1. LOGIC 2
Words such as and, or and not are not predicates and cannot be
used a referring expressions.
Example:
 Names are referring expressions, i.e. can be used to
pick out individuals in the world. Can the word and be
used in this way? Yes/no
 Predicates express relations between individuals or
properties of individuals (e.g. asleep). Can and be
used to express property of an individual (e.g. John is
and, or John ands) yes/no

2. LOGIC 2
Logic calls such words connectives. The kind of meaning
that is involved is structural.
Logical notation: &, V
Example: John and Mary are married is an ambiguous
sentence.
Why?
Answer: John and Mary are married to each other or as
John is married to someone and Mary is married to
someone .
The logical notation of the first proposition is represented by
the following formula:
(jMARRIED TO m) & (m MARRIED TO j)

3. LOGIC 2
The second interpretation would be represented by:
(Εx (jMARRIED TO x)) & (Ε y (m MARRIED TO y))
Logical calculations
Mark the following examples as Valid (V) or (I) invalid
(refer to examples p. 138, Textbook: Semantics, a discourse)
Rule: Modus Ponens
It is a rule stating that that is a proposition P entails a proposition Q, and P
is true, then Q is true
p→q
P
__________
Q

4. LOGIC 2
The formulae above the line in this diagram
represent the propositions which are the
premises of the argument, and the letter below
the line represents the proposition which is the
conclusion of the argument