This PDF tells the basic Concept of ICs (Integrated Circuit) in Embedded System . This pdf also contain some examples including application of ICs in Solar Panel .

1. Integrated Concept for
Embedded System
Presented BY Vishal Sahu

2. Abstract :
• Embedded system - design is crucial for the development of industry, technology, and
science, and it is an area that has significantly grown in recent years throughout Latin
America, both in academia and in industry.
• Embedded System (ES) refers to electronic equipment with a computing core which,
unlike a personal computer, is designed to meet a specific function and is usually
optimized to satisfy strict requirements of processing time, reliability, power consumption,
size, and cost.
• With the advancement of research on the domains of Internet of Things (IoT),
Computing Edge (CE) and Cloud Computing (CC) and their endless application
possibilities, ESs have gained new roles and assumed unquestionable importance in our
daily lives.

3. • This concept of IC technology was introduced in 1958, and this
IC technology minimized a lot of electrical and electronic
gadgets like mobile phones, laptops, computers, and many
other devices.
• The transistors has reduced the size of circuits, as transistors
are less in size, economical, faster in performance, reliable, and
consumes very less power.
• These are very small in size, very reliable, most economical,
and very simple to use.

4. Introduction :
What is Integrated Circuit

5. Introduction :
• Every electronic device that we use in our daily life is designed with
electrical and electronic project circuits.
• These electrical and electronics circuits can be designed using various
technologies such as vacuum tubes technology, transistor technology,
integrated circuit or IC technology, microprocessor technology,
and microcontroller technology.
• An IC is the fundamental building block of all modern electronic devices.
• An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip, microchip is a
semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistor,
capacitor, diodes and transistor are fabricated.

7. Integrated Circuits in Embedded :
• The IC revolutionized the life of humans in the 20th century since the first
integrated circuit (IC) was invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958. With
unremitting demand for better performance, the electronics industry has been
forcing on smaller device.
• As the circuit density increases on the chip, the speed and functions it performs
increases; however, a chip is not an isolated system, it must communicate with
the other IC chips in a device from side to side in input/output (I/O) system of
interconnects.
• Furthermore, the IC chips and its embedded circuitry are delicate, requiring a
package both to carry and protect it .

8. Characteristic Microelectronic package is :
• Connections for signal lines leading onto and off the silicon chip.
• Connections for providing electrical current that powers the circuits
on the chip.
• It is a means of removing the heat generated by the circuit.
• it is a structure to support and protect the chip.
• A wiring structure for signal and power interconnections within a
system and for input/output .

9. Microelectronic packaging technique :
• Level 0: chip level connections, i.e., gate to gate interconnections on the chip.
• Level 1: chip-to-module connections, i.e., single-chip module or multi-chip module.
• Level 2: module-to-board connections.
• Level 3: board-to-board connections, i.e., board to motherboard.
• Level 4: connections between sub-assemblies.
• Level 5: connections between systems, i.e., computer to printer.
Over the past ten year, academia and industry have paid enormous attention to level 0, which
resulted in a rapid increase of interconnections

10. Development of Linear Integrated Circuits :

11. Transistors :
• In 1964, lateral PNP and PNP transistor were produced, which played an important role in the
development of linear integrated circuits .
• In 1966, the first high-performance general-purpose operational amplifier came out. It
has a small size and can be used flexibly in circuits, which promoted the development of
electronics.
• Then in the 1970s, high-precision digital-to-analog converters(DAC) and analog-to-digital converters(ADC)
became the key devices for the application of digital technology and microprocessors in information processing
and process control.

12. Generations Of IC Technology :
• Small scale integration (SSI)- Containing a few numbers of tens of transistors.
• Medium scale integration (MSI) - hundred of transistors.
• Large scale integration (LSI) - tens of thousands of transistors on chip.
• very large scale integration (VLSI) - thousand of transistors per chip
• ultra large scale integration (ULSI) - one million transistors per chip
• System-on-chip (SOC) .
• Integrated circuits such as 555timer IC .
• 741 operational amplifiers etc .

