Reproductive System

2. Difference between Meiosis and MitosisDifference between Meiosis and Mitosis

3. Meiosis IMeiosis I
Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telephase I

4. Meiosis IIMeiosis II
Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telephase II

5. Male
Reproductive
System

6. • Reproductive Anatomy of the Human
Male.
• External:
- penis
- scrotum
• Internal:
- gonads
- accessory sex glands and ducts.
Human reproduction involves intricate
anatomy and complex behavior

7. Male Reproductive System

8. Testes

9. Male Reproductive System

10. Male Reproductive System

11. External structure of the
penis:
• glans penis
• prepuce (foreskin)
• There is no verifiable
health benefit to
circumcision.

12. Circumcision
foreskin glans penis urethral opening
suturesshaft
corona

13. • The penis is composed of three layers of
spongy erectile tissue.
• During sexual arousal the erectile tissue fills
with blood from arteries.
• The resultant increased pressure seals off the
veins that drain the penis.
•The engorgement of the penis
with blood causes an erection.

14. • Testes are the male gonads.
• seminiferous tubules- form sperm
• Leydig cells (interstitial cells)- produce
androgens (ex. Testosterone, ABP).

15. •Testes are located in the scrotum,
outside the body cavity.
• This keeps testicular temperature cooler
than the body cavity.
• The testes develop in the body cavity and
descend into the scrotum just before birth.

16. •Sperm Pathway
Prostatic urethra
Membranous
urethra

17. Semen
• Seminal fluid is thick, yellowish, and
alkaline.
• It contains mucus, fructose, a coagulating
enzyme, ascorbic acid, and
prostaglandins.
• Accessory glands:
1.seminal vesicle
2.prostate gland
3.bulbourethral gland

18. Seminal Vesicle
Seminal vesicle:
• A pair of glands that secrete a liquid
component of semen into the vas deferens.
• Secretion is alkaline
• Contains fructose, asorbic acid, coagulating
enzyme, prostaglandin

19. Prostate gland:
• Location- surrounds and opens into the urethra where it
leaves the bladder.
• Secretion- slightly alkaline fluid that activates the sperm
and prevents them from sticking together
• Prostate problems are common in males over 40.
• Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers
in men.
Prostate

20. Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland):
• Location- paired glands that lie beneath the prostate
• Secretion- a thick, clear alkaline mucous that drains into
the membranous urethra.
• Function- It acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra
when ejaculating semen-- raises pH; neutralizes acidity of
urine.
Bulbourethral
gland

21. • Ejaculation propels sperm from the
epididymis to the vas deferens.
• The vas deferens run from the scrotum and
behind the urinary bladder.
•Here each vas deferens joins
with a duct from the seminal
vesicle to form an ejaculatory
duct.
• The ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra.
• The urethra drains both the excretory and
reproductive systems.
Ejaculation

22. • A male usually ejaculates about 2 – 5 mL of
semen; each milliliter containing about 50 – 130
million sperm.
– Bulbourethral fluid also carries some sperm
released before ejaculation.
• This is one of the reasons why the
withdrawal method of birth control has a high
failure rate.
Ejaculate

23. Spermatogenesis

25. Mature Spermatozoa
tail
mitochondria
nucleus
acrosome
head

26. Seminiferous Tubules

27. spermatogonium
1º spermatocyte
2º spermatocyte
spermatids
Sertoli cell
spermatozoa
Seminiferous
Tubules
Seminiferous
Tubules

28. Sperm
Maturation &
Development

29. Hormones Involved in
Spermatogenesis
• Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH=LH)
• Testosterone
• Inhibin
• ABP

30. HypothalamusHypothalamusHypothalamusHypothalamus
Anterior PituitaryAnterior PituitaryAnterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
GnRHGnRH
FSHFSHICSHICSH
Hormonal Control of
Spermatogenesis

31. Interstitial CellsInterstitial CellsInterstitial CellsInterstitial Cells
ICSHICSH
TestosteroneTestosterone
Hormonal Control of
Spermatogenesis

32. Sertoli CellsSertoli CellsSertoli CellsSertoli Cells
TestosteroneTestosterone
SpermatogenesisSpermatogenesis
FSHFSH
InhibinInhibin
Hormonal Control of
Spermatogenesis

