Más información en: https://www.universidadpopularc3c.es/index.php/actividades/conferencias/event/3418 Ponente: Simone Centuori, Ingeniero Aeronautico respons. División Misiones Inter-planetarias en DEIMOS Space. Tema: Fecha: 31 de mayo 2019 Lugar: Universidad Popular Carmen de Michelena de Tres Cantos, España. Descripción: En los últimos años el número de descubrimientos de asteroides ha crecido de manera exponencial y cada vez escuchamos más noticias sobre estos pequeños objetos de nuestro sistema solar. Pero ¿cuánto hay de real en las noticias de la prensa? ¿Son realmente una amenaza para nuestra civilización cómo lo fueron para los dinosaurios? ¿Es posible extraer de ellos recursos valiosos? En esta charla exploraremos el origen y las características de los asteroides para entender su valor científico, y nos detendremos en las cuestiones más candentes de la "defensa planetaria" y de la "minería espacial"

1. Elecnor Deimos is the trademark encompassing the Elecnor Group’s companies of Aerospace, Technology and Information Systems: Deimos Space S.L.U. (Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain), Deimos Engenharia S.A.
(Lisbon, Portugal), Deimos Castilla La Mancha S.L. (Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain), Deimos Space UK Ltd. (Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom), Deimos Space S.R.L. (Bucharest, Romania)
Elecnor Deimos is the trademark encompassing the Elecnor Group’s companies of Aerospace, Technology and Information Systems: Deimos Space S.L.U. (Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain),
Deimos Engenharia S.A. (Lisbon, Portugal), Deimos Castilla La Mancha S.L.U. (Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain), Deimos Space UK Ltd. (Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom), Deimos Space S.R.L. (Bucharest, Romania)
Simone Centuori
May 31st, 2019
Universidad Popular "Carmen de Michelena“
Tres Cantos
Preview

2. INTRO – TOPIC & AGENDA
Preview

3. 1. WHAT IS AN ASTEORID?
2. ARE ASTEROIDS A THREATEN?
3. CAN WE MINE AN ASTEROID?
INTRO – TOPIC & AGENDA
Preview

4. WHAT IS AN
ASTEROID?
- Some background -
Preview

5. WHAT IS AN ASTEROID?
ASTEROIDS ARE SMALL BODIES IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
• Asteroids  rocks (+ metals + dust) mainly between Mars and
Jupiter, but also near the Earth
• Comets  frozen bodies (dirty snowballs) usually beyond
Kuiper Belt, sometimes they cross the solar system
• Small Moons  Jupiter has 79 confirmed moons
• Dwarf planets  Ceres (asteroid belt), Pluto, Haumea,
Makemake, and Eris (outer Solar System)
Preview

6. WHERE ARE THE ASTEROIDS?
Preview

7. ASTEROIDS FAMILIES
Different families of asteroids exist
 All families NEAs
Preview

8. NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS (≈ 1 AU)
SUB-FAMILIES CLASSIFIED BY
SMA / APHELION:
• Atiras: 17 objects
• Atens: 1,342 objects
• Apollos: 9,964 objects
• Amors: 6,813 objects
EASIER TO REACH
CROSS EARTH ORBIT
Preview

9. MAIN ASTEROIDS BELT (3-5 AU)
DISTANT FROM
BOTH THE EARTH
AND THE SUN.
CHALLENGING IN
TERMS OF:
• Communication
• PowerPreview

10. TROJANS, GREEKS, HILDAS (5.2 AU)
Preview

11. KUIPER BELT – BEYOND NEPTUNE (30-50 AU)
Preview

12. OORT CLOUD – SOLAR SYSTEM BOUNDARIES
Preview

13. HOW ASTEROIDS WERE MADE
Preview

14. WHAT ASTEROIDS LOOK LIKE
Credit: NASA, JAXA and ESA (montage by Emily Lakdawalla)
Preview

15. Preview

16. WHAT ASTEROIDS DISCOVER LOOK LIKE
Preview

17. Credit: NASA JPL
ASTEROID SURFACE REFLECTIVITY (ALBEDO)
Preview

18. ASTEROIDS STRUCTURECarl Barks, “Island in the sky”, 1960
1st concept of Rubble Pile Asteroid
Asteroid Eros (NASA)
Preview

