf] cg'z/0f ug'{df g} 5
h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M / hf] j/bfg k|fKt x'g]5g, ltgLx¿ :ju{df
x'g] 5g ha ;Dd cfsfz / k[YjL 5g ;w}+ o;}df /xg]
5g, t/ hlt ltd|f] kfngstf{sf] OR5f x'G5 . of] k'/:sf/
xf] h'gls slxNo} ;dfKt x'g]5}g . - ;"/t' x"b !)* _
/ oL s'/fx¿df k/nf}lss lxt gLlxt 5 o;sf]
nflu of] s'/f g} k|ofKt 5 ls /;"n ;NnNNffxf] cn}x]
j;Nndn] eGg' eof] ls :ju{ tL dfG5]x¿sf] nflu tof/
ul/Psf] 5 h;n] cNnfxsf] cg'z/0f u¥of], / pxfF
eGg'x'G5 M æ cNnfx eG5M d}n] cfkmgf] eQmx¿sf] lglDt
o:tf] :ju{ tof/ u/]sf] 5' h;nfO{ gt s'g} cfFvfn] x]/]5
gt s'g} sfgn] ;'g]5, / s'g} dg'iosf] x[bo To;sf]
sNkgf klg ug{ ;Sb}g Æ km]l/ pxfFn] eGg' eof] olb ltdL
rfxG5f} eg] of] cfot k9 Û
cy{ M -clg cNnfx afx]s_ s;}nfO{ yfxf 5}g ls
pgLx¿sf lglDt pgsf] cfFvfsf lztntf n'sfP/
/flvlbPsf 5f}+ of] pgLx¿sf sd{x¿sf] k'/:sf/ xf], h'g
pgLx¿n] ug]{ ub{y] . - ;"/t':;HbM !& _ - a'vf/L _
/ ha xfdL O:nfdL lgb]{zgx¿df ljrf/ u5f{} ta
xfdLnfO{ of] yfxfx'G5 ls ;a} lgb]{zgx¿ dfgjtfsf] /
;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] nfesf nflu 5g, / nfenfO{ x/]s

78
JolQm a'emg ;S5 t/ cfkmgf] Ifdtf cg';f/ . ;fwf/0f
dfG5] cfkmgf]
;dem cg';f/ / ljåfg cfkmgf] a'l4 cg';f/ a'em5g
.
/ o:t} sltko o:tf lgb]{zgx¿ 5g h;nfO{
ljBfsf] dfWodn] a'emg ;lsG5, o;}n] 1fg k|fKt ug'{
k|To]s d'l:nddfly clgjfo{ 5, lsgls 1fg g} Tof] ;L9L
xf] h;sf] dfWodaf6 dg'io a'l4dQfsf] r'r/f]df k'Ug
;S5 .
O:nfdL lgb]{zgsf lxtx¿ olt5g ls j0f{g ug{
;lsGg t/ pbfx/0f :j¿k s]xL tkfO{x¿ ;fd' /fVg
k|of; ul//x] 5' Û cNnfxn] cfb]z u/] ls k"0f{ cf:yf /fv,
/ k"0f{ cf:yf -O{dfg_sf] ^ j6f :tDex¿ 5g
!– cNNffx dfly cf:yf /fVg' .
@– To;sf kml/Ztfx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg' .
#– To;sf ;Gb]i6fx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg' .
$– To;sf ;d:t u|Gyx¿ dfly cf:yf /fVg' .
%– dxf k|no dfly cf:yf /fVg' .
^– efUosf] nfe / xflgdfly cf:yf /fVg' ls Tof]
cNnfxs} tkm{af6 xf] .
ha xfdL o; ;Dk"0f{ cf:yfsf] lxt / kmfO{bfdf
ljrf/ u5f}{+ ta o;sf] kmfO{bfx¿ Rf/}lt/ b]lvG5 .
