2. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
Introduction
The OSI physical layer (Layer 1) defines how to transmit bits
over a particular type of physical network. The OSI data
link layer (Layer 2) defines the framing, addressing, error
detection, and rules for when to use the physical medium.
Although they are important, these two layers do not define
how to deliver data between devices that exist far from
each other, with many different physical networks sitting
between the two computers.
3. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
Introduction
Routing: The process of forwarding packets (Layer 3 PDUs).
Logical addressing: Addresses that can be used regardless
of the type of physical networks used, providing each device
(at least) one address. Logical addressing enables the
routing process to identify a packet’s source and destination.
Routing protocol: A protocol that aids routers by
dynamically learning about the groups of addresses in the
network, which in turn allows the routing (forwarding)
process to work well.
Other utilities: The network layer also relies on other
utilities. For TCP/IP, these utilities include Domain Name
System (DNS), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP),
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and ping.
4. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
IP Addressing Definitions
If a device wants to communicate using TCP/IP, it needs an IP
address. When the device has an IP address and the
appropriate software and hardware, it can send and receive
IP packets. Any device that can send and receive IP packets is
called an IP host.
IP addresses consist of a 32-bit number, usually written in
dotted-decimal notation. The “decimal” part of the term
comes from the fact that each byte (8 bits) of the 32-bit IP
address is shown as its decimal equivalent. The four
resulting decimal numbers are written in sequence, with
“dots,” or decimal points, separating the numbers—hence the
name dotted decimal. For instance, 168.1.1.1 is an IP address
written in dotted-decimal form; the actual binary version is
10101000 00000001 00000001 00000001.
6. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
IP Addressing Definitions
Each decimal number in an IP address is called an octet. The
term octet is just a vendor neutral term for byte. So, for
an IP address of 168.1.1.1, the first octet is 168, the second octet
is 1, and so on. The range of decimal numbers in each octet is
between 0 and 255,
Finally, note that each network interface uses a unique IP
address. Most people tend to think that their computer has
an IP address, but actually their computer’s network card
has an IP address. If you put two Ethernet cards in a PC to
forward IP packets through both cards, they both would
need unique IP addresses. Also, if your laptop has both an
Ethernet NIC and a wireless NIC working at the same time,
your laptop will have an IP address for each NIC. Similarly,
routers, which typically have many network interfaces that
forward IP packets, have an IP address for each interface.
7. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
Classes of Networks
RFC 791 defines the IP protocol, including several different
classes of networks. IP defines three different network
classes for addresses used by individual hosts—addresses
called unicast IP addresses. These three network classes are
called A, B, and C. TCP/IP defines Class D (multicast)
addresses and Class E (experimental) addresses as well.
By definition, all addresses in the same Class A, B, or C
network have the same numeric value network portion of
the addresses. The rest of the address is called the host
portion of the address.
8. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
Classes of Networks
Class A, B, and C networks each have a different length for
the part that identifies the network:
■ Class A networks have a 1-byte-long network part. That
leaves 3 bytes for the rest of the address, called the host
part.
■ Class B networks have a 2-byte-long network part,
leaving 2 bytes for the host portion of the address.
■ Class C networks have a 3-byte-long network part,
leaving only 1 byte for the host part.
9. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
Classes of Networks
Now consider the size of each class of network. Class A
networks need 1 byte for the network part, leaving 3
bytes, or 24 bits, for the host part. There are 2^24 different
possible values in the host part of a Class A IP address.
So, each Class A network can have 2^24 IP addresses—except
for two reserved host addresses in each network, as shown
in the last column of Table. The table summarizes the
characteristics of Class A, B, and C networks.
13. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
The Actual Class A, B, and C Network Numbers
14. Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing
Host Routing
Hosts actually use some simple routing logic when choosing
where to send a packet. This two-step logic is as follows:
Step 1 If the destination IP address is in the same subnet as I
am, send the packet directly to that destination host.
Step 2 If the destination IP address is not in the same subnet
as I am, send the packet to my default gateway (a router’s
Ethernet interface on the subnet).
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.
When we talk to customers about the fundamentals, we need to speak in their language. They want a faster, more reliable experience with fewer interruptions and seamless compatibility. We’ve done a number of things in the product that are improving speed.We have changed the boot sequence: for example, the new “Windows pearl” comes in later and lets you get to the desktop right away because the animation is less resource-intensive- that alone saves us about 3-4 seconds. We have reduced the Memory footprint by using memory ‘on demand’ instead of in chunks, rendering memory utilization much lower. So much of the PC performance is dependent on the Windows ecosystem, so we worked with OEMs to evaluate and analyze pre-installed software to determine what doesn’t work well and fix it. There has been a huge joint engineering effort from the outset between MS and OEMs to streamline software image loads in both Vista and Windows 7 PCs.Improving Battery Life is made possible through new features such as screen auto dimming, new power policies and “under the hood” optimizations to conserve resources – for example how data is streamed from a DVD drive to the screen. Battery life is also impacted by ecosystem drivers. So we’ve been working with OEMs to target ISVs together and get them to fix and tune their applications and devices. We’ve reduced boot time by only starting up services when they’re needed instead of automatically starting them all up, eliminating legacy processing code, and enabling device drivers in parallel instead of one at a time. Also fewer services are initializing. A few examples of “trigger started” services now include:- BluetoothBitLocker Drive Encryption service The ability to “trigger start” services is publicly available for ISVs to implementPlus there are driver Improvements that improve boot time. A couple of examples are:- PS2 driver has reduced polling time Wireless driver improvements via reduced timeoutsWindows 7 has great performance on 32 bit or 64 bit systems – consumers can choose whatever version they like or whatever PC they like, as performance will be very similar in either 32 or 64 bit environments – it takes specialized 64 bit optimized applications to see any big improvements with 64 bit computing.