19. ASTEROIDS STRUCTURE
BENNU (Apollo family)
Pictured by OSIRIS-REX
02/12/2018 – 24 km
RYUGU (Apollo family)
Pictured by HAYABUSA-2
26/06/2018 – 20 km
Preview

20. ASTEROIDS STRUCTURE & ROTATION
Credit: MANOS
D < 300m
Preview

21. ASTEROID FAMILIES
Preview

22. NEAS DISCOVERY
Preview

23. HOW MANY NEAS ARE OUT THERE (D>100M)
Preview

24. TODAY WE WILL TALK ABOUT NEAS
• Because they cross Earth orbit  PLANETARY DEFENSE
• Because they are easier to reach  ASTEROID MINING
Preview

25. ARE ASTEROIDS
A THREATEN?
- Planetary defense -
Preview

26. 1ST THING WE THINK ABOUT ASTEROIDS
Credits: Alice, 5 years old
Preview

27. CHICXULUB CRATER (65 MILLION YEARS AGO)
OBJECT: ~10KM NON-METALLIC ASTEROID
Preview

28. METEOR CRATER (50,000 YEARS AGO)
Credit: Luis Jou García via Flickr
Meteor Crater (AKA Barringer Crater), Arizona
OBJECT: ~50M IRON-NICKEL ASTEROID
Preview

29. TUNGUSKA EVENT (1908) – 60M NON METALLIC
Credit: The Internets
70km
50km
Tunguska (Russia)
80 millions trees
Preview

30. CHELYABINSK (FEBRUARY 15TH 2013), 17M S-TYPE
Preview

31. KNOWN IMPACT CRATERS ON EARTH
188!
Preview

32. WHAT ARE THE IMPACT CONSEQUENCES?
Diámetro Potencia (MT) Cráter
(km)
Intervalo
(años)
Consecuencias
< 10 m < 10 - Décadas Destrucción en la atmósfera. Alrededor de un 3% llega a la superficie. Estrellas
fugaces (toneladas de polvo al año)
75 m 10-100 1.5 1,000 Asteroides metálicos producen cráteres (tipo Barringer) o eventos tipo
Tunguska. Destrucción de una ciudad.
150 m 100-1,000 3 4,000 Impacto en océanos provocan tsunamis, en tierra destruyen grandes áreas
metropolitanas (Tokio, Ciudad de Méjico)
350 m 1,000-10,000 6 16,000 Tsunamis oceánicos muy destructivos. Destrucción de pequeños países
(Holanda, Estonia)
700 m 10,000-100,000 12 63,000 Tsunamis de escala hemisférica provocan más daños que los impactos en Tierra
(que destruyen países medianos)
1,5 km 100,000-
1 millón
30 250,000 Tsunamis a escala global. Destrucción de la capa de ozono. Un impacto en la
tierra destruiría un país como España.
3 km 1 – 10 millones 60 1 millón El impacto hace que el polvo lanzado a la atmósfera cambie el clima. Impactos
en tierra destruyen áreas del tamaño de Méjico
7 km 10 – 100
millones
125 10 millones Efectos climáticos prolongados. Incendios globales. Posible extinción masiva. La
destrucción directa alcanza niveles continentales (Australia)
16 km 100 – 1,000
millones
250 100
millones
Grandes extinciones. Impactos mayores amenazan cualquier tipo de vida en la
Tierra
Preview

33. WHAT CAN WE DO?
1st: detect and catalogue!
Preview

34. DEIMOS SKY SURVEY (DESS)
Puertollano,
Castilla y la Mancha,
Spain
Preview

35. Nuclear impact
DEFLECTION STRATEGIES & TECHNIQUES
Preview

36. WHCH ONE IS THE BEST SOLUTION?
• Small asteroids (below 50
m) would require only Civil
Defense
• Very large asteroids
(above 500 m) or smaller
with short warning time
would require nuclear
deflection
• Kinetic impactor falls in
betweenPreview

37. ONGOING INITIATIVES – AIDA MISSION
“kinetic impactor” validation requires impactor (NASA/DART) + observer spacecraft
(ESA/Hera) to retrieve all physical and dynamical parameters of asteroid Didymos
necessary to validate numerical impact codes
Preview

