1. Language and
Literature
Research
Demonstrate
knowledge of the
approaches and
concepts in
language and
literature research
Identify the
appropriate
research
method/s, tools
and statistical
treatment to apply
in research related
situation
2. DEFINITION
Utilization of various methods to gather truthful
and accurate information about problems and
issues related to language and literature
Carrying out specific method or analysis
Systematic, objective and literature-based
analysis of scientifically recorded data
5. B. Qualitative
Research
Assumes that social reality is
continuously constructed in local
situations
Makes a holistic observation
Uses analytic induction
Uses inductive method
7. Parts of a
Research
Report
The Problem And Its Setting
Review Of Literature And Studies
Research Methodology
Research Findings
Discussion
Summary And Recommendations
15. 1. Descriptive
or Survey
Research
Making careful descriptions of
phenomenon in language and literature
Propose description for policy formulation
Helps in improving existing conditions
Longitudinal study
Trend studies
Cohort studies
Panel studies
Cross-sectional studies
17. 2.
Correlational
Research
Seeks to discover the direction and
magnitude of the relationship of a
variable
Scatter gram or scatter plot – pictorial
representation of the correlation
Perfect
Positive
Negative
Absence of correlation
18. 3. Casual-
comparative or Ex
Facto
Research
Determines the cause or reason for
existing differences in the behavior or
status of groups
19. 4. Experimental
Research
Provides a systematic and logical method
for answering the question on what will
happen if experiments are done in careful
controlled condition.
21. a. Pre
Experiment
Lacks control group
Fails to provide for the
equivalence of a control group
One shot case study design
One group, retest posttest design
Static group comparison design
22. b. Quasi -
Experiment
Provide control of when and
to whom the measurement is
applied
Time series design
Pretest – posttest nonequivalent-
groups design
23. c. True -
Experimental
Subjects are randomly designed to
treatment groups
Posttest only control group
Pretest posttest control group
Solomon four-group
24. Test in an
Experimental
Research
Pre-test: a measure that is
administered prior to an experimental
treatment or other intervention
Posttest – a measure that is
administered following an experiment
or control treatment or other
intervention in order to determine the
effect of the intervention
25. Groupings in an
Experimental
Research
Control – a group of research
participants who receive no treatment
or an alternate treatment so that the
effect of extraneous variables can be
determined
Experimental – a group of research
participants who receive treatment
27. Pearson r – correlates to variable
Kendall’ w – how consistent group of
judges are when giving a rate
Standard deviation – shows the
divergence of data to the mean
Variance – the square of the SD
- measure of dispersion
29. 1. Action
Research
Conducted primarily to improve
educational practices, including
management of the classroom,
classroom practices and interaction,
classroom instruction, among others
31. Data Collection
Approaches
Teacher self-reflection tool
Media recording and analysis
Student feedback tools
Student performance data
External or peer observation
Journaling
Collegial dialogue, experience
sharing and joint problem solving
36. 4. Ethnographic
Research
Study of the features of life in a
given culture and the pattern in
those features
Characteristics:
Contextual
Unobtrusive
Longitudinal
Collaborative
Organic
39. Hawthorne's effect – when they know
they are being observed they change
their behavior
Post Hoc Fallacy – just because two
things are related it does not mean they
can affect each other
45. Statistics and
Statistical
Treatment
Statistics – numerical index
describing a characteristic of a
sample
Statistical treatment – a
mathematical treatment used for
summarizing or analyzing
numerical data
46. Statistical
Treatment
ANOVA – to determine whether
the difference between the mean
scores of two or more groups on
a dependent variable is
statistically significant
47. Statistical
Treatment
Chi – square – a nonparametric
test of statistical significance that
is used when the research data
are in the form of frequency
counts for two or more categories
48. Statistical
Treatment
Factor Analysis – a statistical
procedure for reducing a set of
measured variables to a smaller
number of variables by combining
variables
49. Statistical
Treatment
Multiple Regression – for
determining the magnitude of the
relationship between a criterion
variable and a combination of
two or more prediction variables
54. Kinds of
Material for
Field Notes
Descriptive field notes
Portraits of the subject
Reconstruction of dialogue
Description of the physical
setting
Accounts of particular events
Depiction of activities
Observer’s behavior
55. Kinds of
Material for
Field Notes
Reflective Field Notes
Reflections on analysis
Reflections on method
Reflections on the
observer’s frame of mind
Points of clarification
57. Introspective
Methods
Data collection is carried out with
the mental events being investigated
Think aloud techniques
Anagram tasks
Diary studies
Stimulated recall