;j{k|yd of] cf:yf ;[li6nfO{ ;|i6ftkm{ k|j[Q u5{, /
To;sf] k|]dnfO{ ;'b[9 kf5{ . / o:t} ha eQmnfO{ of] 1fg
eof] ls cNnfx g} ;[li6stf{ xf] km]l/ ToxL g} k"hfsf]

79
clwsf/L xf], / dfq To;}sf] u'0fufg ug{ yfN5 . / ha of]
l;4 eof] ls cNnfx l;t s'g} klg j:t' uf]Ko 5}g / s'g}
klg cNnfx afx]s xflg nfe / kmfO{bfsf] dflns 5}g,
km]l/ s;}l;t lsg 8/g], clg eQm dfq cNNffx l;t 8/
dfG5 / p;}sf] s[kf rfxG5 . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M x]/, ltdL g cN5L u/ g lrlGtt xf]pm . olb
ltdL O{dfgjfnf xf} eg] ltd|} jr{:j sfod x'g] 5 . - ;"/t'
cfn] Od/fg !#( _
/ o:t} eQm cNnfx / cfkm" aLr s;}nfO{ dfWod
agfpFb}g lsgls To;nfO{ yfxf eof] ls cNnfx ;a} ;'G5
hfGb5 / cNnfx ;a} ljGtL ug]{x¿sf] laGtL :jLsf/ u5{,
s;}nfO{ dfWod agfpg] cjZostf 5}g . cyf{t lzs{
ax'b]jjfbaf6 cfkm"nfO{ arfpF5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5M /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn]
d'cfh l;t eGg' eof]M æx] d'cfh s] ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls
cNnfxsf] clwsf/ eQmx¿ Dffly s] 5 < / eQmx¿sf]
clwsf/ cNnfx dfly s] 5 <Æ df]cfh /hLcNnfxf] cGxf]n]
eGg' eof]M cNnfx / p;sf] /;"nnfO{ clws hfgsf/L 5,
clg /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M ælgM;+b]x
cNnfxsf] clwsf/ eStx¿ Dfly of] 5 ls pgL To;sf]
k"hf u?g / To;sf] k"hfdf s;}nfO{ ;femLbf/ g 7x/fpg
. / eStx¿sf] clwsf/ cNNffx dfly of] 5 ls cNnfx
ltgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo g b]cf]; lhgn] To;sf] ;fy s;}nfO{
;femLbf/ 7x/fPggÆ . d'cfhn] eGg' eof]M x] cNnfxsf]
/;"n s] d of] z'e ;dfrf/ ;a}nfO{ g ;'gfO{ lbpmF . /;"n

80
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æxf]Og g ;'gfpm
lsgls of] z'e ;dfrf/ ;'g]kl5 ;a} o;}dfly e/f];f u/L
sd{nfO{ ToflulbG5gÆ . - a'vf/L, d'l:nd _
of] xbL;af6 of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 ls ha Pp6f
d'l:nd ;fg}af6 nfOnfxf ONnNnfx k95 / To;sf] cy{
a'em5 / cfkmgf] hlGdg] nIo / p2]Zo To;nfO{ yfxf x'G5
ta Tof] cfkmgf] nIo k|flKtsf] nflu O:nfdLo l;4fGt
adf]lhd sd{ u/L cfkmgf] hLjgsf] ;'v ef]U5 . / c?
dfG5]x¿ h:tf] e|ldt x'Fb}g h'gnfO{ of] klg yfxf x'Fb}g ls
ltgLx¿sf] hGd lsg eP5 / of] a|xdf08 lsg agfOP 5
cflb . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M / cNnfxsf] ;fy cGo s;}nfO{ k"Ho gagfpm .
d p;sf] tkm{af6 ltd|f] lglDt Pp6f k|ToIf 8/ b]vfpg]
jfnf x"F . - ;"/t'h hfl/oft %^ _
/ o:t} p;nfO{ of] yfxf x'G5 ls d/] kZrft Ps
k6s km]l/ hLjg ldNg] 5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5
M
cy{ M tL sflkm/x¿n] ;f]r] ls pgLx¿ k'gM hLljt
ul/g] 5}gg . tkfO{ elglbg'; ls xf], d]/f] kfngstf{sf]
s≥;d Û ltdL cjZo g} p7fOg] 5f}, clg h'g sfd ltdLn]
ub}{ cfPsf 5f}, ltdLnfO{ atfOg] 5 / of] cNnfxsf] nflu
cToGt ;/n 5 . - ;"/t'Qufa'g & _
/ of] wd{ ha s;}sf] x[bodf a;5 ta To;nfO{
;d:t ;+;f/sf] ;+t'li6 ldN5 / hLjgsf] k"0f{ ;'vsf]

81
To;nfO{ cfef; x'G5 / Tof] k/d cfgGbn] hLjg latfpF5
.
