The document discusses plans for an Interplanetary Internet (IPN) that would connect networks across the solar system. It describes how an IPN would use a network of regional internets extended to neighboring planets to allow for communication between Earth, Mars, and beyond. Key components would include NASA's Deep Space Network on Earth, a constellation of satellites orbiting Mars, and a new protocol to transfer data over long distances and delays. The IPN aims to address current challenges with space communication by providing more robust and reliable connectivity throughout the solar system.

1. INTERPLANETARY INTERNET
Next generation of INTERNET

2. Today's World
 Information technology,
telecommunication fields etc are growing in a
tremendous speed.
Nobody can even predict tomorrow’s world.
New technologies and gadgets are evolving
and introducing in the market.
Far from necessity ,it has become a craze now
a days.

3. A world without INTERNET is unimaginable.
What are the features of Next generation
Internets?
 The answer is. .

4. is going to be the most
widely discussed topic of next
decade!

5. • What is actually an IPN??
 IPN means
INTERPLANETARY INTERNET or
simply InterPlaNet.
 In short words it is a
network of regional internets
extended to neighbouring
planets.

6. First generation IPN
• IPN mainly deals with Space Explorations.
• Communication within our planet is
happening in lightning speed. BUT IT IS
NOT THE CASE OUTSIDE OUR PLANET.
• Communicaton outside our planet is an
irony.

7. Imagine ???
If I say a “Hi” to you and you hear it after
2 Hours !!!!!
This is the problem of
COMMUNICATION outside the
planet.

8. Space Explorations
Nations are spending
huge amount of wealth
every year for space
research.
It is a bulk budget
consuming area.
Space missions are multi
billion projects.

9. What about space mission failures?
It has become a familiar
term associated with
space explorations.
Mass amount of
resources go waste.
Billions of economy
vanishes into air like
cracker.

10. Failed missions…!
Mars Polar
Lander
(and the
two DS-2
probes)
vanished.

11. Failed missions…!
The Mars
Climate
Orbiter, whose
relay system
the MPL was
supposed to
have used, had
crashed.

12. Failed missions…!
NASA has
canceled plans to
launch the Mars
Telecommunicati
ons Orbiter in
September 2009.

13. What was the fate of India’s
ambitious mission
CHANDRYAAN…!?
and many more. .

14. How does failure happen??
• It happens when communication with
satellite breaks.
• What is a solution?
• Answer is……

15. Introduction to IPN.
 On the freezing surface of Mars, a sensor takes
readings of the thin atmosphere and transmits
the data to an automated rover, which relays the
information to an orbiting satellite. From there,
the data packets are sent to an approaching
research ship, where astronauts study the
readings and send their findings back to Earth, via
e-mail.
 Via e-mail?!
 This may sound like science fiction, but it is
becoming science fact.

16.  20 years ago few people had heard of the
Internet. Even 10 years ago it was viewed by
many as a technological curiosity .
 Now the so-called "dot com" economy makes
multi-billion dollar deals on a regular basis.
 5 years from now the Internet could be a
phenomenon that has expanded beyond Earth
to form an interplanetary network of Internets
reaching to Mars and beyond. That is the
vision of Vint Cerf and his colleagues at the
Interplanetary Internet (IPN) team.

17. What is an IPN?
The Interplanetary Internet is being designed
to be a network that connects a series of
Internets. These internets would be located on
planets and moons, or aboard spacecraft.
It is the means whereby Earth's nervous
system expands outwards across the solar
system and beyond.
"wiring up" the solar system

18. •End-to-end information flow across the solar system
•Layered architecture for evolvability and interoperability
•IP-like protocol suite tailored to operate over long round
trip light times
•Integrated communications and navigation services
18

19. Internet vs IPN
Parameters Internet IPN
1. 1. Distance Of Low Very High
Communication
2. 2. Line Of Sight Not Present Present
Obstruction
3. 3. Antenna Can be high Must be low
weight
4. 4. Bandwidth Comparatively High Comparatively low.
Optical fibres or
5. 5. Transmission wires RF or Laser
channel technology
6. 6. Protocol TCP/IP PTP
7. 7. Delay Not Significant Significant

