This document provides biographies of several notable Polish authors from the National Revival period in Poland. It describes prominent playwrights, poets and novelists such as Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński, Stanisław Wyspiański, Aleksander Fredro, Cyprian Kamil Norwid, Lucjan Rydel, Gabriela Zapolska, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Witold Gombrowicz, and Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II). These authors made significant contributions to Polish literature and culture during the period of Poland's partitions under foreign rule.

1. National Revival Drama AuthorsNational Revival Drama Authors
- Poland -- Poland -
NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND !!!NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND !!!
The Erasmus + project in the cooperation ofThe Erasmus + project in the cooperation of
Poland, Estonia, England, Italy, Romania,Poland, Estonia, England, Italy, Romania,
Spain and Turkey.Spain and Turkey.

2. He is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania andHe is regarded as national poet in Poland, Lithuania and
Belarus. A principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted one ofBelarus. A principal figure in Polish Romanticism, he is counted one of
Poland's "Three Bards" ("Poland's "Three Bards" ("Trzej WieszczeTrzej Wieszcze")") and is widely regarded asand is widely regarded as
Poland's greatest poet.Poland's greatest poet. He is also considered one of theHe is also considered one of the
greatest Slavic and Europeangreatest Slavic and European poets and has been dubbed apoets and has been dubbed a
"Slavic bard". A leading Romantic dramatist, he has been"Slavic bard". A leading Romantic dramatist, he has been
compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe.compared in Poland and Europe to Byron and Goethe.
He is known chiefly for the poetic dramaHe is known chiefly for the poetic drama DziadyDziady ((Forefathers' EveForefathers' Eve) and) and
the national epic poemthe national epic poem Pan TadeuszPan Tadeusz. His other influential works. His other influential works
includeinclude
Konrad WallenrodKonrad Wallenrod andand GrażynaGrażyna. All these served as inspiration for. All these served as inspiration for
uprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned theuprisings against the three imperial powers that had partitioned the
PolishPolish Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence.Lithuanian Commonwealth out of existence.
Adam Bernard MickiewiczAdam Bernard Mickiewicz
((24 December24 December 1798 – 26 November1798 – 26 November 1855)1855)
was a Polishwas a Polish poet, dramatist,poet, dramatist,
essayist, publicist, translator, professor ofessayist, publicist, translator, professor of
Slavic literature, and politicalSlavic literature, and political
activist.activist.

3. He is considered one of the "Three Bards" of PolishHe is considered one of the "Three Bards" of Polish
literature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period,literature — a major figure in the Polish Romantic period,
and the father of modern Polish drama. His works oftenand the father of modern Polish drama. His works often
feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, Polish history,feature elements of Slavic pagan traditions, Polish history,
mysticism and orientalism. His style includes themysticism and orientalism. His style includes the
employment of neologisms and irony. His primary genreemployment of neologisms and irony. His primary genre
was the drama, but he also wrote lyric poetry. His mostwas the drama, but he also wrote lyric poetry. His most
popular works include the dramaspopular works include the dramas KordianKordian andand BalladynaBalladyna
and the poemsand the poems BeniowskiBeniowski andand Testament mójTestament mój..
Juliusz SłowackiJuliusz Słowacki (Polish pronunciation: (Polish pronunciation:
44 SeptemberSeptember 1809 – 3 April 1849) was a1809 – 3 April 1849) was a
Polish RomanticPolish Romantic poet.poet.

4. traditionally ranked with Mickiewicz andtraditionally ranked with Mickiewicz and Słowacki as one ofSłowacki as one of
Poland's Three National BardsPoland's Three National Bards — the trio of great Romantic— the trio of great Romantic
poets who influencedpoets who influenced national consciousness during thenational consciousness during the
period ofperiod of Poland's political bondage. He was the mostPoland's political bondage. He was the most
famous member of the aristocratic Krasińskifamous member of the aristocratic Krasiński family.family.
CountCount NapoleonNapoleon Stanisław AdamStanisław Adam
FeliksFeliks
Zygmunt KrasińskiZygmunt Krasiński (Polish(Polish
pronunciation: 19pronunciation: 19
February 1812 – 23 February 1859), aFebruary 1812 – 23 February 1859), a
PolishPolish
noblemannobleman