/ o:t} ha df]ldg - cf:yfjfg _nfO{ of] yfxf
eOxfN5 ls xflg nfe dfq cNnfxsf xftdf 5 ta
cfkmgf] efUoaf6 ;Gt'i6 eOxfN5 . cNNfxsf] kmdf{g 5M
cy{ M h'g;'s} d';Lat -b'Mv ;+s6_ w/tLdf cfpF5
jf ltdLdfly, To;nfO{ d}n] k7fpg' eGbf klxnf Pp6f
lstfadf c+lst x'G5 . of] sfd cNnfxsf] lglDt ;lhnf]
5 . tfls ltdLn] To;s'/faf6 ckmzf]r gu/ h'g ls
ltdLaf6 u'lh|;s]sf] 5, / g To; s'/fdfly cledfg u/
h'g p;n] ltdLnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . cNnfxnfO{ s'g}
3d08L / cfTd k|z+zsx¿ dg k/fpFb}gg . - ;"/t'n
xbLb @@,@# _
km]l/ To;nfO{ s'g} xflg k'U5 eg] Tof] Jofs'n x'b}g
a? cNnfxsf] km};nf 7fgL To;}tkm{ nfU5, / s'g} nfe
eof] eg] cNnfx s} s[t1tf k|s6 u5{ . h:tf] ls /;"n
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] of] wd{sf] ljzfntf bz{fpb}
eGg' eof]M æ df]ldgsf] cj:yf cfZro{hgs 5 To;sf]
k|To]s cj:yf / ;d:of To;sf] nflu nfebfos 5g, /
of] pTs[i6tf dfq cf:yfjfgx¿sf] nflu 5 . olb To;nfO{
s'g} nfe k'U5 eg] Tof] cfkmgf] kfngstf{sf] cfef/ k|s6
u5{ cyf{t s[t1tf k|s6 u5{, / olb To;nfO{ s'g} xflg
k'U5 eg] To;dfly ;+tf]if u5{ cyf{t ;xgzLntfsf]
kl/ro lbG5, / oL b'j} cj:yf To;sf] nflu nfebfos
x'G5 Æ . - d'l:nd _

82
/ o;} sf/0f O:nfdL cg'ofoLx¿sf] pTs[i6 ljz]iftf
dWo] s[t1tf / ;xgzLntf klg xf] h'g;'s} cj:yfdf
cNnfxsf] s[t1tf k|s6 u5{g / ;+odsf] 8f]/LnfO{ ;dft]/
sd{ ub}{ hfG5g, / cNnfx pgLdfly cfkmgf] cg'u|x
km/fsLnf] ub}{ hfG5g . cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M
cy{ M /, xfdLn] s'g} g s'g} tl/sfaf6 zq'sf] qf;,
ef]saf6, wg–;DklQ, Hofg / kmnx¿sf] sdLaf6 ltd|f]
k/LIff ug]{5f}+, -t;y{_ w}o{ ug]{x¿nfO{ z'e ;Gb]z ;''gfO{
lbg' . logLx¿nfO{ ha s'g} cfkt–ljklQ cfpF5 t
eGb5g ls xfdL cNnfxs} cwLgdf xf}+ / xfdL p;}lt/
kms]{/ hfg]jfnf 5f}+ . logLx¿ dfly g} pgsf] kfngstf{sf]
s[kf / pksf/x¿ 5g / log} ;To af6f]df 5g . - ;"/t'n
as/M !%%–!%& _
/ o;} cf:yfsf] dfWodn] dflg; ;+;fl/s hLjgsf]
jf:tljs cfgGbsf] ef]u u5{, tt kZrft cfkmgf] ;Dk"0f{
hLjg cNnfxsf] :t'lt / u'0fufgdf JotLt u5{ clg
O{dfgsf] jf:tljs ld7f; kfFp5 . h:tf] ls xh/t
cg;n] l/jfot u/]sf] xbL;df 5 ls /;"n ;NnNnfxf]
cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æ h;df oL tLg u'0f x'G5g
