Mutations can be classified in several ways. They can be classified based on their cause as either spontaneous mutations which occur randomly or induced mutations which are caused by external factors like radiation or chemicals. Mutations can also be classified by the type of cell they occur in as either somatic mutations, which affect body cells, or gametic mutations, which affect reproductive cells and can be inherited. Common types of mutations include point mutations, deletions, insertions, and frameshift mutations, which involve changes to single nucleotides or small segments of DNA.

2. • Introduction
• Types of mutations based on cause.
• Types of mutations on the basis of cells
• Point mutations
• Substitution mutations
• Insertion mutations
• Deletion mutations
• Frame shift mutations

3. GENETIC
MUTATIONS
GENETIC
+
MUTATION
Sudden heritable changes in genetic material or
character of an organism is known as mutations.

5. MUTATIONS
Chromosomal Gene
• Deletion
• Inversion
• Translocation
• Non disjunction
• Duplication
• Point
• Substitution
• Insertion
• Deletion
• Frame shift

6. BASED ON CAUSE OF
MUTATIONS
Spontaneous Induced
• Occur suddenly in nature,
their cause is unknown.
• Also k/as background
mutations.
• Can be induced
artificially.
• When organism is
exposed to abnormal
environment such as
radiations, temperature,
chemicals etc.

7. Classification of mutations
according to type of cells..
Somatic Mutations Gametic Mutations

8. • Mutations involving long segment of
DNA.
• Mostly results of crossing over during
meiosis.
• Also k/as block mutations.
• It may or may not have loss of genetic
material.

9. • Gene mutation is abrupt
inheritable qualitative or
quantitative change in genetic
material of an organism.
• Relatively small changes in DNA
structure.

10. • Change in single nucleotide.
• Includes deletion, insertion
or substitution of one single
nucleotide in gene.
• Sickle cell disease is result
of this type of mutations.

11. • Deletion are mutations in which a
section of DNA is lost or deleted.
• A lost section can be a gene,
nucleotide or chromosome.

12. • Insertion are mutations
in which extra base
pairs are inserted into a
new place in the DNA.
• It can occur in both
chromosomal or gene
mutations.

13. • It is replacement of one base
pair by another base pair in
DNA.
• It is type of point mutations.

14. • Mutations caused by the
addition or deletion of a
base pairs in the DNA of
a gene resulting in the
translation of the genetic
code in an unnatural
reading frame from the
position of mutations to
the end of gene.
• Changing the reading
frame like changing the
sentence.
• Proteins built
incorrectly.