Last lecture of the semester.

1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
JOEL G. SORIA, MD, MBA-H

2. Male Reproductive System
1. Production of sperm cells
2. Sustaining and transfer of sperm cells to the
female.
3. Production of male sex hormone
Functions of the
Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
1. Production of female sex cells
2. Reception of sperm cells from the male
3. Nurturing the development of and providing
nourishment for the new individual
4. Production of female sex hormone

4. Male Reproductive System

5. Male Reproductive System

6. THE MALE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
Scrotum
Body of penis
Glans penis
Median
raphe

7. Scrotum
• Saclike structure containing the testes
• Divided into right and left by a septum
• Externally it is composed of skin
• Loose connective tissue and a layer of smooth muscle,
called DARTOS MUSCLE.
• In cold temperature, the dartos muscle contracts
• Cremaster muscles
• Response of Cremaster and
Dartos muscle is important
in regulation of temperature
in the testes

8. Testes

9. Spermatogenesis
The formation of sperm cells
• Puberty – Spermatogenesis begins
• Sertoli cells nourish the germ cells
and produce a number of hormones
• Spermatogonia – most peripheral
germ cells (Primitive sperm cell)
• They undergo mitotis
• Primary spermatocyte - Mieosis
• At the end of spermatogenesis, they
are released into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubules.

12. Ducts

13. Ducts
Epididymis
• Sperm cells continue to mature
• final maturation area & storage
site for sperm
• Develop the ability to swim
• Capacitation – final changes in
the sperm cell, occurs after ejaculation
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
• Spermatic cord ( + Testicular artery & veins, lymphatic
vessels, testicular nerve)
• Surrounded by cremaster muscle
• 45cm, ampula of ductus deferens

14. • Extends from the
urinary bladder to the
end of penis
• Prostatic urethra –
passes through the
prostate gland
• Membranous urethra –
passes through the floor
of the pelvis.
• Spongy urethra –
extends the length of the
penis.
Urethra

15. Seminal vesicles
■ Empty into ejaculatory
duct
■ Produce about 60% of
semen
□ Fructose and nutrients
□ Fibrinogen – weak
coagulation
■ contribute a large
amount of fluid to the
semen during ejaculation.
■ The fluid, rich in fructose
and enzymes, helps to
maintain and nourish the
sperm.
Accessory Glands

16. Prostate gland
■ Produces about 30% of
semen
□ secretes enzymes and
fluid that help to
neutralize the acid
environment of the
urethra and vagina.
□ Secretes slightly acidic
prostate fluid
Accessory Glands

17. Accessory Glands
Bulbourethral glands
(also called Cowper's gland)
■ Contribute about 5% to
semen
■ secretes a fluid that helps
to neutralize the pH and
lubricate the urethra and
vagina to create an
optimal environment for
the sperm.

18. Secretions
■ Semen - Composite of sperm cells and secretions
■ Emission - Discharge of semen into prostatic urethra
■ Ejaculation - Forceful expulsion of semen from urethra

19. Penis
• Male sex organ for copulation, and functions to
transfer sperm cells from the male to the female.
• Contains 3 erectile columns of erectile tissue
• Engorgement of this erectile tissue causes the Penis
to enlarge and become firm – ERECTION

20. Penis
PENIS AND THE SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL POUCH
Glans penis
Corpora spongiosa
Corpora cavernosa
Crus of the penis
Bullb of the penis
Bullb of the penis

22. Circumcision

23. Sexual behavior and Sexual Acts
• Male sexual behavior
– Testosterone required to initiate and maintain
• Male sex act
– Complex series of reflexes that result in erection of
penis, secretion of mucus into urethra, emission,
ejaculation
– Sensations result in orgasm associated with
ejaculation and then resolution

24. Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation
Erection:
– Controlled by hypothalamus and spinal cord.
• Increased vasodilation of arterioles.
– Parasympathetic nervous system.
– Blood flow (sinusoids) into the erectile tissues of
the penis.
Emission:
– Movement of semen into the urethra.
• Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system.
Ejaculation:
– Forcible expulsion of semen from the urethra out of
the penis.
• Stimulated by sympathetic nervous system.

25. Male Fertility
• 60-150 million sperm/ml ejaculate.
• Oligospermia:
– Sperm count of < 20 million/ml ejaculate.
– Decreased fertility caused by heat, pharmaceuticals,
and illicit drugs.
• Male contraception:
– Compounds that suppress gonadotropin secretion.
• Testosterone.
• Progesterone and GnRH antagonist.
• Vasectomy:
– Each ductus deferens is cut and tied.
• Interferes with sperm transport.
• May develop anti-sperm antibodies.

26. Female Reproductive System

27. • Ovaries
• Uterine tubes
• Uterus
• Vagina
Principle organs of the female reproductive system

30. • The ovaries produce
eggs (oogenesis) as
well as the hormones
estrogen and
progesterone.
• The fimbriae
"capture" the egg
after it is expelled
from the ovaries and
funnel it into the
infundibulum.

31. The Uterine tubes

32. The Uterine tubes
□ Uterine tubes (Fallopian tubes or oviducts)
■ Infundibulum
□ End closest to the ovary with numerous fimbriae
■ Ampulla
□ The middle portion
■ Isthmus
□ A short segment connected to the uterine wall
■ Fimbrae
□ Opening to the ovaries
□ Fertilization occurs in uterine tube
■ 12-24 hours after ovulation
■ During passage from infundibulum to uterus

33. Uterus
□ Muscular organ
■ Mechanical protection
■ Nutritional support
■ Waste removal for the
developing embryo and
fetus
□ Supported by the broad
ligament and 3 pairs of
suspensory ligaments

34. Uterus
■ Body
■ Isthmus
■ Cervix
■ Cervical os (internal
orifice)
■ Uterine cavity
■ Cervical canal
■ Internal os (internal
orifice)

35. □ Myometrium – outer
muscular layer
□ Endometrium – a thin,
inner, glandular
mucosa
□ Perimetrium – an
incomplete serosa
continuous with the
peritoneum
Uterine wall consists
of three layers:

36. Uterine Wall

37. • Female organ of copulation,
receives the penis during
copulation.
• Allow menstrual flow and
childbirth
• Wall- outer smooth muscle,
inner mucus membrane
• Hymen
The Vagina

38. External genitalia

39. MammaryGland

41. Behavioral Method
• Abstinence
• Coitus interruptus
• Rhythm method
Barrier Methods
• Condom
• Vaginal condom
• Diaphragm
• Spermicidal douches
• Foams
Control of Pregnancy
Chemical Methods
• Oral contraceptives
• Morning-after pills
Surgical Methods
• Vasectomy
• Tubal ligation
• Abortion
Prevention of implantation
• Intrauterine devices