20. History of IPN
• The Interplanetary Internet
study at NASA's Jet
Propulsion Laboratory(JPL)
was started by a team of
scientists at JPL led by
Vinton G.Cerf and Adrian
Hooke.
• Cerf is one of the pioneers
of the Internet on Earth,
and currently holds the
position of distinguished
visiting scientist at JPL.
Hooke is one of the
directors of the CCSDS.
Vinton G.Cerf Adrian Hooke

21. History of IPN(cont..)
• Vinton G.Cerf, often touted as the
"father of the internet",
• He is currently Senior Vice
President for Internet Architecture
and Technology at MCI Worldcom
located in northern Virginia.
• He is the co-inventor of the
Internet’s TCP/IP protocol

22. NEED OF
InterPlaNetary Internet
22

23. Need of IPN
If we ever want to find out more about other
planets, we will need a better communication
system for future space missions.

24. Obstacles in Space communication
• Today, communication in space moves at a snail's
pace compared to communication on Earth
 Reasons
 Distance -- On Earth, we are only a fraction of a
light second apart, making Earth communication
nearly instantaneous over the Internet. As you
move farther out into space, however, there is a
delay of minutes or hours because light has to
travel millions of miles, instead of thousands of
miles, between transmitter and receiver,our
nearest planet Mars is 200million km away .

25. • When you start to consider distances so
vast that the speed of light becomes a
constraint, bandwidth becomes a precious
commodity, and locations are so remote
that network components need to be ultra-
reliable, autonomous, and power efficient
for years at a time.
• It takes light 1.26 seconds to travel from the
Earth to the Moon. Due to the vast
distances involved, much longer delays are
incurred than in the Earth-bound Internet.

26. Some Fast Facts
• Time taken by light
Earth – Jupiter : 32.7 min
Earth – Saturn : 76.7 min
Earth – Pluto : 5.5 hours
Earth – Voyager1 : 13 hours
Earth – Voyager2 : 10.4 hours.

27. Neptune
Uranus
Pluto
Saturn
JUPITER
Sun Mercury Venus
Earth Mars

28.  . Line of sight obstruction --Anything that
blocks the space between the signal
transmitter and receiver ,Celestial blocking
,can interrupt communication.
• Landed vehicles on remote planetary
surfaces will move out of sight of Earth as
the body rotates, and may have to
communicate through local relay satellites
that only provide data transmission
contacts for a few minutes at a time.

30. earth
mars
mars earth
sun
sun

31. Rotation of earth

32. JUPITER
Mars
There is a large gap in between the Orbits of the Mars and the Jupiter This gap is
occupied by a large number of small bodies that revolve around the Sun These are
called asteroids

33.  Weight -- High-powered antennas that would improve
communication with deep space probes are often too
heavy to send on a space mission, because the payload
must be light and efficiently used.
• NASA currently communicates with interplanetary and
Earth-orbiting missions using its Deep Space Network.
• The network consists of dishes in California, Spain, and
Australia, which are manually set to receive transmissions
from a given spacecraft. Each facility is equipped with one
111-foot (34-meter) diameter high efficiency antenna, one
111-foot beam waveguide antenna (three in California),
one 85-foot (26-meter) antenna, one 230-foot (70-meter)
antenna and one 36-foot (11-meter) antenna. The
antennas are place as 1200 apart to cover the whole 3600.

34. • The cost of delivering 1 watt on a spacecraft in
orbit around Mars at approximately
US$200,000. The cost of delivering that same
watt to a Lander on the surface of Mars is
US$75,000,000.
• Up until now, sending commands to a lonely
ship was simply a matter of shooting off a
radio signal when its antenna came within
range. A simple matter, that is, after
telecommunications software written
precisely for that one specific mission had
been painstakingly fashioned. Afterward, that
software was usually discarded. For the next
mission, unique software was crafted all over
again.

36. • The main drawback of the Deep Space Network is that it
relies on line-of-sight transmissions. That means rovers or
astronauts on the far side of Mars must wait until they are
back in the line of sight with Earth before sending a
message home. To receive the message, the Deep Space
Network dishes must be pointed in the right direction at
the right time, or the signal will be lost forever
• However, recent space missions have lost communication
with the DSN, including the Mars Climate Orbiter and the
Mars Polar Lander missions in 1999.