Tof] O{dfgsf] ld7f; kfpg]5, h;nfO{ cNnfx / cNnfxsf
/;"n ;a} eGbf lk|o x'G5g, / h'g dflg; cNnfxsf] nflu
k]|d u/f];, / h'g dfG5] O:nfdaf6 lad'v x'g'nfO{ o:t}
3[0f u/f]; h;/L cfuf]df xflng]nfO{ u5{ Æ . - a'vf/L _
/ o:t} cf:yf /fVg]x¿ jf:tjdf O{dfgsf] ld7f;
kfpF5g / nf]s k/nf]ssf] ;Ddfghgs kbdf lj/fhdfg

83
x'G5g . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ
Tof] dfG5]n] O{dfgsf] ld7f; k|fKt u¥of] h;n] cNnfxnfO{
cfkmgf] kfngstf{ :jLsf/ u¥of,] / O:nfdnfO{ cfkmgf] wd{
:jLsf/ u¥of], / d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{
cfkmgf] ;Gb]i6f :jLsf/ u¥of] Æ . - d'l:nd _
/ O:nfdsf] kfFr :tDex¿ Ps]Zj/jfb dGq -
sndt'Q}loam _ kZrft - cyf{t of] cf:yf kZrft ls
cNnfx afx]s c? sf]O{ k"hgLo 5}g _ bf];|f] d'Vo d+q xf] ,
of] s'/fdfly cf:yf /fVg' ls d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nnd cNnfx åf/f k7fOPsf ;Gb]i6f x'g . / pxfFnfO{
cNnfxn] /f]h]/ xfd|f] lxtsf] nflu cNnfxtkm{ kyk|bz{s
agfP/ k7fof] . o;df ;Dk"0f{ ;+;f/sf] lxt gLlxt 5 , /
;a}dfly cNnfxsf] k/dbof / s[kf 5 , h;n] d'xDdb
;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;NndnfO{ ;d:t ;+;f/sf] nflu ;j{yf
bof agfP/ k7fof] . pxfF ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd
;a}nfO{ cGwof/f]af6 lgisfl;t u/L pHofnf]tkm{
nufpF5g, / ax'bjjfbaf6 Ps]Zj/jfb tkm{ af]nfpF5g, /
cfkm" h:tf] dfgjsf] c/fwgfaf6 ;+;f/sf] kfngstf{sf]
k"hftkm{ af]nfpF5g .
/ bf];|f] :tDe xf] gdfh - ljz]if lqmofsnfksf]
dfWodn] cNnfxsf] k"hf c/fwgf ug'{ -cg'jfbs_ _ h'g
jf:tjdf cNnfx / eStsf] aLr jf:tljs ;DaGw xf] .
ha eSt cfkmgf] kfngstf{ ;dIf eoqf; Pj+ cfzfsf]
;fy pleG5 o; cj:yfdf ls Tof] eSt jh" u/L kljq
x'G5, / To;sf] n'uf klg kljq x'G5, / Tof] :yn klg

84
kljq x'G5 hxfF Tof] pe]sf] 5, / ;+;fl/s nf]e nfN;faf6
d'St x'G5 . of] ;a} o; sf/0f ls Tof] cfkmgf]
kfngstf{nfO{ 9f]Ug] OR5's 5 / To;sf] bof kfpg
cfzflGjt 5 . km]l/ Tof] gdfhsf] dfWodn] cfkmgf]
kfngstf{ l;t lgd{n :j/df s'/fu5{ .
/ ha xfdL gdfhsf] lqmofsnfk dfly ljrf/ u5f}+{
ta yfxf x'G5 ls tL ;a} lqmofsnfkdf ljzfn lxts/
s'/fx¿ gLlxt 5g . / k|To]s dg'ionfO{ cfkmgf]
kfngstf{ l;t ;+ks{ ug]{ OR5f x'G5, / cjZostf klg .