13. Integrated Circuit architecture :
• 8 – bit CPU with two Registers A (Accumulator) and B .
• Internal ROM of 8K Bytes – It is a flash memory that supports in – system programming.
• Control Registers – SCON, PCON, TCON, TMOD, IP and IE.
• Serial Data Transmitter and Receiver for Full – Duplex Operation – SBUF.
• Interrupts: Two External and Three Internal.
• Oscillator and Clock Circuit.

14. Architecture :

15. Features :
• 32 I/O Pins (Input / Output Pins) – Arranged as 4 Ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.
• 8- bit Stack Pointer (SP) and Processor Status Word (PSW).
• 16 – bit Program Counter (PC) and Data Pointer (DPTR).
• Two 16 – bit Timers / Counters – T0 and T1.
• Control Registers – SCON, PCON, TCON, TMOD, IP and IE.
• Serial Data Transmitter and Receiver for Full – Duplex Operation – SBUF.
• Interrupts: Two External and Three Internal.
• Oscillator and Clock Circuit.

16. Application of IC technology on Embedded :

17. Block Diagram :

18. Solar charge controller, is a simple application of IC technology :

19. Result :
• In this article, earlier the IC technology and microcontroller IC technology along with their
examples, types, and practical application of microcontroller and IC technology
in embedded systems applications .
• Every electronic device that we use in our daily life is designed with electrical
and electronics projects circuits.
• These electrical and electronics circuits can be designed using various technologies such
as vacuum tubes technology, transistor technology, integrated circuit or IC technology,
microprocessor technology, and microcontroller technology.
• These technologies can be implemented using discrete electrical and electronic
components, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and microcontrollers.
• In this article, we will discuss about the best technology for embedded systems among IC
technologies and advanced IC technology such as microcontroller IC technology.

20. Conclusion :
• In earlier days, embedded system devices were designed using vacuum
tubes would be very larger in size and more expensive.
• Then, the invention of transistors(Ics) has reduced and replaced the bulky
expensive vacuum tubes in computers designs .
• The ICs usage reduced the size of circuits, as these transistors are less in
size, economical, faster in performance, reliable, and consumes very less
power.
• These technologies can be implemented using discrete electrical and
electronic components, integrated circuits, microprocessors, and
microcontrollers

21. Future Scope :
• In a future where everything is eventually going to be digital,
automatic and connected, embedded systems engineers
contribution is going to be tremendous.

22. Future scope :
• Internet of Things, connecting anything to the internet and configuring it remotely from
anywhere. Devices can vary from your weighing scale to certain aspects in your car.
• IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things), not too familiar with this but you can assume that its IoT applied
for industries .
• Smart cities →Improving a city’s infrastructure by applying tech of IoT and connected things.
• Telemetry→ Gathering data from various sensors from various regions, clustering them and
routing to a control station at a different location.

23. • Automotive→ Autonomous driving, ADAS, V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle
communication), V2X (Vehicle to anything (Infrastructure) communication),
all the various subsystems in your electric car/gasoline car.
• Embedded Vision, now your device gets sight and sees things.
• Machine learning/Deep learning → There is a push to get these integrated
in embedded devices.
• .

24. • Healthcare → Cancer therapy machines, scanners etc .
• Robotics → Industrial robotics, lot of companies are trying to work on
personal robots for homes, delivery robots, surgical robotics.
• Transportation → Air transport, buses, rails, Hyperloop .
• Consumer electronic products (VR/AR/Computers/TV/Washing
machine)
• Smart consumer electronic products.

25. Reference :
• Present and future scope of embedded systems is good and vast
.You can learn more and get good package .
• It all depends on us, how much you will learn from your side and
study them .
• The massive change in ES is IoT(Internet of Things). It just released
all the blocked holes of ES or the better statement would be it just
released its true power.
• Let’s take an example, how about controlling a traffic light when you
are at another place. Previously, I can use a GSM module to send a
message which can trigger the switch or some function. Hence , its
controlled.