38. ONGOING INITIATIVES – STARDUST
Preview

39. ARE ASTEROIDS
A RESOURCE?
- Asteroids Mining-
Preview

40. ASTEROID MINING: NOT A NEW IDEA
Mining the Sky: Untold Riches
from the Asteroids, Comets, and
Planets, by John Lewis (1997)
The High Frontier: Human
Colonies in Space, by Gerard
O’Neill (1976)
Preview

41. IS THIS FOR REAL?
Preview

42. WHAT ASTEROID SHOULD WE MINE?
Credit: Dan Britt
C-Type
Main commodities:
• Water
• Fuel
• Air
• Building materials
Preview

43. WHY SHOULD WE MINE AN ASTEROID?
Materials extractable from a 50m
class C asteroid and the price to
take them to a Low Earth Orbit
(Credit: J.L. Galache, Minor Planet Centre, 2016)
363 B$
Yes, BILLIONS!!!
Preview

44. HOW DO WE MINE - PROSPECTING
Preview

45. HOW DO WE MINE - PROSPECTING
Preview

46. HOW DO WE MINE - SETTLEMENT
Preview

47. HOW DO WE MINE - OPTICAL
Preview

48. MINING CHALLENGES – ASTEROID MANIPULATION
Landing
Impact
Touch down
Sampling
EXTREMELY
CHALLENGING!
- Micro-g
- Autonomy
- Uncertain
environment
https://twitter.com/ha
ya2e_jaxa/status/1134
019741390032902/ph
oto/1
Preview

49. MINING CHALLENGES - RESOURCES EXTRACTION
Preview

50. MINING CHALLENGES - HANDLING & STORAGE
Preview

51. IS THIS FOR REAL? YES BUT…
1. IT NEEDS FUNDING
- Governments fund both science and industry
- Governments fund industry and miners fund scientists
Funding Scenario 1/2
SCIENTISTS
Compete (S), Compete (I) SCIENCE
recognition
funding
INDUSTRY
profit
SCIENCE
recognition
funding
INDUSTRY
technology
IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
Compete (S), Partner (I) IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE SCIENCE
knowledge
recognition
INDUSTRY
profit
technology
positioning
SCIENCE
knowledge
recognition
INDUSTRY
technology
positioning
Partner (S), Compete (I) SCIENCE
knowledge
funding
INDUSTRY
profit
SCIENCE
knowledge
funding
INDUSTRY
technology
IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE
Partner (S), Partner (I) IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE IMPOSSIBLE SCIENCE
knowledge
INDUSTRY
profit
technology
positioning
SCIENCE
knowledge
INDUSTRY
technology
positioning
Compete (S), Compete (I) Compete (S), Partner (I) Partner (S), Compete (I) Partner (S), Partner (I)
SPACE INDUSTRY
2. IT NEEDS STRONG
COLLABORATION
- Science and industry
- Maybe with industrial
competition
J.P. Zamora-Bonilla, S. Centuori, “To Mine or Not to Mine? - Using Game Theory to Explain the Decision-Making
Process in Asteroid Mining Investigations”, Handbook of Research on Industrial Advancement in Scientific Knowledge
Preview

52. CONCLUSIONS
Preview

53. CONCLUSIONS
• Asteroids are a key element in future space exploration
• We can prevent impacts  why don’t get ready?
• Asteroids are resources  let’s prepare the technology
Preview

54. REFERENCES
With special acknowledgment to my
2 asteroids’ masters:
• Juan Luis Cano, NEOCC director
• JL Galache, former MPC director
Preview

55. Elecnor Deimos is the trademark encompassing the Elecnor Group’s companies of Aerospace, Technology and Information Systems: Deimos Space S.L.U. (Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain), Deimos Engenharia S.A.
(Lisbon, Portugal), Deimos Castilla La Mancha S.L. (Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain), Deimos Space UK Ltd. (Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom), Deimos Space S.R.L. (Bucharest, Romania)
Elecnor Deimos is the trademark encompassing the Elecnor Group’s companies of Aerospace, Technology and Information Systems: Deimos Space S.L.U. (Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain),
Deimos Engenharia S.A. (Lisbon, Portugal), Deimos Castilla La Mancha S.L.U. (Puertollano, Ciudad Real, Spain), Deimos Space UK Ltd. (Harwell, Oxford, United Kingdom), Deimos Space S.R.L. (Bucharest, Romania)
simone.centuori@deimos-space.com
Preview