37. Failed missions…!
• Mars Polar Lander (and the
two DS-2 probes) vanished.
• The Mars Climate Orbiter,
whose relay system the MPL
was supposed to have used,
had crashed.
• NASA has canceled plans to
launch the Mars
Telecommunications Orbiter
in September 2009.

38. How IPN works??

39. How internet works?
• Main components of an internet system are:
• 1 CLIENT COMPUTER:
• It’s nothing but the user computer. Computers
are normally used as user end equipment for
data exchange.
• 2 ISP (INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER):
• It is the company that provides us access to
the whole network eg: Dishnet, Sathyam

40. Web Client/Server Architecture

41. How internet works?(cont..)
• 3 ISP POP (POINT OF PRESENCE):
• Is a rack full of modems into which users dial into.
The POP is a place for local users to access the
company’s network, often through a local phone
number or dedicated line. It’s also known as gateway.
• 4 NAP (NETWORK ACCESS POINT):
• Is the place were all the ISP’s are interconnected. In
the real Internet, dozens of large Internet providers
interconnect at NAPs in various cities, and trillions of
bytes of data flow between the individual networks
at these points.

43. How internet works?(cont..)
• 5. ROUTERS:
• The routers determine where to send information
from one computer to another. .
• It joins the two networks, passing information from
one to the other.
• Regardless of how many networks are attached, the
basic operation and function of the router remains
the same. Since the Internet is one huge network
made up of tens of thousands of smaller networks,
its use of routers is an absolute necessity.

44. How internet works?(cont..)
• 6 .BACKBONES:
• They are nothing but high data rate transmission channels.
• Backbones are typically fiber optic trunk lines.
• Most modern backbones can carry data at a rate of more than 2Gbps.
• 7. INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP ADDRESSES):
• Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying number, called an IP
Address. The IP stands for Internet Protocol, which is the language that computers
use to communicate over the Internet. A protocol is the pre-defined way that
someone who wants to use a service talks with that service. The "someone" could
be a person, but more often it is a computer program like a Web browser.
• The four numbers in an IP address are called octets, because they each have eight
positions when viewed in binary form. If you add all the positions together, you get
32, which is why IP addresses are considered 32-bit numbers.
• , the IP address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for the default network and the address
255.255.255.255 is used for broadcasts.

45. How internet works?(cont..)
• 8.PROTOCOL:
• The protocols used are TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol), formulated by scientist named
Vint Cerf. Normally TCP is used in LAN
and IP is normally used in WAN. In
Internet a combination of both is used

46. Internet History Milestones
1985 1993
NSFNET founded by Web Browser “Mosaic”
1969 1983
The National Science invented by Mark
ARPANET DOD Mandated Adoption of
Foundation Andreesen
R&D Project TCP/IP
ARPANET INTERNET
1974 1983
Vinton Cerf ARPANET Split into 1991
and Robert Kahn Initiated ARPANET and MILNET World Wide Web
TCP/IP Released by
Tim-Berners Lee

47. The Universal Resource Locator (URL)
Each page of information on the web has a unique
address called the URL at which it can be found
http://mason.gmu.edu/~abaranie/lecture18.htm
The document
can be obtained Host Name - Path to the Web File Name
Page Denotes that the File
using the The Name of is Written in HTML
Hypertext the Server HyperText Markup
Transfer Protocol Language
(HTTP)

48. Know-how behind IPN………..
• The IPN would work more like e-mail, where information
would be stored and forwarded to any hub on the system.
This "delay-tolerant" network would provide an always-on
connection between planets, spacecrafts, and the
terrestrial Internet. In the case of Mars, these hubs could
be installed on a series of satellites circling the planet.
Astronauts could send messages from the far side of Mars,
and those messages would be relayed to the nearest hub
for routing back to Earth. The "store-and-forward"
methodology of the IPN helps minimize problems that crop
up due to the vast distances involved, such as high error
rates and latency rates that are minutes or even hours long
(versus fractions of a second on Earth).

49. Architecture

50. Architecture
• Even though the theoretical architecture of IPN is
similar to that of the normal Internet system, the
components such as gateways and transmission
channels are different due to the long distance to
be covered by the signal. Here are the three basic
components of the proposed interplanetary
Internet:
• • NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN).
• • A six-satellite constellation around Mars.
• • A new protocol for transferring data.

