Nouns can be regular like cat/cats or irregular like tooth/teeth. Adjectives often form comparisons with -er and -est endings. Pronouns substitute for nouns and include personal, demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns which represent different parties in conversations. Determiners precede nouns and include articles, demonstratives, possessives, and interrogatives. Prepositions are a small class including words like at and in. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs and are often formed from adjectives with -ly endings. Conjunctions coordinate or subordinate clauses.

1. Nouns Nouns share certain properties of form. They have a shared set of endings. For instance, forks (noun+number). Number is a term used to cover singular and plural. In English nearly all nouns have distinct singular and plural forms. Regular: cat/cats Irregular: tooth/teeth Exceptions: sheep, deer are both sing/plur.

2. adjectives Many adjectives can be recognized by the pattern of their related forms, namely. The endings –erand –est Some adjectives like beautiful do not permit these endings.

3. pronouns Personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns. They subtitute for noun phrases. Personal pronouns: INCLUDE: I, me, she, him, they and theirs. Personal pronouns are distinguished from one another by representing different parties to a social interaction like a conversation. This aspect of pronouns is called person. So we say, 1st person, 2nd person etc.

4. Demonstrative pronouns Refer to things relatively near, like (this and these), and relatively far away (that, those) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS These are used to ask questions: eg. who, what RELATIVE PRONOUNS Similar form as other kinds of pronouns, but are used differently: e.g.

5. 1. Peter is a doctor who specializes in gerontology 2. the show that won most awards is ‘60 minutes’. She is a licensed masseur; which I am not. Indefinite pronouns: The referent is not specific. Example: someone, anyone, veryone, no one etc

6. Determiners These precedes nouns ( a book, an archestera, the players, those guys, etc. Types: Definite and indefinite: a/an/the Demonstratives; this, that, these, those Possessives: my, our, your, her, its, theirs Interrogatives: which, what, whose

7. Prepositions: a class with a few members: at, in, under etc. Adverbs Many adverbs are derived from adjectives by adding: -ly Eg. possible > possibly What do you think of these: manly and heavenly, are these adverbs?

8. Types of adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs He talked loudly. He slept soundly. She spoke often She studies here She believes it now Adverbs modifying adjectives A very tall tree A bitterly cold winter A truly splendid evening

9. Adverbs modifying adverbs very soon unbelievably quickly Truly unbelievably fast Conjunctions There are two types: coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating: and, or Subordinating: while, that