Education and Social change by Dr. Vijay Kumar

1. Social Change
and
Education
Dr. Vijay Kumar
Teacher Educator
School of Education
Apeejay Stya University

2. Social Change?
• Changes happening/happened in a society
• Changes happening in the social institutions existing in the society
• Modification in any aspect of the
• social structure,
• cultural systems and
• personality aspect
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3. Process of Social Change
• No society can make an entirely new beginning
• Pakistan, Bangladesh (1947 division of India into three countries)
• Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh (Division of PEPSU)
• USSR-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Dismantling of USSR)
• J&K- J&K as UT with Assembly and Laddakh as UT without Assembly
• Process of social change is painful
• Damages to Culture-Literature, Food, Fashion, Language
• Economic Loss
• Social Changes is beneficial too
• Dividing states into smaller areas-Bihar and Jharkhand, UP & UK, AP &
Telengana
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4. Choices for social change
Choices Traditional Goals Modern Goals
1 + -
2 - +
3 - + + -
4 + - - +
Most nations have to choose from these alternatives
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5. 1. Reject Modernization, Preserve Traditions
2. Accept Modernization, Reject Tradition
3. Deliberate regulation of spread of modernization with a view to
preserve certain specific traditions
4. Deliberate regulation of elements of the traditions with a view to
attain certain specified goals of modernisation
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6. Types of Social Change
• On the basis of Planning
• On the basis of factors causing it
• On the basis of usefulness
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7. Social Change on the basis of Planning
Social
Change
Planned
Non-
Planned
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8. Planned & Unplanned Social Changes
• Social changes planned by the government or by the public body or
by social institutions
• Planning Commission, Niti Ayog, Parliament, Assembly
• University, School
• Corporate Houses
• Family
• Religious Institutions etc.
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9. Social Change on the basis of factors causing it
Social
Change
Exogenous Endogenous
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10. Exogenous and Endogenous Social Change
• Exogenous Social Change
• Caused by the external factors
• Mughals, British, Foreign invaders
• World Bank, UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO, ILO
• SIDA, ADB, IMF etc
• Endogenous Social Change
• Caused by the internal factors
• Social activist, Civil Society
• Corporate Social Responsibility, Philanthropist
• https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/indian-philanthropists-donating-more-to-drive-social-
change-report/articleshow/65920519.cms?from=mdr
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11. Social Change on the basis of usefulness
Social
Change
Functional Dysfunctional
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12. Functional and Dysfunctional Social Change
• Functional Social Change
• RTE
• MNAREGA
• RTI
• Changes in Law-Triple Talaq etc
• Functional Social Change
• Dysfunctional Social Change
• Any guess?
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13. Factors Affecting Social Change
• Natural Factors
• Political Factors
• Social-Cultural Factors
• Legal Factors
• Economic Factors
• Spiritual Factors
• Technological Factors
• Educational Factors
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14. Natural Factors affecting social change
• Storm, earthquake, flood,
drought, disease, famines and
similar natural events can
disrupt the social system.
• Natural disasters always force
changes in the social
conditions and life of the
affected people.
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15. Political Factors affecting social change
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• Political System:
Democracy,
Monarchy,
Autocracy
• Number of
political parties:
one party system,
multi-party
system

16. Social-Cultural Factors
affecting social change
• The cultural factors also play a role in bringing about
social change.
• Our social life depends upon our beliefs, ideas, values,
customs, conventions, institutions and the like.
• When there is a change in these, it influences the social
life.
For example, let us (consider the system of marriage)
• The relations between the parents and children have
undergone a big change.
• The new love and need for working couples has acted as
a source of big change in family relations and culture.
• Thus, socio-economic and cultural factors always act as
big and formidable factors of social change.
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17. Cont…
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18. Cont…
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19. Legal Factors affecting social change
• Constitution
• Various Acts
• Rulings by Supreme Court,
HCs
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21. Economic Factors affecting social change
• Birth Rate
• Sex Ratio
• GDP
• Urbanization
• Globalization
• Privatization
• Disinvestment
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22. Spiritual Factors affecting social change
• Swami Dayanand
• Swami Vivekanand
• Baba Ramdev
• Osho
• Kabir
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23. Technological Factors affecting social change
• Science and Technology factors
• In contemporary times science and technology happens to be the most
important factor of social change.
• New scientific inventions and technologies always greatly influence the
social life.
• “The most wonderful and universal phenomenon of modern life is not
capitalism, but science and technology and capitalism is only it’s by
product.”
• Technology brings about changes in the physical environment and the
material culture of each society which in turn gives birth to social change
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24. Educational Factors affecting social change
• Changing Mindset of the people
• Creating desires and aspirations
• Developing capacity and skills for
change
• Develop leadership for change
• Educating people about benefits
of democracy
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• Literacy Rate
• GER
• Ranking etc

