S. Rajaram, Consultant, ICARDA & A. Yahyaoui, Senior Cereal Pathologist, ICARDA, Coordinator, ICWIP

1. Yellow Rust: Threat to Global Wheat Production S. Rajaram Consultant, ICARDA & A. Yahyaoui Senior Cereal Pathologist, ICARDA Coordinator, ICWIP

2. Wheat Area (Mln. ha), Production (Mln.MT), and Yield (T/ha) FAO Statistics, 2008 Region Area (Mln) Production (Mln.MT) Yield (T/Ha) World 222.76 683.41 3.06 North Africa 6.08 14.47 2.38 Western Asia 12.37 25.57 2.07 Central Asia 15.84 22.79 1.44 Eastern Asia 24.05 113.74 4.73 South Asia 36.00 112.53 3.11 North America 33.37 100.64 3.01 South America 7.37 11.91 1.61 Europe 61.60 248.00 4.03 Australia, NZ 13.57 21.76 1.60

3. Top 20 wheat Producing countries FAO Statistics, 2008 Rank Country Production (Mln .MT) Rank Country Production (Mln.MT) 1 China 112.46 11 Turkey 17.78 2 India 78.57 12 U.K 17.23 3 USA 68.02 13 Kazakhstan 12.54 4 Russian Fed. 63.76 14 Poland 9.27 5 France 39.00 15 Italy 8.85 6 Canada 28.61 16 Argentina 8.51 7 Germany 25.98 17 Egypt 7.98 8 Ukraine 25.88 18 Iran 7.95 9 Australia 21.42 19 Romania 7.18 10 Pakistan 20.96 20 Brazil 6.03

5. World total wheat utilization was forecasted to rise by 17 million tonnes, or 2.7 percent, from the stagnant level in 2007/08 World food consumption of wheat in 2008/09 was forecasted to rise to 453 million tonnes, up by 7 million tonnes, or 1.6 percent, from 2007/08 FAO Statistics, 2008

7. Cyclic occurrence of yellow rust epidemics In the Mediterranean Region “ Historical Events”

8. Production loss of cultivar Achtar : 100,000 T Monetary loss : $ 30 m US dollars Reoccurrence of Yellow rust in Morocco & Turkey Estimated Yield loss Gereck : 40% Monetary loss : > $52 m US dollars

9. (R.C Sharma, 2009)

10. Iran: >150 (1993), >$100 (2002, 2009 ) Turkey: >$560 (1992); >$300 (96, 00, 04,09) Important yield losses (Mln USD) across the region Uzbekistan: >$400 (1998, 02, 09)

11. Recent yield losses in key wheat producing countries Country Year Yield loss (%)/Mln tons Major Grown Varieties (Susceptible) India PBW343, Pakistan Inquilab Turkey 2002 2010 10-20 % >30% Gereck, Gun 91, Sultan 95 Gereck, Gun 91, Bezostaya, Katya Syria 2010 30-80 Cham 8, Cham 6 Iran 1993 1995 2010 1.5 mln Tons (15%) 1.0 mln Tons (10%) 1.0 Mln Tons (5-10 %) Sardari, Roshan, Omid, Ghods, Falat, Sardari, Roshan, Omid, Ghods, Falat Sardari, Kohdasht, Azar2, Zagros, Chamran, Pishtaz, Morvarid, Alvand, Bahar Uzbekistan 2005 2009 2010 10-20% 40-50% >40% Polovchanka, Kroshka, Pamyat Kazakhstan 2007 2009 5-10% 40-50% Nazhtsu, Pamyat 47, Yuzhnaya Azerbaijan 2009, 2010 10-60% >30% Mirbasir 128; Azametli 95; Mirbasir 128; Azametli 95; Morocco 2009 2010 30% 10-25% Achtar, Merchouch, Arrihane Achtar, Aguilal, Arrihane

12. Chemical control of Yellow rust in major wheat producing countries In CWANA Country Fungicide Use Use frequency Uzbekistan, Common Annual basis Azerbaijan Frequent Epidemic years Iran Frequent Epidemic years Turkey Less frequent Sparsely used in 2009; Widely used in 2010 Morocco Not common Sparsely used in 2009; Widely used in 2010 Syria Not common Pakistan Less frequent Sparsely used in 2010 Algeria, Tunisia Not common Fungicide application in epidemic years Egypt Not common Used as request by plant protection Ethiopia Not common Widely used in 2010