5. Stanisław WyspiańskiStanisław Wyspiański
((15 January 1869 – 28 November 1907)15 January 1869 – 28 November 1907)
was a Polish playwright, painter and poet,was a Polish playwright, painter and poet,
as well as interior and furniture designer.as well as interior and furniture designer.
A patriotic writer, he created a series of symbolic, nationalA patriotic writer, he created a series of symbolic, national dramasdramas
within thewithin the artistic philosophy of the Young Polandartistic philosophy of the Young Poland Movement.Movement.
Wyspiański was one of the most outstandingWyspiański was one of the most outstanding and multifaceted artists ofand multifaceted artists of
his time in Poland under thehis time in Poland under the foreign partitions.foreign partitions. He successfully joinedHe successfully joined
the trends ofthe trends of modernism with themes of the Polish folk tradition andmodernism with themes of the Polish folk tradition and
RomanticRomantic history. Unofficially, he came to be known as the Fourthhistory. Unofficially, he came to be known as the Fourth
Polish Bard (inPolish Bard (in addition to the earlier Three Bards: Adam Mickiewicz,addition to the earlier Three Bards: Adam Mickiewicz,
JuliuszJuliusz Słowacki,Słowacki, and Zygmunt Krasiński).and Zygmunt Krasiński). His most famous plays areHis most famous plays are
following:following:
 Klątwa (The Curse)Klątwa (The Curse), (1899), (1899)
 Protesilas i LeodamiaProtesilas i Leodamia (1899)(1899)
 MeleagerMeleager (1899)(1899)
 LegionLegion (1900)(1900)
 Wesele (The Wedding)Wesele (The Wedding), (1901), (1901)
 Wyzwolenie (Liberation)Wyzwolenie (Liberation), (1903), (1903)
 Weimar 1829Weimar 1829, (Fragment, 1904), (Fragment, 1904)
 Noc listopadowa (November Night)Noc listopadowa (November Night), (1904), (1904)

6. Aleksander FredroAleksander Fredro (20 June 1793(20 June 1793
– 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet,– 15 July 1876) was a Polish poet,
playwright and authorplaywright and author
active during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitionsactive during Polish Romanticism in the period of partitions
by neighboring empires. His works including plays writtenby neighboring empires. His works including plays written
in the octosyllabic verse (in the octosyllabic verse (ZemstaZemsta) and in prose () and in prose (Damy IDamy I
HuzaryHuzary) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish) as well as fables, belong to the canon of Polish
literature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of hisliterature. Fredro was harshly criticized by some of his
contemporaries for light-hearted humor or even the allegedcontemporaries for light-hearted humor or even the alleged
immorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to yearsimmorality (Seweryn Goszczyński, 1835) which led to years
of his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of playsof his literary silence. Many of Fredro's dozens of plays
were published and popularized only after his death. Hiswere published and popularized only after his death. His
best-known works have been translated into English,best-known works have been translated into English,
French, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, HungarianFrench, German, Russian, Czech, Romanian, Hungarian
andand
Slovak.Slovak.

7. Cyprian Kamil NorwidCyprian Kamil Norwid , a.k.a., a.k.a.
Cyprian Konstanty NorwidCyprian Konstanty Norwid
(24 September 1821 – 23 May(24 September 1821 – 23 May
1883) was a nationally esteemed1883) was a nationally esteemed
Polish poet, dramatist, painter, andPolish poet, dramatist, painter, and
sculptor.sculptor.
He was born in theHe was born in the MasovianMasovian village of Laskowo-Głuchyvillage of Laskowo-Głuchy
near Warsaw. One of his maternal ancestors was thenear Warsaw. One of his maternal ancestors was the
PolishPolish
King John III Sobieski.King John III Sobieski. Norwid is regarded as one of theNorwid is regarded as one of the
second generation of romantics. He wrote many wellsecond generation of romantics. He wrote many well
known poems includingknown poems including Fortepian SzopenaFortepian Szopena ("Chopin's("Chopin's
Piano"),Piano"), Moja piosnka [II]Moja piosnka [II] ("My Song [II]") and("My Song [II]") and BemaBema
pamięci żałobny-rapsodpamięci żałobny-rapsod ("A Funeral Rhapsody in Memory("A Funeral Rhapsody in Memory
of General Bem").of General Bem").