/ d'l:ndx¿ cfkmgf] kfngstf{;+u gdfhsf] dfWodaf6
;+ks{ u5{g lsgls dg'iosf] hLjg of] ;+ks{ lagf gs{
h:tf] x'b}hfG5, cflTds c;+t'li6 x'G5, / ha d'l:ndx¿
x/]s gdfhdf ;"/M cnkmfltxf k95g h'g ;"/M s'/cfgsf]
;j{>]i7 ;"/M dWo] Ps xf], h;df eSt cfkmgf]
kfngstf{af6 of] ljGtL u5{ ls x] cNnfx dnfO{ cfkmgf]
;'dfu{df nufpm / ky e|ldtx¿sf] dfu{af6 arfpm . /
cNnfxsf] ljz]iftfsf] dfWodaf6 cNnfxsf] c/fwgf u5{ /
cfkmgf] k/nf]ssf] hLjgnfO{ ofbu/L To;sf] tof/L u5{ .
/ gdfhl;t dfG5] z}tfgsf] ps;fx6 -
sf}t'xntf_af6 d'lQm kfpF5 / z}tfg dfly jr{:j k|fKt
u5{, / ;a} cdfgjLo sfo{af6 d'lQm k|fKt u5{ . / o:t}
gdfhaf6 cfkm" dfly ljZjf; ug{ Ifdtf k|fKt u5{ /
zlQm Pj+ elQm k|fKt u5{ .
/ o:t} gdfhn] lgwf{l/t ;dodf sfd ug]{ afgL
l;sfpF5 h;n] ubf{ ;dodf j[l4 eP h:tf] nfU5 . /

85
o:t} ;fd"lxs gdfh dg'ionfO{ k|]dsf] kf7 k9fpF5 h'g
gdfhdf cdL/ -;d[4_ bl/b|, /fhf /+s, 7"nf] ;fgf], ljåfg
lg/If/, c/aL g]kfnL, lxGbL ckm/LsL cflb Pp6} k+lStdf
cNnfxsf] ;fd' pleG5g . / Ps} rf]l6 / Pp6} ;do
cfdLg eG5g . km]l/ of] cfef; u5{g ls xfdL ;a}hgf
efO efO xf}+ . of] k|]defj s'g} wd{df b]lvGg .
/ o:t} gdfh x[bonfO{ ;+t'li6 k|bfg u5{ / ;+;fl/s
x}/fgLaf6 d'lQm k|bfg u5{ . / cNnfxn] s'g} klg cfklQ
cfPdf gdfh sfod ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf 5g . cNnfxsf]
egfO{ 5 M
cy{ M x] cf:yfjfgx¿, w}o{ / gdfhl;t d2tsf]
cfzf ug{' . -lgM;Gb]x_ cNnfx w}o{jfgx¿sf] ;fy lbG5 . -
;"/t'n as/M !%# _
/ gdfh O:nfdsf] ;a} eGbf alnof] :tDe xf] . /
gdfh ;a} si6nfO{ gi6 ul/lbG5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;Nndn] eGg' eof]M æ ha ltdL dWo] sf]xL cfkmgf]
gdfhdf x'G5 ta Tof] cfkmgf] kfngstf{l;t dL7f] :j/df
s'/f ul//x]sf] x'G5 Æ . - a'vf/L _
/ o:t} gdfh kl/>d ug{ l;sfpF5, / ;xgzLntf
l;sfpF5 . / gdfh g} kfkx¿nfO{ gi6 u5{ / eQmsf]
>]0fL a9fpF5, / k'0odf a9f]t/L u5{ . / gdfh cfTdfsf]
;xfotf u5{, / ;Totkm{ nufpF5 . / gdfh g} O{dfgsf]
cflTds ef]hg xf], / gdfhaf6 g} O{dfg ;'b[9 eOxfN5 .