26. GER:
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Number of students enrolled in a given
level of education, regardless of age,
expressed as a percentage of the official
school-age population corresponding to
the same level of education.
For the tertiary level, the population used
is the 5-year age group starting from the
official secondary school graduation age.

27. • The GER in higher education has increased from 25.8 per cent in
2017-18 to 26.3 per cent in 2018-19.
• With the new NEP, the aim in higher education is to achieve 50%
Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) by 2035
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28. Theories of Social Change : What and why?
Theories of Social Change have been developed to help explain
WHY changes have occurred in the world.
They are not universally true and tend to explain changes since
industrialization.
Theories generalise, but this does not mean that they should totalise or
systematise.
Social theory offers a way of operating in the world, helping us clarify
norms and values, political and economic understanding and the
relationships of these things.
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29. Theories of Social Change
• Cyclic Change Theory
• Evolutionary Change Theory
• Functional Theory of Change
• Conflict Theory of Change
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30. Cyclic Change Theory
• This theory focusses on the rise and fall of civilizations attempting
to discover and account for these patterns of growth and decay.
• Toynbee and Sorokin can be regarded as the champions of this
theory.
• This theory posits that every society undergoes a phenomenon of
cyclical change.
• Each civilization is like a biological organism and has a similar life-
cycle, birth, maturity, old-age and death.
• After making a study of eight major civilizations including the
west he said that the modern western society is in the last stage
i.e. old age.
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31. Evolutionary Change Theory
• Based on the work of Charles Darwin & Others
• Evolutionary theories are based on the assumption
that societies gradually change from simple
beginnings into even more complex forms.
• According to them social change meant progress
toward something better.
• They saw change as positive and beneficial.
• To them the evolutionary process implied that
societies would necessarily reach new and higher
levels of civilization.
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32. • Evolutionary theories assume
that there is a consistent
direction of social change
carrying all societies through a
similar sequences of stages
from the original to the final
stage of development.
• Also the evolutionary theories
imply that when the final stage
is reached, evolutionary
theories will end.
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33. Types of Evolutionary theories
Change is a unilinear, ongoing process. It is argued that
there has been an ongoing march from agrarian to an
industrialized society. All societies become more advanced.
• UNILINEAR EVOLUTIONARY THEORY: This theory was
proposed by HERBRT SPENCER.
The theory contents that all societies pass through the
same successive stages of evolution and reach the same
end.
• MULTI LINEAR THEORY: This theory was propounded by
contemporary social evolutionist Gerhard Lenski.
This theory holds that change can occur in several ways and
does not inevitably lead in the same direction.
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34. Functional Theory of Change
• Based on the work of Emile Durkheim
• Change takes place due to consensus it is
ordered and gradual. Functionalism argues
that when one function of society is disturbed,
change takes place as society establishes a
new equilibrium.
• The development of State Schools and
transportation systems to allow self contained
family units instead of extended families.
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35. Conflict Theory of Change
• Based on the work of Karl Marx
• Changes in society are a result of inequalities that
exist in most societies.
• Marx saw a struggle between those who control
wealth and power and those whose labour created
the wealth.
• Revolution occurs as the labour (proletariat) rise up
against the wealthy (bourgeois).
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36. • Change is therefore ongoing until crisis point is reached and
transformation occurs.
• While Marx focused on class conflict specifically, modem conflict
theorists have broadened their explanation of change to social
conflict generally.
• While Conflict Theory is useful in explaining significant events in
history and ongoing changing patterns of race and gender relations, it
struggles to adequately explain the dramatic impact of technological
development on society or the changes to family organisation.
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37. Education and Social Change: Relationship
• Education as pre-condition of Social Change
• Education as Instrument of Social Change
• Education as Effect of Social Change
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38. Role of Education in Social Change
• Provides needed competent personnel/workers
• Change the values and attitudes of the people
• Downward Filtration Theory-Maculay
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