51. • 1 DEEP SPACE NETWORK:
• The DSN is the international network of antennas used by
NASA to track data and control navigation of
interplanetary spacecraft. It is designed to allow for
continuous radio communication with the spacecraft. DSN
will work as earth’s gateway in the proposed system. In an
interplanetary Internet, the DSN will be the Earth's
gateway or portal to that Internet. In a paper published by
the MITRE Corp., a company that is financing the
Interplanetary Internet Study, researchers suggest that the
DSN's antennas could be pointed at Mars to connect Earth
and Mars for at least 12 hours each day. Satellites orbiting
Mars should provide a full-time connection between the
two planets. A Martian rover, probe or human colony will
provide a Mars portal to the interplanetary Internet.

52.  2 SATELLITE CONSTELLATION:
• Under the Mars Network plan, the DSN will interact
with a constellation of six micro satellites and one large
Marsat satellite placed in low Mars orbit

53. • . The six microsats are relay satellites for
spacecraft on or near the surface of the
planet, and they will allow more data to
come back from Mars missions. The Marsat
will collect data from each of the smaller
satellites and beam it to Earth. It will also
keep Earth and distant spacecraft
connected continuously and allow for high-
bandwidth data and video of the planet

54.  3 PROTOCOL USED:
• Programmers are developing an Internet file
transfer protocol to transmit the messages and
overcome delays and interruptions. This protocol
will act as the backbone of the entire system much
as the Internet protocol (IP) and transmission
control protocol (TCP) operate on Earth..
• Vint Cerf is part of the team of scientists who are
developing a new protocol to enable reliable file
transfer over the long distances between planets
and spacecraft. This new space protocol must keep
the Internet running even if some packets of data
are lost during transmission. It must also block out
noise picked up while crossing millions of miles.

55. • An initial test of DTN in space last October
was successful. The code was loaded on a
comet-studying spacecraft called Deep
Impact as that probe headed out for a flyby
of Comet Hartley 2.
• During the test about 300 images were
transmitted over distances that stretched
up to 24 million km.
• The software even survived the
unintentional reboot of one of the Earth-
based antennas.

56. • A key to DTN is a technique called ”store and
forward.” Basically, every node hangs onto the
data it receives until it can safely pass it on. On
Earth, the data would simply get dumped if
there was a problem and be retransmitted by
the source.
• A "region" is an area where the characteristics
of communication are the same. Region
characteristics include communications,
security, the maintenance of resources,
perhaps ownership, and other factors. The
Interplanetary Internet is a "network of
regional internets."

57. • A standard way to achieve end-to-end communication
through multiple regions in a disconnected, variable-
delay environment using a generalized suite of
protocols led to the concept of a "bundle" as a high-
level way to address the generalized Store-and-Forward
problem.
• Unlike the Earth’s backbone environment of continuous
connectivity, negligible delay and clean data channels,
the hallmarks of the interplanetary backbone are
therefore intermittent connectivity, huge propagation
delays and noisy data channels. While the Earth’s
backbone network is wired – large numbers of fiber or
copper circuits interconnecting fixed hubs – the
interplanetary backbone is dependent on fragile
wireless links.

58.  The bundling protocol operates in two ways:
 • It operates in a “store and forward” mode, very similar
to e-mail, where bundles are held at routers along the way
until such time as a forward path is established.
 • It avoids the need for a sender to store data until an
acknowledgement is received from the other end by
operating in a "custodial" mode. In this mode,
intermediate nodes in the network can assume
responsibility for ensuring that bundles reach their
destinations, allowing senders (and previous custodians)
to reassign resources to new observations.
 • In the presence of high error rate links, the hop-by-hop
store-and-forward bundling model with per-hop error
control increases the probability of successful end to end
transmission.

59.  One idea for the space protocol is called the Parcel Transfer Protocol
(PTP), which will store and forward data at the gateway of each
planet. The IPN would work more like e-mail, where information
would be stored and forwarded to any hub on the system. This "delay-
tolerant" network would provide an always-on connection between
planets, spacecrafts, and the terrestrial Internet. In the case of Mars,
these hubs could be installed on a series of satellites circling the
planet. Astronauts could send messages from the far side of Mars,
and those messages would be relayed to the nearest hub for routing
back to Earth. The "store-and-forward" methodology of the IPN helps
minimize problems that crop up due to the vast distances involved,
such as high error rates and latency rates that are minutes or even
hours long (versus fractions of a second on Earth).
 A routing function will direct bundles (messages) through a
concatenated series of Internets, just as the Earth’s current Internet
protocol (IP) routes data through a series of independent networks on
Earth. To guarantee reliability of the end-to-end transfer, the bundles
will also contain retransmission mechanisms functionally similar to
those provided by the terrestrial Internet’s Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP).