/ gdfh g} Tof] xltof/ xf] h;af6 dfG5] ;d:t
a'/fO{x¿af6 n85 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M

86
cy{ M -x] d'xDdb ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nnd _ To;
lstfanfO{ k9g] ug{';, h'g tkfO{+nfO{ ……jxoÚÚ åf/f
k7fOPsf] 5, / gdfh sfod ug{'; . lgM;Gb]x gdfhn]
cZnLntf / g/fd|f] s'/faf6 /f]Sb5 . / cjZo cNnfxsf]
:d/0f ug'{ t cToGt 7"nf] s'/f] xf] . ltdL h] ub}{5f} cNnfx
hfGb5 . - ;"/t'n cGsa"t $% _
/ gdfh cf};lw / pkrf/ xf] ;a} la/fdLsf] rfx]
Tof] zf/Ll/s /f]u xf]; cyjf cflTds /f]u, ;a}af6 lgsf]
kf5{ . cNnfxsf] syg 5 M
cy{ M lgM;Gb]x dflg; sfFrf] d'6'jfnf agfOPsf] 5 .
ha p;nfO{ si6 k'U5 t cflQG5, t/ ha p;nfO{ /fxt
-;DkGgtf_ k|fKt x'G5 t p;n] sGh";L b]vfpF5, t/ gdfh
k9g]x¿sf] s'/f cs}{ 5 . h;n] gdfh lgoldttfsf ;fy
k9b5g . - ;"/t'n dcfl/h !(–@# _
/ gdfhdf ;fOlG6lkms kmfO{bfx¿ klg 5g h;/L
z/L/sf] Jofofd ==== cflb .
/ h;n] hsft dfly ljrf/ u5{ h'g ls O:nflds
l;4fGt cg';f/ cNnfxsf] s[kf kfpgsf] nflu ;d[4x¿
dfly clgjfo{ 5 ls u/Lax¿ Dfly bfg u?g . /
O:nfddf o;sf ljlwx¿ 5g s;/L lbg' 5 / slt lbg' 5
=== cflb . of] To;sf] ljj/0fsf] 7fpF xf]Og a? xfdL
To;sf] kmfO{bfx¿ tkm{ nfuf}+ . To;sf] kmfO{bfx¿ dWo] of]
klg xf] ls xfdL cNnfx / To;sf /;"nsf] cg'z/0f ul//x]
5f}+, / To;af6 ;d[4 / bl/b| aLr dfofk|]dsf] j[l4 x'G5, /

87
;d[4 Pj+ bl/b| aLr h'g Pp6f wsf]{ Pj+ vfN6f] 5
To;nfO{ ;dfKt u5{ .
/ hsft lbg' o; s'/fdfly k|df0f xf] ls bfg ug]{
dfG5] cNnfx dfly cf:yf /fV5, h:tf] ls xbL;df 5 M æ
/ bfg k|df0f xf] Æ. cyf{t O{Dffgsf] k|df0f xf] . - d'l:nd _
/ hsft lbg' cNnfxn] k|bfg u/]sf] cg'u|xsf]
s[t1tf k|s6 ug'{ xf], / cfkmgf] wgdf a9f]t/L ug'{ xf] , /
cfkmgf] ;DklQnfO{ s'g} klg laklQ Pj+ ;+s6af6 ;'/lIft
ug'{ xf] . / o:t} hsft lbg'df cfkm"nfO{ /fd|f] cfr/0fsf]
dfG5] k|dfl0ft ug'{ xf], / ;bfrf/Lx¿sf] u'0f cfkm" leq
pTkGg ug'{ xf] . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M ltgLx¿sf] ;DklQaf6 tkfO{+n] ;bsf -bfg_
lng'; h;af6 ltgLx¿nfO{ tkfO+{n] z'4 / kljq ul/lbg';
/ ltgLx¿sf nflu k|fy{gf ug{';, lgM;Gb]x tkfO+{sf k|fy{gf
ltgLx¿sf] ;Gt'li6sf] >f]t xf] / cNnfx w]/} ;'Gg]jfnf /
hfGg]jfnf 5 . - ;"/t'Qf}aM !)# _
/ of] bfg -wdf{bo– hsft_ Oi{of, cledfg,