8. Lucjan RydelLucjan Rydel a.k.a.a.k.a. LucjanLucjan
Antoni Feliks RydelAntoni Feliks Rydel (May 17,(May 17,
1870 in1870 in KrakówKraków– April 8, 1918 in– April 8, 1918 in
Bronowice), was a Polish playwrightBronowice), was a Polish playwright
and poet from the Young Polandand poet from the Young Poland
movement.movement.
 Rydel was the son of Lucjan Rydel, surgeon and ophtalmologist,Rydel was the son of Lucjan Rydel, surgeon and ophtalmologist,
professor and Rector of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, andprofessor and Rector of Jagiellonian University in Kraków, and
Helena Kremer.Helena Kremer.
 In 1904 Lucjan Rydel wrote a nativity play calledIn 1904 Lucjan Rydel wrote a nativity play called Polish BethlehemPolish Bethlehem
((Betlejem polskieBetlejem polskie), and staged its production in two suburbs of), and staged its production in two suburbs of
Kraków, Tonie and Bronowice, with local villagers as actors.Kraków, Tonie and Bronowice, with local villagers as actors.
 The marriage of Lucjan Rydel to a peasant daughter fromThe marriage of Lucjan Rydel to a peasant daughter from
Bronowice took place at the Rydlówka Manor on Tetmajera Street.Bronowice took place at the Rydlówka Manor on Tetmajera Street.
The event inspired Rydel's pen pal and friend Stanisław WyspiańskiThe event inspired Rydel's pen pal and friend Stanisław Wyspiański
to write what became known as the defining Polish independenceto write what became known as the defining Polish independence
drama calleddrama called WeseleWesele (The Wedding, or The Wedding Reception)(The Wedding, or The Wedding Reception)..

9. Maria Gabriela StefaniaMaria Gabriela Stefania
Korwin-PiotrowskaKorwin-Piotrowska
(1857–1921),(1857–1921), a.k.a.a.k.a.
Gabriela ZapolskaGabriela Zapolska , was, was
a Polish novelist,a Polish novelist,
playwright, naturalist writer,playwright, naturalist writer,
feuilletonist, theatre criticfeuilletonist, theatre critic
and stage actressand stage actress
 Zapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252 works ofZapolska wrote 41 plays, 23 novels, 177 short stories, 252 works of
journalism, one film script, and over 1,500 letters.journalism, one film script, and over 1,500 letters.
 Zapolska received most recognition for her socio-satirical comedies.Zapolska received most recognition for her socio-satirical comedies.
Among them,Among them, Moralność pani DulskiejMoralność pani Dulskiej ((The Morality of Mrs. DulskaThe Morality of Mrs. Dulska))
– a tragic-farce about petty-bourgeois – is considered the most– a tragic-farce about petty-bourgeois – is considered the most
famous internationally. It is regarded as a landmark of earlyfamous internationally. It is regarded as a landmark of early
modernist Polish drama.modernist Polish drama. Her stage plays were translated intoHer stage plays were translated into
foreign languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres,foreign languages, and performed at Polish and European theatres,
as well as adapted for radio and film.as well as adapted for radio and film.

10. Stanisław Ignacy WitkiewiczStanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz
24 February 1885 – 18 September24 February 1885 – 18 September
1939), commonly known as1939), commonly known as
"Witkacy""Witkacy", was a, was a PolishPolish poet,poet,
playwright, novelist, painter,playwright, novelist, painter,
photographer andphotographer and philosopher.philosopher.
 Born in Warsaw, Stanisław Ignacy WitkiewiczBorn in Warsaw, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz
was a son of the painter, architect and an artwas a son of the painter, architect and an art
criticcritic Stanisław WitkiewiczStanisław Witkiewicz. His mother was. His mother was
Maria Pietrzkiewicz Witkiewiczowa. Both of hisMaria Pietrzkiewicz Witkiewiczowa. Both of his
parents were born in Lithuania. His godmotherparents were born in Lithuania. His godmother
was the internationally famous actress Helenawas the internationally famous actress Helena
Modrzejewska.Modrzejewska.

11. Witold Marian GombrowiczWitold Marian Gombrowicz
(August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969)(August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969)
was a Polish writerwas a Polish writer andand
playwrightplaywright..
His works are characterised by deep psychologicalHis works are characterised by deep psychological
analysis, a certain sense of paradox and absurd, anti-analysis, a certain sense of paradox and absurd, anti-
nationalist flavor. In 1937 he published his first novel,nationalist flavor. In 1937 he published his first novel,
FerdydurkeFerdydurke, which presented many of his usual themes:, which presented many of his usual themes:
the problems of immaturity and youth, the creation ofthe problems of immaturity and youth, the creation of
identity in interactions with others, and an ironic, criticalidentity in interactions with others, and an ironic, critical
examination of class roles in Polish society and culture.examination of class roles in Polish society and culture.
He gained fame only during the last years of his life, butHe gained fame only during the last years of his life, but
is now considered one of the foremost figures of Polishis now considered one of the foremost figures of Polish
literature. His diaries were published in 1969 and are,literature. His diaries were published in 1969 and are,
according to theaccording to the Paris ReviewParis Review, "widely considered his, "widely considered his
masterpiecemasterpiece”.”.

