One of the important studies in Communication Arts.

2. - Born in Utah.
- he was educated at Dartmouth College and
received his Ph.D. from Harvard.
- He joined the faculty of Princeton during
1936 and later became chairman of
Princeton University Department of
Psychology.
- He was a member of the
Princeton Radio Research Project
- The main author of The
Invasion from Mars.

3. - Cantril's later psychological work included
collaboration with Adelbert Ames, Jr.
most important work concerned the then-new
topic of Public Opinion research.
- During 1940 he initiated Princeton University's
Office of Public Opinion Research.
- During 1955 he initiated the Institute for
International Social Research with Lloyd A. Free.
- Cantril's most-cited work is The Pattern of Human
Concerns.
- During the late 1950s, Cantril served on the
International Objectives and Strategies panel of
the Rockefeller Brothers' Special Studies Project.

4. Social Psychology of Everyday Life, 1934
The Psychology of Radio (with Gordon Allport), 1935
Industrial Conflict: a Psychological Interpretation, 1939
The Invasion from Mars, a Study in the Psychology of
Panic, 1940
America Faces the War, a Study in Public Opinion,
1940
Psychology of Social Movements, 1941
Gauging Public Opinion, 1944
Psychology of ego-involvements : social attitudes &
identifications, 1947
Why's of man's experience, 1950
Tensions that cause wars (a report for UNESCO), 1950
Public Opinion, 1935–1946, 1951

5. How Nations See Each Other, a study in public opinion,
1953
Perception: a Transactional Approach, 1954
On Understanding the French Left, 1956
Faith, Hope, and Heresy: the Psychology of the Protest
Voter, 1958
Politics of Despair, 1958
Reflections on the Human Venture, 1960
Soviet Leaders and Mastery over Man, 1960
Human Nature and Political Systems, 1961
Pattern of Human Concerns, 1965
Political beliefs of Americans; a study of public opinion,
1967
The Human Dimension: Experiences in Policy Research,
1967
Psychology, Humanism, and Scientific Inquiry: the Selected
Essays of Hadley Cantril, 1988 (posthumously)

7. - Born May 6, 1915, in Kenosha,
Wisconsin, died October 10, 1985,
Los Angeles
- Married three times and had children
with each wife
- American motion-picture actor, director, producer, and
writer.
- In film, he left his artistically indelible mark with such films
as Citizen Kane, and The Magnificent Ambersons.
- Welles learned to play the piano and the violin
- Maurice Bernstein was Orson’s guardian
- His stage debut was made at the Gate Theatre, Dublin
- he organized a drama festival at Woodstock
- he formed the Mercury Theatre

8. Citizen Kane (1941)
The Magnificent Ambersons (1942)
The Stranger (1946)
The Lady from Shanghai (1947)
Macbeth (1948)
Touch of Evil (1958)
Le Procs (1962; The Trial)
Campanadas a medianoche (1966;Chimes at Midnight)
Othello (1952)
Mr. Arkadin (1955)
F for Fake

10. • The Great Depression and the looming danger from
Europe created a social situation in which made the
broadcast more believable and frightening.
• At this point, people felt very vulnerable and anxious.
• People had been suffering by almost a decade of
economic downturn.
• People felt on edge as Hitler pushed Europe to another
war (at that point in time) in which technology would
be used for destruction.
• Hence making the impact of the broadcast more
powerful than it might have in any other time in
history.

11. • The radio at that time was an extremely
important medium of communication as well as
entertainment.
• The radio was also used by government officials
and even President Franklin Roosevelt to
broadcast important announcements or
messages to the masses.
• The voice in the broadcast was closely related to
President Roosevelt’s voice which caused the
people to panic immediately.
• This also led to people to not question the
broadcast’s credibility since they regularly
listened for President Roosevelt’s
announcements.

12. • The broadcast made people more aware of the
power of suggestibility.
• It caused mass hysteria but people never
bothered to check for authenticity; making the
radio business more sensitive to what they air.
• Radio was still used for various purposes but
people demanded that other programs be aired.
• Development of radio programs happened.
• Journalism business became more prominent.

13. • - is the quality of being inclined to accept and
- act on the suggestions of others.
-the extent to which a person is able to accept
suggestion, which varies according to one's
state of mind. The greater the suggestibility
that an individual is experiencing, the greater
the effect that suggestions offered will have
upon that person's perceptions of reality.
(Cal Banyan)

19. • Broadcast=> serious affair
- As in all other panics, the individual
believed his well-being , his safety, or his life
was at stake.
• Ego
• To gain emotional security

20. The extreme behavior evoked by the
broadcast was due to the enormous felt ego-
involvement the situation created and to the
complete inability to alleviate or control the
consequences of the invasion

21. • Anxiety and fear revealed by the panic were
latent in the general population, not specific to
the persons who happened to participate in it.
• It has shown that “The course of world history
has affected national psychology” (Broun, 1938)
• Americans have experienced not just war, but
problems such as consequent unemployment,
low and insecure income, widespread feelings of
insecurity, etc. which is why they were easily

22. bewildered and disturbed therefore, failing to
fully understand the situation.
• Education => one of the greatest preventives
of panic behavior.

23. Four psychological conditions:
• Those who rejected the Martian story from
internal evidence. E.g. people questioned the
story's claim that military units had arrived as
rapidly as reported.
• Those who checked up on the story and found it
was false. E.g. they turned to another radio
station and found no panicking voices.
• Those who unsuccessfully checked the story.
• Those who made no attempt to check the story.

24. CONCLUSION
• The ability of man to orient himself
appropriately in critical situations will be
increased if he can be taught to adopt an
attitude of readiness to question the
interpretations he hears
• But when he achieves this healthy skepticism,
one must have the relevant knowledge to be
able to evaluate different interpretations

25. • Hadley Cantril. http://www.enotes.com/topic/Hadley_Cantril
• Orson Welles.
• http://www.biography.com/people/orson-welles-9527363?page=2
http://www.notablebiographies.com/Tu-We/Welles-
Orson.html#ixzz1dtgLus00
• Effects.
• Esaytree.com/American-history/war-of-the-worlds
• http://radio.about.com/od/historicalradioshows/a/WarOfTheWorlds.htm
• http://www.war-ofthe-
worlds.co.uk/war_worlds_orson_welles_mercury.htm
• http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/471921.html
• http://www.enotes.com/history/q-and-a/how-does-war-worlds-
broadcast-1938-relate-social-277897

26. • Listener Classification
http://chesler.us/resources/links/Cantril.pdf