s'sd{===== cflbnfO{ d]6fO{ :g]x, k|]d, df]x, dfof ====
cflbnfO{ x[bodf a;fN5 . km]l/ ;a}nfO{ bfgL dfG5] dfof
u5{ / ;a} bfgL dfG5]nfO{ dfof u5{g . cNnfxsf] kmdf{g
5 M
cy{ M cNnfxsf] dfu{df vr{ u/ / cfkm}n] cfkm"nfO{
ljgfzdf g kf/ / ;Tsd{ u/ lgM;Gb]x cNnfx enfO{
ug]{x¿nfO{ dfof ub{5 . - ;"/t'n as/M !(% _

88
/ ;fjwfg Û hsft - bfg _ lbPdf s;}sf] wgdf
sdL x'Fb}g a? a9f]t/L x'G5 . /;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x]
j;NNdsf] kmdf{g 5 M æ bfg wgdf sdL ub}{g Æ . -
d'l:nd _
a? cNnfxn] of] jrg lbPsf] 5 ls h;n] hsft
lbG5 d To;sf] wgdf emg a9f]t/L u5'{ . cNnfxsf]
kmdf{g 5 M
cy{ M elglbg'; ls ……d]/f] kfngstf{ cfkmgf
;]jsx¿ dWo] h;sf] lglDt rfxG5, hLljsf km/flsnf]
ub{5 / h;sf] nflu rfxG5 ;+s'lrt ul/lbG5 . / h]hlt
ltdLn] cNnfxsf] af6f]df vr{ u¥of}, To;sf] ;§f ltdLnfO{
k"/f k"/f k|ltkmn lbg]5 . / pm ;a} eGbf /fd|f] hLljsf
lbg]jfnf xf]ÚÚ . -;"/t' ;af #( _
/ hsft cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ 5,
lsgls olb k|To]s ;dfhdf To; ;dfhsf] c;xfo, 6'x'/f],
cgfyx¿nfO{ hsftsf] wg lbOof]; eg] To; ;dfhdf
rf]/L, anhkmtL, Jolerf/ === cflb gi6 eOhfG5, / Tof]
;dfh ;'v zflGtn] /dfpF5 .
/;"n ;NnNnfxf] cn}x] j;Nndn] eGg' eof] M æ
s+h";Laf6 ar lsgls ltdL eGbf klxnfsf dfG5]x¿
o;}sf] sf/0f aaf{b eP, pgLx¿nfO{ o; s+h";Ln] o;
s'/fdfly pQ]lht u¥of] ls pgLx¿n] cfkm} cfkmgf]
/Qmkft u/,] / jlh{t s'/fx¿nfO{ xnfn u/] Æ . - d'l:nd
_

89
/ j|t - pkjf; _ h;nfO{ cNnfxn] xfdLdfly
clgjfo{ u/]sf] 5 . /dhfgsf] dlxgfdf k|ftMsfn b]lv
vfg' lkpg' / ;a} cj}w ultljlwx¿nfO{ 5fl8lbg' / ;"o{
c:t ;Dd j|t cj:yfdf h] klg cj}w 5 tL ;a}nfO{
5f8]/ cfkmgf] j|tnfO{ k"/f ug{' . o;df eQmx¿sf] nflu
cg]sf}+ kmfO{bfx¿ 5g . / j|tn] dfgj lgi7fjfgx¿sf]
>]0fLdf lj/fhdfg eOxfN5 . h:tf] ls cNnfxsf] egfO{ 5M
cy{ M cf:yfjfgx¿ xf] Û -df]ldgx¿_ ltdLnfO{ /f]hf
/fVg' clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5 h;/L ltdLeGbf klxn]sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] lyof] . h;af6 ls ltdL
;+odL aGg ;s . - ;"/tn as/M !*# _
ha dfG5] cNnfxsf] s[kf kfpgsf] nflu dfq
cfkmgf] x/]s ;'v zflGt / ef]hg / x/]s cj}w
lqmofsnfknfO{ 5fl8lbG5 ta Tof] lgM;+b]x lgi7fjfgx¿
dWo]sf] eOxfN5 .
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