33. Feedback Inhibition
InhibinInhibin
Acts on anterior pituitaryActs on anterior pituitary
Inhibits FSH productionInhibits FSH production
TestosteroneTestosterone
Acts on hypothalamusActs on hypothalamus
Inhibits GnRH productionInhibits GnRH production
Hormonal Control of
Spermatogenesis

34. Some Other Effects of
Testosterone
muscle and bone growthmuscle and bone growth
facial and pubic hair growthfacial and pubic hair growth
thickening of vocal cordsthickening of vocal cords
growth of pharyngeal cartilagegrowth of pharyngeal cartilage
hair follicle effectshair follicle effects
stimulates sebaceous glandsstimulates sebaceous glands
Increased BMRIncreased BMR

35. Vasectomy

36. FemaleFemale
Reproductive SystemReproductive System

37. cervix
vagina
fimbriae
uterine tube
ovary
uterus
bladder
urethra
clitoris
l. minora
l. majora
Female Reproductive System

38. Internal reproductive:
• Vagina
• Cervix
• Fallopian tube
(uterian tube/oviducts)
• Fimbrae
• Ovary
• Uterus
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium
cervix
vagina
fimbriae
uterine tube
ovary
uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

39. Fimbrae & Fallopian Tube

40. Oogenesis in the Ovary

41. Oogenesis
Ovary- contains 400,000 oocytes; release
about 500 in a lifetime
• Ovary- under influence of FSH. The
follicles mature every 28 days
• Primary follicle produces estrogens
• And primary oocyte completes its 1st
division produces 2ndary oocyte and
polar body

42. Oogenesis
• Aprox 1/2 way through the 28 day cycle the
follicle reaches the mature Vesticular or
Graffian follicle stage.

43. Oogenesis
• Estrogen levels rise and release LH and FSH
and triggers ovulation.

44. Oogenesis
• The 2ndary oocyte travels down the uterine
tube to the uterus.
• If fertilized by sperm, it will produce a zygote
Ovum in uterine tube

45. Ectopic Pregnancy

46. Ovarian Cyst

47. Endometriosis

48. Oogenesis

49. Hormones Involved in the
Female Reproductive Cycle
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
EstrogenEstrogen
ProgesteroneProgesterone
InhibinInhibin
RelaxinRelaxin

50. HypothalamusHypothalamusHypothalamusHypothalamus
Anterior PituitaryAnterior PituitaryAnterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary
GnRHGnRH
FSHFSHLHLH
Female Hormonal Cycle

51. Follicle CellsFollicle CellsFollicle CellsFollicle Cells
LHLH
EstrogenEstrogen
FSHFSH
Female Hormonal Cycle

53. The Uterine
Cycle

56. Hormone
Fluctuation

57. Some Other Effects ofSome Other Effects of
EstrogenEstrogen
• breast development
• external genitalia growth
• bone growth
• fat deposition
• Increase protein anabolism
• Decrease blood cholesterol
• Facilitate calcium uptake
• Promotes hydration of skin
• Feminizes brain

58. Menopause: cessation of ovarian and
menstrual cycles.
• Usually occurs between ages 46 and 54.
• Due to ovaries decreased responsiveness
to gonadotropins.
Menopause affects:
• changes in sexual desire
• triggers mood swings
• causes debilitating hot flashes
• may lead to bone and heart problems
• short-term memory loss
• insomnia

59. •Mammary glands.
• Are present in both males and females.
• Are not a component of the reproductive
system.
• Contain epithelial tissue that secrete milk.
•Milk drains into a series of
ducts opening at the nipple.

60. Mammary Gland

61. Life’s Greatest MiracleLife’s Greatest Miracle
• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/
miracle/program.html

62. INQUIRYINQUIRY
1. Where are sperm cells formed within the
testes?
2. What portion of the sperm contains 23
chromosomes?
3. What 3 accessory glands produce seminal
fluid?
4. What is the term for the primary human
sex organs?
5. What structure is formed following
ovulation?
6. What hormones are produced from the
corpus luteum?
7. List several effective means for preventing
conception.