12. Karol Wojtyla, the Polish playwright-Karol Wojtyla, the Polish playwright-
turned-priest who went on to becometurned-priest who went on to become
Pope John Paul II.Pope John Paul II.
(18 May 1920(18 May 1920 -- 2 April 2005) was a Roman2 April 2005) was a Roman
Catholic priest, bishop, and Cardinal whoCatholic priest, bishop, and Cardinal who
eventually rose to become Pope.eventually rose to become Pope.
He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978.He was elected by the second Papal conclave of 1978. Karol JozefKarol Jozef
Wojtyla was an unknown Polish poet long before he became knownWojtyla was an unknown Polish poet long before he became known
to the world as Pope John Paul II. Some of the poems below wereto the world as Pope John Paul II. Some of the poems below were
written when he was in his twenties. Others were written while hewritten when he was in his twenties. Others were written while he
was a parish priest and auxiliary bishop of Kraków, during whichwas a parish priest and auxiliary bishop of Kraków, during which
time his work appeared in Polish journals under the pseudonymtime his work appeared in Polish journals under the pseudonym
Andrzej Jawien. His poetry was later collected and published in TheAndrzej Jawien. His poetry was later collected and published in The
Place Within — The Poetry of Pope John Paul II, with translationsPlace Within — The Poetry of Pope John Paul II, with translations
and notes by Jerzy Peterkiewicz.and notes by Jerzy Peterkiewicz.
The man who would become pope wrote several plays. His first,The man who would become pope wrote several plays. His first,
according to the story, was a “biblically inspired drama calledaccording to the story, was a “biblically inspired drama called
‘David,’ written in 1939 when he was just 19.”‘David,’ written in 1939 when he was just 19.” The most famousThe most famous
plays are titled „plays are titled „The Jeweler's ShopThe Jeweler's Shop” and „Our God’s Brother.” and „Our God’s Brother.

13. Sławomir MrożekSławomir Mrożek (29(29
June 1930 – 15 AugustJune 1930 – 15 August
2013) was a Polish2013) was a Polish
dramatist, writer anddramatist, writer and
cartoonist.cartoonist.
In 1963 Mrożek emigrated to Italy and France and then further toIn 1963 Mrożek emigrated to Italy and France and then further to
Mexico. In 1996 he returned to Poland and settled in Kraków. InMexico. In 1996 he returned to Poland and settled in Kraków. In
2008 he moved back to France2008 he moved back to France.. He died in Nice at the age of 83.He died in Nice at the age of 83.
Mrożek joined the Polish United Workers' Party during the reign ofMrożek joined the Polish United Workers' Party during the reign of
Stalinism in the People's Republic of Poland, and made a living asStalinism in the People's Republic of Poland, and made a living as
political journalist. He began writing plays in the late 1950s. Hispolitical journalist. He began writing plays in the late 1950s. His
theatrical works belong to the genre of absurdist fiction, intended totheatrical works belong to the genre of absurdist fiction, intended to
shock the audience with non-realistic elements, political and historicshock the audience with non-realistic elements, political and historic
references, distortion, and parody.references, distortion, and parody. His plays include such titles asHis plays include such titles as
Tango, The Urupu Bird, Striptease, The Elephant and many more.Tango, The Urupu Bird, Striptease, The Elephant and many more.

14. Tadeusz Kamil MarcjanTadeusz Kamil Marcjan
ŻeleńskiŻeleński (better known by his pen(better known by his pen
name,name, Tadeusz Boy-ŻeleńskiTadeusz Boy-Żeleński ; 21; 21
December 1874 – 4 July 1941) was aDecember 1874 – 4 July 1941) was a
Polish stage writer, poet, critic abovePolish stage writer, poet, critic above
all, and translator of over 100 Frenchall, and translator of over 100 French
literary classics into Polish.literary classics into Polish.
 He was a pediatrician and gynecologist by profession.He was a pediatrician and gynecologist by profession.
 A notable personality in the Young Poland movement,A notable personality in the Young Poland movement,
Boy was theBoy was the enfant terribleenfant terrible of the Polish literary scene inof the Polish literary scene in
the first half of the 20th century. He was murderedthe first half of the 20th century. He was murdered
((together with 45 other Polish professorstogether with 45 other Polish professors)) in July 1941in July 1941
during the Nazi occupation of Poland in what becameduring the Nazi occupation of Poland in what became
known as the massacre of Lviv professors. he co-known as the massacre of Lviv professors. he co-
organised the famousorganised the famous Zielony BalonikZielony Balonik ("Green Balloon")("Green Balloon")
cabaret, which gathered notable personalities of Polishcabaret, which gathered notable personalities of Polish
cultureculture..

15. by Julia Spisakby Julia Spisak
grade 4cgrade 4c