61. An initial test of DTN in space last October
was successful. The code was loaded on a
comet-studying spacecraft called Deep
Impact as that probe headed out for a flyby
of Comet Hartley 2.
During the test about 300 images were
transmitted over distances that stretched
up to 24 million km.
The software even survived the
unintentional reboot of one of the Earth-
based antennas.

62.  A key to DTN is a technique called ”store and
forward.” Basically, every node hangs onto the
data it receives until it can safely pass it on. On
Earth, the data would simply get dumped if
there was a problem and be retransmitted by
the source.
 A "region" is an area where the characteristics
of communication are the same. Region
characteristics include communications,
security, the maintenance of resources,
perhaps ownership, and other factors. The
Interplanetary Internet is a "network of
regional internets."

63. A standard way to achieve end-to-end
communication through multiple regions in
a disconnected, variable-delay environment
using a generalized suite of protocols led to
the concept of a "bundle" as a high-level
way to address the generalized Store-and-
Forward problem.

64. Bundle Service Layering, implemented as
the Bundling protocol suite for delay-
tolerant networking, will provide general
purpose delay-tolerant protocol services in
support of a range of applications: custody
transfer, segmentation and reassembly,
end-to-end reliability, end-to-end security,
and end-to-end routing among them.
The Bundle Protocol was first tested in
space on the UK-DMC satellite in 2008.

65. An example of one of these end-to-end
applications flown on a space mission is
CFDP, used on the comet mission, Deep
Impact. CFDP is the CCSDS File Delivery
Protocol.

66. Organizations behind..
 Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
(CCSDS):-a body composed of the major space
agencies of the world. It has 11 member
agencies, 22 observer agencies, and over 100
industrial associates.
 NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
 NCSA/ACCESS (National Computational Science
Alliance/Alliance Center for Collaborative
Education, Science and Software) located in
Arlington, Virginia

67. the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
the Interplanetary Internet Research Group
(IPNRG)
the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

68. . CHALLENGES TO INTERPLANETARY
INTERNET (DISADVANTAGES)
 An interplanetary Internet will make data move drastically
faster between Earth and the probes and other spacecraft
that are millions of miles away.
 Engineers need to overcome several challenges before we
plan our virtual journey to Mars through cyberspace.
 These challenges are:
 • The speed-of-light delay.
 • Power Supply.
 • Satellite maintenance.
 • The possibility of hacker break-ins.
 • Noise interference.

69. • 1 SPEED OF LIGHT DELAY:
 On Earth, two computers connected to the Internet are
only a few thousand miles away at the most. Because light
travels 3 lakh km per hr, it takes only a few fractions of a
second to send a packet of data from one computer to
another. In contrast, distances between a station on Earth
and one on Mars can be between 38 million miles (56
million km) and 248 million miles (400 million km). At
these distances, it can take several minutes or hours for a
radio signal to reach a receiving station. An interplanetary
Internet will not be able to duplicate the real-time
immediacy of the Internet that we use. The store-and-
forward method will allow information to be sent in
bundles and overcome the concern of data being lost due
to delays

70. • 2 POWER SUPPLY:
 A major problem faced by the Interplanetary Internet is with
power consumption by the various nodes in the system. The
fact that the solar flux on Mars is half that on Earth, and that
the use of nuclear power sources is still somewhat
forbidden, and it becomes clear that both power sources
and power usage need to place a strong emphasis on
efficiency and economy. Current photovoltaic-powered
satellites start to become impractical beyond the orbit of
Mars necessitating more efficient hardware and different
power supplies.
 3 SATELLITE MAINTENANCE:
 The satellites of the Mars Network will be tens or hundreds
of millions of miles from Earth and that means that it will be
hard to get up there to fix things when they go wrong. The
components of these satellites would have to be much more
reliable than those circling Earth.

