Introduction to IC

1. Introduction to IC
Unit-I
Prepared by
S.Vijayakumar, AP/ECE
Ramco Institute of Technology
Academic year
(2017-2018 Even sem)

2. EC 6404 -Linear Integrated Circuits

3. Integrated Circuits
• The concept of IC was first introduced in the
year 1958.
• helped in the miniaturization of a lot of
components like mobiles, computers, laptops,
and many more devices in the digital world.

4. Vaccum tube
• The digital era started with the invention of
vacuum tubes in 1950.
• Application
• Diode-rectifier
• Transistor-amplifier

5. • Vacuum based computers were rare and
expensive.
• Large size.

6. Invention of transistors
• The present day electronics is the invention of
transistor in 1947.
• William B.Shockley, walter H.Britain and John
Bardeen.

7. Advantage of transistor
• faster in use
• smaller in size,
• cost effective,
• less power consuming and
• reliable

8. IC invention
• the invention of integrated circuits
revolutionized the use of computers.
• Due to its small dimension, low cost, and very
high reliability even the common man is
familiar with its applications like smart phones
and laptops.

9. IC invention History
• IC first introduced in 1960- Texas Instruments
and Fairchild Semiconductors.
• Jack Kilby making an IC while he was working
for Texas Instruments completed it on 12th
September 1958

10. • He made his IC using germanium as the
semiconductor chip.
• This invention won him the Nobel prize for
physics in the year 2000.

11. Introduction to IC
• What is IC

12. • Why we go for IC?
• A discrete circuitry consists of transistors,
resistors, diodes, capacitors, and many other
discrete devices.
• Each of them is soldered on to printed circuit
boards (PCB) and occupy a large space.

13. • Another drawback is that the soldered
components will show less reliability due to
the use of many components.
• Both these factors urged engineers to invent
microcircuits that have more reliability and
consume less space.

14. IC definition
• IC is a miniature low cost electronic circuit
consisting of active and passive components
that are irreparably joined together on a single
crystal chip of silicon.

15. Advantages of IC
• Miniaturization and hence increased
equipment density.
• Cost reduction due to batch processing
• Increased system reliability-solder joints
elemination
• Increased operating speed because of absence
of parasitic capacitance effect.

16. • Reduction in power consumption.
• Improved functional performance(possible to
fabricate even complex circuits for better
characteristics)

17. Disadvantage of Ic
• 1. Some complex IC’s maybe costly. If such
integrated circuits are used roughly and
become faulty, they have to be replaced by a
new one. They cannot be repaired as the
individual components inside the IC are too
small.
• 2. The power rating for most of the IC’s does
not exceed more than 10 watts. Thus it is not
possible to manufacture high power IC’s.

18. Disadvantages of IC
• 3. Some components like transformers and
inductors cannot be integrated into an IC.
They have to be connected externally to the
semiconductor pins.
• 4. It is not possible to fabricate capacitors that
exceed a value of 30pF. Thus, high value
capacitors are to be connected externally to
the IC.

19. • All the IC’s have interconnected discreet
devices inside the chip and the corresponding
external connecting terminals outside.
• Each pin may have each function and may vary
according to the manufacturer’s design.

20. • In order to make the circuit fully operative, the
pins in the IC must be used for supply voltage,
input and output connections, and also some
external components according to the needs
of the manufacturer.

21. IC classification
• ICs can be classified on the basis of their chip size
as given below:
• Small scale integration (SSI)—3 to 30 gates/chip.
• Medium scale integration (MSI)—30 to 300
gates/chip.
• Large scale integration (LSI)—300 to 3,000
gates/chip.
• Very large scale integration (VLSI)—more than
3,000 gates/chip.

22. Ic types or classification
• On the basis of applications ICs are of two
types namely:
• Linear Integrated Circuits
• Digital Integrated Circuits.

23. Linear IC
• Linear IC’s are used in cases when the
relationship between the input and output of
a circuit is linear. An important application of
linear IC is the operational amplifier
commonly referred to as op-amp.

24. Digital IC
• When the circuit is either in on-state or off-
state and not in between the two, the circuit is
called a digital circuit. IC’s used in such circuits
are called digital IC’s. They find wide
applications in computers and logic circuits.

25. • classification of integrated circuits based on
the fabrication techniques used or two
distinctly different IC technology
• Monolithic Integrated Circuits
• Hybrid or Multi-chip Integrated Circuits

26. Monolithic Integrated Circuits
• All circuit components, both active and
passive elements and their interconnection
are manufactured into or on top of a single
chip of silicon.
• Used for some application where identical
circuits are required in very large quantity.
• Provides lowest per-unit cost and highest
order of reliability.

28. Hybrid Integrated Circuits
• separate components parts are attached to a
ceramic substrate and interconnected by
means of either metallization pattern or wire
bounds.