71. • 4 HACKERS:
 Hackers pose the biggest threat to an interplanetary Internet. Break-
ins and corruption of navigation or communication systems could be
disastrous for space missions, and even cause deaths in manned-
spacecraft missions. Developers are taking every precaution to design
a system that will be able to control access. The protocol selected will
have to be impenetrable to hackers, something that has not been
possible on Earth. Developers may look at the Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL) protocol used for financial transactions as a model for securing
the interplanetary Internet
• 5 NOISE INTERFERENCE:
 Even if noise interference problems can be solved to a particular
extend with the help of the new protocol, it is going to be a serious
threat for the scientists. Since the distances to be covered by the
signals are so large, the interference of noise in the IPN will be very
high.

72. APPLICATIONS & FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS
 The interplanetary Internet will possibly wire us
to Mars within the decade and to other planets in
the decades to follow. It will no longer be
necessary to go into space to experience space
travel. Instead, space will be brought right to your
desktop. With enhancements made to boost data
rate transfers, you and I might soon be able to
take a virtual space trip to the mountains of
Mars, the rings of Saturn or the giant spot on
Jupiter. The main fields of application of IPN are:

73. • ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH:
 IPN actually helps scientists to study various events
happening in the universe easily. With the help of more and
more data which will be available from IPN they can make
more effective studies.

74. • PUBLIC VIEWING:
 High b/w satellites can send videos for public viewing on
the earth. Now we are only seeing events on other planets
with the help of animation or if original videos, they will be
blurred due to the lower data rate, which will be solved to a
particular extend with the help of IPN.

75. Delay-tolerant networking which has
several major areas of application in
addition to the Interplanetary Internet,
including stressed tactical communications,
sensor webs, disaster recovery, hostile
environments, and remote outposts.

76. • VIRTUAL WORLD:
Can be implemented with the help of
virtual reality and can be used for scientific
and entertainment purposes. This will make
an economical way for ordinary people to
experience various environments in other
planets.
• SPACE TOURISM.

77. Future developments ..
Future developments..

78. • FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
 1 CONNECTIVITY:
• In the first phase of it’s development scientists
are actually trying to make a network between
Mars and Earth. Currently NASA is planning to
use their DSN as Earth’s gateway to the IPN
world. But this Deep Space Network can only
provide only a connectivity of 12hrs. a day. If
the number of antenna arrays used in the DSN
is increased to a higher number, it may provide
round the clock connectivity between planets.

79.  2 SECURITY:
• Security aspects in IPN are also under development
now. NASA is planning to use SSL (Secured Socket Layer)
as the security standard, which is currently used over
Internet. It has been proven that SSL is not completely
secure from all aspects. A more accurate and reliable
security standard can be implemented for increased
security and for Hacker free operation.
 3 BANDWIDTH:
• The overall bandwidth of the proposed system is only
some 1Mbps, which is very less compared to Gbps rate
of current internet backbones. A more effective
advancement in the bundling technique used may
increase the effective bandwidth.

80.  4 POWER SUPPLY:
• Power supply is also a problem. When considering
distant planets from Sun, it will be difficult for
using solar power supplies. So an alternative for
power supply is also considered by the scientists.

81. • The IPN's task is to route messages
between terrestrial and Martian area codes
- not find the end recipient. To this end the
current domain naming system would be
expanded such that Earth-based users
would find .earth.sol affixed to the end of
their Internet addresses while Martians
would use .mars.sol.So within a few years
“.com” will be replaced by “.earth.sol“,
“.mars.sol”. . .

82. CONCLUSION
 Thus Interplanetary Internet is going to change the way of study of
Astronomers and the way we think about other planets. IPN will
truly reach us to the corners of Universe.
 With this kind of network in place, the communications problems
resulting from having very little communications infrastructure in
place at Mars that plagued the 'rescue' efforts after the Mars Polar
Lander disappeared would be greatly simplified.
 The potential applications of a Interplanetary Internet extend well
beyond the management of space missions. People who surf the
Internet today and tap websites in extreme locations such as
Antarctica may some day be able to communicate to web or ftp
servers on Martian micro satellites to request data directly from
Mars. And that's just the beginning. Eventually there will be web
servers on the International Space Station, on (or above) the Moon
and other planets, and other regions of the solar system.

83. thank you..